| Preface |
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vii | |
| User's Guide |
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xiii | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
| Path of Discovery Authors |
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xix | |
| Images |
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xxi | |
| Part One: Foundations |
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1 | (262) |
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Chapter One Neuroscience: Past, Present, and Future |
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3 | (20) |
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4 | (1) |
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The Origins Of Neuroscience |
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4 | (9) |
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Views of the Brain in Ancient Greece |
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5 | (1) |
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Views of the Brain During the Roman Empire |
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5 | (1) |
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Views of the Brain from the Renaissance to the Nineteenth Century |
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6 | (2) |
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Nineteenth-Century Views of the Brain |
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8 | (5) |
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9 | (1) |
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Localization of Specific Functions to Different Parts of the Brain |
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10 | (1) |
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The Evolution of Nervous Systems |
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11 | (1) |
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The Neuron: The Basic Functional Unit of the Brain |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (7) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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The Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research |
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16 | (3) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (2) |
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The Cost of Ignorance: Nervous System Disorders |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (3) |
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Chapter Two Neurons and Glia |
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23 | (32) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (5) |
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25 | (2) |
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27 | (1) |
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Box 2.1: Of Special Interest: Advances in Microscopy |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (17) |
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29 | (9) |
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29 | (3) |
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Neuronal Genes, Genetic Variation, and Genetic Engineering |
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32 | (1) |
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Box 2.2: Brain Food: Expressing One's Mind in the Post-Genomic Era |
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33 | (1) |
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Box 2.3: Path Of Discovery: Gene Targeting in Mice |
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34 | (1) |
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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36 | (1) |
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Golgi Apparatus |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (2) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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Box 2.4: Of Special Interest: Alzheimer's Disease and the Neuronal Cytoskeleton |
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40 | |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (5) |
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41 | (2) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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Box 2.5: Of Special Interest: Hitching a Ride with Retrograde Transport |
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45 | |
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44 | (3) |
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Box 2.6: Of Special Interest: Intellectual Disability And Dendritic Spines |
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47 | |
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46 | (3) |
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Classification Based on Neuronal Structure |
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46 | (2) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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Classification Based on Gene Expression |
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48 | (2) |
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Box 2.7: Brain Food: Understanding Neuronal Structure and Function with Incredible Cre |
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50 | |
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49 | (4) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (3) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (2) |
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Chapter Three The Neuronal Membrane at Rest |
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55 | (26) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (7) |
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Cytosol and Extracellular Fluid |
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57 | (2) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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The Phospholipid Membrane |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (5) |
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59 | (3) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (2) |
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64 | (1) |
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Box 3.1: Brain Food: A Review of Moles and Molarity |
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65 | |
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64 | (2) |
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The Ionic Basis Of The Resting Membrane Potential |
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66 | (12) |
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67 | (3) |
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Box 3.2: Brain Food: The Nernst Equation |
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70 | (1) |
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The Distribution of Ions Across the Membrane |
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70 | (2) |
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Relative Ion Permeabilities of the Membrane at Rest |
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72 | (1) |
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Box 3.3: Brain Food: The Goldman Equation |
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73 | (1) |
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The Wide World of Potassium Channels |
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73 | (1) |
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Box 3.4: Path Of Discovery: Feeling Around Inside Ion Channels in the Dark, by Chris Miller |
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76 | |
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The Importance of Regulating the External Potassium Concentration |
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75 | (1) |
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Box 3.5: Of Special Interest: Death by Lethal Injection |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (3) |
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Chapter Four The Action Potential |
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81 | (28) |
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82 | (1) |
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Properties Of The Action Potential |
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82 | (6) |
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The Ups and Downs of an Action Potential |
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82 | (1) |
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Box 4.1: Brain Food: Methods of Recording Action Potentials |
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83 | |
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The Generation of an Action Potential |
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82 | (2) |
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The Generation of Multiple Action Potentials |
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84 | (4) |
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Optogenetics: Controlling Neural Activity with Light |
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86 | (1) |
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Box 4.2: Path Of Discovery: The Discovery of the Channelrhodopsins |
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86 | (1) |
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The Action Potential, In Theory |
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88 | (2) |
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Membrane Currents and Conductances |
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88 | (2) |
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The Ins and Outs of an Action Potential |
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90 | (1) |
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The Action Potential, In Reality |
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90 | (10) |
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The Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel |
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92 | (5) |
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92 | (2) |
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Functional Properties of the Sodium Channel |
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94 | (1) |
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Box 4.3: Brain Food: The Patch-Clamp Method |
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95 | (1) |
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The Effects of Toxins on the Sodium Channel |
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96 | (1) |
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Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels |
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97 | (1) |
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Putting the Pieces Together |
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98 | (2) |
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Action Potential Conduction |
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100 | (4) |
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Factors Influencing Conduction Velocity |
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101 | (1) |
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Box 4.4: Of Special Interest: Local Anesthesia |
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102 | (1) |
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Myelin and Saltatory Conduction |
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103 | (1) |
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Box 4.5: Of Special Interest: Multiple Sclerosis, a Demyelinating Disease |
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103 | (1) |
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Action Potentials, Axons, And Dendrites |
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104 | (2) |
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Box 4.6: Of Special Interest: The Eclectic Electric Behavior of Neurons |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (2) |
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Chapter Five Synaptic Transmission |
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109 | (34) |
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110 | (1) |
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Box 5.1: Of Special Interest: Otto Loewi's Dream |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (8) |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (6) |
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115 | (1) |
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Box 5.2: Path Of Discovery: For the Love of Dendritic Spines |
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118 | (1) |
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The Neuromuscular Junction |
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119 | (1) |
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Principles Of Chemical Synaptic Transmission |
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119 | (13) |
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119 | (3) |
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Neurotransmitter Synthesis and Storage |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (3) |
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Box 5.3: Brain Food: How to SNARE a Vesicle |
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125 | |
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Neurotransmitter Receptors and Effectors |
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124 | (6) |
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Transmitter-Gated Ion Channels |
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124 | (1) |
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Box 5.4: Brain Food: Reversal Potentials |
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127 | |
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptors |
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126 | (2) |
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128 | (2) |
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Neurotransmitter Recovery and Degradation |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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Box 5.5: Of Special Interest: Bacteria, Spiders, Snakes, and People |
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131 | (1) |
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Principles Of Synaptic Integration |
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132 | (8) |
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132 | (1) |
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Quantal Analysis of EPSPs |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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The Contribution of Dendritic Properties to Synaptic Integration |
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133 | (3) |
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Dendritic Cable Properties |
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133 | (3) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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Box 5.6: Of Special Interest: Startling Mutations and Poisons |
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137 | |
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IPSPs and Shunting Inhibition |
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136 | (2) |
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The Geometry of Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (3) |
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Chapter Six Neurotransmitter Systems |
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143 | (36) |
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144 | (1) |
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Studying Neurotransmitter Systems |
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145 | (8) |
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Localization of Transmitters and Transmitter-Synthesizing Enzymes |
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145 | (3) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (2) |
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Studying Transmitter Release |
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148 | (1) |
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Studying Synaptic Mimicry |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (4) |
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Neuropharmacological Analysis |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (1) |
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Box 6.1: Path Of Discovery: Finding Opiate Receptors |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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Neurotransmitter Chemistry |
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153 | (10) |
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154 | (1) |
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Box 6.2: Brain Food: Pumping Ions and Transmitters |
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154 | (2) |
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Catecholaminergic Neurons |
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156 | (2) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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Other Neurotransmitter Candidates and Intercellular Messengers |
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160 | (1) |
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Box 6.3: Of Special Interest: This Is Your Brain on Endocannabinoids |
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161 | (2) |
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Transmitter-Gated Channels |
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163 | (6) |
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The Basic Structure of Transmitter-Gated Channels |
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163 | (1) |
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Amino Acid-Gated Channels |
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164 | (5) |
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165 | (1) |
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Box 6.4: Of Special Interest: Exciting Poisons: Too Much of a Good Thing |
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167 | (1) |
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GABA-Gated and Glycine-Gated Channels |
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167 | (2) |
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptors And Effectors |
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169 | (7) |
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The Basic Structure of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors |
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169 | (1) |
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The Ubiquitous G-Proteins |
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170 | (1) |
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G-Protein-Coupled Effector Systems |
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170 | (10) |
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171 | (1) |
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Second Messenger Cascades |
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172 | (2) |
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Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation |
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174 | (1) |
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The Function of Signal Cascades |
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174 | (2) |
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Divergence And Convergence In Neurotransmitter Systems |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (2) |
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Chapter Seven The Structure of the Nervous System |
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179 | (84) |
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180 | (1) |
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Gross Organization Of The Mammalian Nervous System |
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180 | (12) |
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180 | (3) |
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The Central Nervous System |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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The Peripheral Nervous System |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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Afferent and Efferent Axons |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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Box 7.1: Of Special Interest: Water on the Brain |
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187 | |
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186 | (6) |
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Imaging the Structure of the Living Brain |
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188 | (1) |
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Box 7.2: Brain Food: Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
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189 | |
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188 | (1) |
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Box 7.3: Brain Food: PET and fMRI |
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190 | (2) |
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Understanding CNS Structure Through Development |
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192 | (16) |
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Formation of the Neural Tube |
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193 | (1) |
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Box 7.4: Of Special Interest: Nutrition and the Neural Tube |
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194 | (1) |
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Three Primary Brain Vesicles |
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195 | (1) |
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Differentiation of the Forebrain |
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196 | (3) |
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Differentiation of the Telencephalon and Diencephalon |
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196 | (2) |
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Forebrain Structure-Function Relationships |
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198 | (1) |
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Differentiation of the Midbrain |
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199 | (1) |
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Midbrain Structure-Function Relationships |
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200 | (1) |
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Differentiation of the Hindbrain |
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200 | (3) |
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Hindbrain Structure-Function Relationships |
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202 | (1) |
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Differentiation of the Spinal Cord |
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203 | (1) |
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Spinal Cord Structure-Function Relationships |
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203 | (1) |
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Putting the Pieces Together |
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204 | (1) |
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Special Features of the Human CNS |
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205 | (3) |
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A Guide To The Cerebral Cortex |
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208 | (6) |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (56) |
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Neocortical Evolution and Structure-Function Relationships |
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211 | (1) |
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Box 7.5: Path Of Discovery: Connecting with the Connectome, by Sebastian Seung |
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212 | (2) |
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214 | (5) |
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Appendix: An Illustrated Guide To Human Neuroanatomy |
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219 | (44) |
| Part Two: Sensory and Motor Systems |
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263 | (256) |
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Chapter Eight The Chemical Senses |
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265 | (28) |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (12) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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Box 8.1: Of Special Interest: Strange Tastes: Fat, Starch, Carbonation, Calcium, Water? |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (2) |
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Mechanisms of Taste Transduction |
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271 | (3) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (2) |
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Box 8.2: Of Special Interest: Memories of a Very Bad Meal |
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276 | (1) |
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The Neural Coding of Taste |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (13) |
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278 | (1) |
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Box 8.3: Of Special Interest: Human Pheromones? |
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279 | (1) |
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Olfactory Receptor Neurons |
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280 | (4) |
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280 | (2) |
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Olfactory Receptor Proteins |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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Box 8.4: Path Of Discovery: Channels of Vision and Smell |
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284 | (1) |
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Central Olfactory Pathways |
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284 | (3) |
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Spatial and Temporal Representations of Olfactory Information |
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287 | (8) |
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Olfactory Population Coding |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (2) |
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Temporal Coding in the Olfactory System |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (2) |
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293 | (38) |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (3) |
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296 | (1) |
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Ophthalmoscopic Appearance of the Eye |
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297 | (1) |
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Box 9.1: Of Special Interest: Demonstrating the Blind Regions of Your Eye |
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298 | (1) |
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Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Eye |
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298 | (2) |
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Box 9.2: Of Special Interest: Eye Disorders |
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300 | |
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Image Formation By The Eye |
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299 | (5) |
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299 | (2) |
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Accommodation by the Lens |
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301 | (1) |
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Box 9.3: Of Special Interest: Vision Correction |
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302 | (1) |
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The Pupillary Light Reflex |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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Microscopic Anatomy Of The Retina |
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304 | (8) |
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The Laminar Organization of the Retina |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (2) |
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Box 9.4: Path Of Discovery: Seeing Through the Photoreceptor Mosaic |
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308 | (2) |
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Regional Differences in Retinal Structure and Their Visual Consequences |
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310 | (2) |
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312 | (7) |
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Phototransduction in Rods |
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312 | (3) |
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Phototransduction in Cones |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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Box 9.5: Of Special Interest: The Genetics of Color Vision |
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317 | |
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Dark and Light Adaptation |
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316 | (3) |
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Calcium's Role in Light Adaptation |
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318 | (1) |
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Local Adaptation of Dark, Light, and Color |
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318 | (1) |
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Retinal Processing And Output |
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319 | (9) |
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320 | (1) |
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Bipolar Cell Receptive Fields |
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321 | (2) |
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Ganglion Cell Receptive Fields |
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323 | (4) |
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Structure-Function Relationships |
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325 | (1) |
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Color-Opponent Ganglion Cells |
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325 | (2) |
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Ganglion Cell Photoreceptors |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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328 | (3) |
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Chapter Ten The Central Visual System |
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331 | (38) |
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332 | (1) |
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The Retinofugal Projection |
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333 | (5) |
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The Optic Nerve, Optic Chiasm, and Optic Tract |
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333 | (1) |
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Right and Left Visual Hemifields |
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334 | (1) |
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Targets of the Optic Tract |
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335 | (2) |
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Box 10.1: Of Special Interest: David and Goliath |
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337 | (1) |
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Nonthalamic Targets of the Optic Tract |
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337 | (1) |
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The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus |
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338 | (3) |
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The Segregation of Input by Eye and by Ganglion Cell Type |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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Nonretinal Inputs to the LGN |
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341 | (1) |
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Anatomy Of The Striate Cortex |
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341 | (6) |
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342 | (1) |
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Lamination of the Striate Cortex |
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343 | (1) |
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The Cells of Different Layers |
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344 | (1) |
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Inputs and Outputs of the Striate Cortex |
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344 | (3) |
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Innervation of Other Cortical Layers from Layer IVC |
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345 | (1) |
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345 | (2) |
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347 | (1) |
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|
|
347 | (1) |
|
Physiology Of The Striate Cortex |
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347 | (9) |
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348 | (6) |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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Box 10.2: Brain Food: Cortical Organization Revealed by Optical and Calcium Imaging |
|
|
350 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
|
Simple and Complex Receptive Fields |
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351 | (2) |
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353 | (1) |
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Parallel Pathways and Cortical Modules |
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354 | (2) |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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Beyond The Striate Cortex |
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356 | (6) |
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358 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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Dorsal Areas and Motion Processing |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (5) |
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359 | (1) |
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360 | (1) |
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Box 10.3: Path Of Discovery: Finding Faces in the Brain |
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|
360 | (1) |
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|
From Single Neurons To Perception |
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362 | (2) |
|
Box 10.4: Of Special Interest: The Magic of Seeing in 3D |
|
|
364 | |
|
Receptive Field Hierarchy and Perception |
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|
363 | (2) |
|
Parallel Processing and Perception |
|
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365 | (1) |
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|
|
366 | (3) |
|
Chapter Eleven The Auditory and Vestibular Systems |
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|
369 | (46) |
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370 | (1) |
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370 | (2) |
|
Box 11.1: Of Special Interest: Ultrasound And Infrasound |
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|
372 | (1) |
|
The Structure Of The Auditory System |
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|
373 | (1) |
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|
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374 | (3) |
|
Components Of The Middle Ear |
|
|
374 | (1) |
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Sound Force Amplification By The Ossicles |
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374 | (2) |
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376 | (1) |
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377 | (11) |
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377 | (1) |
|
Physiology of the Cochlea |
|
|
378 | (10) |
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The Response of the Basilar Membrane to Sound |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
The Oran of Corti and Associated Structures |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Box 11.2: Of Special Interest: The Deaf Shall Hear: Cochlear Implants |
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|
382 | (1) |
|
Transduction by Hair Cells |
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|
382 | (4) |
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Hair Cells and the Axons of the Auditory Nerve |
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386 | (1) |
|
Amplification by Outer Hair Cells |
|
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386 | (1) |
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Box 11.3: Of Special Interest: Hearing with Noisy Ears |
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|
387 | (1) |
|
Central Auditory Processes |
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|
388 | (3) |
|
The Anatomy of Auditory Pathways |
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|
389 | (1) |
|
Response Properties of Neurons in the Auditory Pathway |
|
|
389 | (2) |
|
Encoding Sound Intensity And Frequency |
|
|
391 | (4) |
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391 | (1) |
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Stimulus Frequency, Tonotopy, and Phase Locking |
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391 | (4) |
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391 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
|
Box 11.4: Path Of Discovery: Capturing the Beat |
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|
394 | (1) |
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|
|
Mechanisms Of Sound Localization |
|
|
395 | (4) |
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Localization of Sound in the Horizontal Plane |
|
|
395 | (3) |
|
The Sensitivity of Binaural Neurons to Sound Location |
|
|
396 | (2) |
|
Localization of Sound in the Vertical Plane |
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398 | (1) |
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|
|
399 | (4) |
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Neuronal Res.onse Properties |
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|
400 | (1) |
|
Box 11.5: Of Special Interest: How Does Auditory Cortex Work? Ask a Specialist |
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
The Effects of Auditory Cortical Lesions and Ablation |
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|
402 | (1) |
|
Box 11.6: Of Special Interest: Auditory Disorders and Their Treatments |
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402 | (1) |
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403 | (8) |
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403 | (1) |
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404 | (2) |
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|
|
406 | (2) |
|
Central Vestibular Pathways and Vestibular Reflexes |
|
|
408 | (2) |
|
The Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR) |
|
|
409 | (1) |
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|
|
410 | (1) |
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|
|
411 | (4) |
|
Chapter Twelve The Somatic Sensory System |
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|
415 | (38) |
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416 | (1) |
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|
416 | (21) |
|
Mechanoreceptors of the Skin |
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|
417 | (5) |
|
Vibration and the Pacinian Corpuscle |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
Mechanosensitive Ion Channels |
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420 | (1) |
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420 | (2) |
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422 | (1) |
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|
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423 | (3) |
|
Segmental Organization of the Spinal Cord |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
Box 12.1: Of Special Interest: Herpes, Shingles, and Dermatomes |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Sensory Organization of the Spinal Cord |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
The Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal Pathway |
|
|
426 | (2) |
|
The Trigeminal Touch Pathway |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
Box 12.2: Brain Food: Lateral Inhibition |
|
|
429 | (1) |
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|
|
430 | (8) |
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|
431 | (1) |
|
Box 12.3: Path Of Discovery: Cortical Barrels |
|
|
434 | (1) |
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|
|
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
The Posterior Parietal Cortex |
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|
436 | (1) |
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|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Box 12.4: Of Special Interest: The Misery of Life Without Pain |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
Nociceptors and the Transduction of Painful Stimuli |
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|
438 | (3) |
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|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Hyperalgesia and Inflammation |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Box 12.5: Of Special Interest: Hot and Spicy |
|
|
440 | (1) |
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|
|
441 | (1) |
|
Primary Afferents and Spinal Mechanisms |
|
|
442 | (1) |
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|
|
443 | (3) |
|
The Spinothalamic Pain Pathway |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
The Trigeminal Pain Pathway |
|
|
445 | |
|
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|
45 | (401) |
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|
446 | (3) |
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|
446 | (1) |
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446 | (2) |
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448 | (1) |
|
Box 12.6: Of Special Interest: Pain and the Placebo Effect |
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|
448 | (1) |
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449 | (2) |
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|
|
449 | (2) |
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|
451 | (1) |
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|
|
451 | (2) |
|
Chapter Thirteen Spinal Control of Movement |
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|
453 | (30) |
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|
|
454 | (1) |
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|
|
454 | (2) |
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|
|
456 | (8) |
|
The Segmental Organization of Lower Motor Neurons |
|
|
457 | (1) |
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|
|
458 | (3) |
|
Graded Control of Muscle Contraction by Alpha Motor Neurons |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
Inputs to Alpha Motor Neurons |
|
|
459 | (2) |
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|
|
461 | (3) |
|
Neuromuscular Matchmaking |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
Box 13.1: Of Special Interest: ALS: Glutamate, Genes, and Gehrig |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
Excitation-Contraction Coupling |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
Box 13.2: Of Special Interest: Myasthenia Gravis |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
|
464 | (2) |
|
The Molecular Basis of Muscle Contraction |
|
|
466 | (2) |
|
Box 13.3: Of Special Interest: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
Spinal Control Of Motor Units |
|
|
469 | (12) |
|
Proprioception from Muscle Spindles |
|
|
469 | (3) |
|
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
Box 13.4: Path Of Discovery: Nerve Regeneration Does Not Ensure Full Recovery |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
472 | (3) |
|
Proprioception from Golgi Tendon Organs |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Proprioception from the Joints |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
|
476 | (2) |
|
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
The Generation of Spinal Motor Programs for Walking |
|
|
478 | (3) |
|
|
|
481 | (2) |
|
Chapter Fourteen Brain Control of Movement |
|
|
483 | (36) |
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|
|
484 | (1) |
|
|
|
485 | (6) |
|
|
|
486 | (2) |
|
The Effects of Lateral Pathway Lesions |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
Box 14.1: Of Special Interest: Paresis, Paralysis, Spasticity, and Babinski |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
The Ventromedial Pathways |
|
|
488 | (3) |
|
The Vestibulospinal Tracts |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
The Pontine and Medullary Reticulospinal Tracts |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
The Planning Of Movement By The Cerebral Cortex |
|
|
491 | (7) |
|
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
The Contributions of Posterior Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
Neuronal Correlates of Motor Planning |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
Box 14.2: Of Special Interest: Behavioral Neurophysiology |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
|
495 | (3) |
|
|
|
498 | (7) |
|
Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
Direct and Indirect Pathways through the Basal Ganglia |
|
|
498 | (7) |
|
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
Box 14.3: Of Special Interest: Do Neurons in Diseased Basal Ganglia Commit Suicide? |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
Box 14.4: Of Special Interest: Destruction and Stimulation: Useful Therapies for Brain Disorders |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
The Initiation Of Movement By Primary Motor Cortex |
|
|
505 | (5) |
|
The Input-Output Organization of M1 |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
The Coding of Movement in M1 |
|
|
507 | (3) |
|
Box 14.5: Path Of Discovery: Distributed Coding in the Superior Colliculus |
|
|
510 | |
|
|
|
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
|
|
510 | (2) |
|
Box 14.6: Of Special Interest: Involuntary Movements-Normal and Abnormal |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
Anatomy of the Cerebellum |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
The Motor Loop through the Lateral Cerebellum |
|
|
514 | (10) |
|
Programming the Cerebellum |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
|
|
516 | (3) |
| Part Three: The Brain and Behavior |
|
519 | (262) |
|
Chapter Fifteen Chemical Control of the Brain and Behavior |
|
|
521 | (30) |
|
|
|
522 | (2) |
|
The Secretory Hypothalamus |
|
|
524 | (7) |
|
An Overview of the Hypothalamus |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
Structure and Connections of the Hypothalamus |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
Pathways to the Pituitary |
|
|
525 | (6) |
|
Hypothalamic Control of the Posterior Pituitary |
|
|
525 | (3) |
|
Hypothalamic Control of the Anterior Pituitary |
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
Box 15.1: Of Special Interest: Stress And The Brain |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
The Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
531 | (7) |
|
|
|
532 | (5) |
|
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions |
|
|
533 | (2) |
|
|
|
535 | (2) |
|
Central Control of the ANS |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
Neurotransmitters and the Pharmacology of Autonomic Function |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
Preganglionic Neurotransmitters |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
Postganglionic Neurotransmitters |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
The Diffuse Modulatory Systems Of The Brain |
|
|
538 | (10) |
|
Anatomy and Functions of the Diffuse Modulatory Systems |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
Box 15.2: Of Special Interest: You Eat What You Are |
|
|
540 | |
|
The Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
Box 15.3: Path Of Discovery: Exploring the Central Noradrenergic Neurons |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
|
The Serotonergic Raphe Nuclei |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
The Dopaminergic Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area |
|
|
542 | (3) |
|
The Cholinergic Basal Forebrain and Brain Stem Complexes |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
Drugs and the Diffuse Modulatory Systems |
|
|
546 | (7) |
|
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
|
|
546 | (2) |
|
|
|
548 | (3) |
|
Chapter Sixteen Motivation |
|
|
551 | (28) |
|
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
The Hypothalamus, Homeostasis, And Motivated Behavior |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
The Long-Term Regulation Of Feeding Behavior |
|
|
553 | (8) |
|
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
Hormonal and Hypothalamic Regulation of Body Fat and Feeding |
|
|
554 | (7) |
|
Body Fat and Food Consumption |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
Box 16.1: Of Special Interest: The Starving Brains of the Obese |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
The Hypothalamus and Feeding |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
The Effects of Elevated Leptin Levels on the Hypothalamus |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
The Effects of Decreased Leptin Levels on the Hypothalamus |
|
|
558 | (2) |
|
The Control of Feeding by Lateral Hypothalamic Peptides |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
The Short-Term Regulation Of Feeding Behavior |
|
|
561 | (5) |
|
Appetite, Eating, Digestion, and Satiety |
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
Box 16.2: Of Special Interest: Marijuana and the Munchies |
|
|
563 | (1) |
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|
|
564 | (1) |
|
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
Box 16.3: Of Special Interest: Diabetes Mellitus and Insulin Shock |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
|
566 | (5) |
|
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
Box 16.4: Of Special Interest: Self-Stimulation of the Human Brain |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
The Role of Dopamine in Motivation |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
Box 16.5: Of Special Interest: Dopamine and Addiction |
|
|
569 | (3) |
|
Box 16.6: Path Of Discovery: Learning to Crave |
|
|
572 | |
|
|
|
Serotonin, Food, and Mood |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
Other Motivated Behaviors |
|
|
571 | (5) |
|
|
|
572 | (3) |
|
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
Box 16.7: Of Special Interest: Neuroeconomics |
|
|
577 | (2) |
|
Chapter Seventeen Sex and the Brain |
|
|
579 | (36) |
|
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
|
|
580 | (4) |
|
|
|
581 | (2) |
|
Sex Chromosome Abnormalities |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
Sexual Development and Differentiation |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
The Hormonal Control Of Sex |
|
|
584 | (3) |
|
The Principal Male and Female Hormones |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
The Control of Sex Hormones by the Pituitary and Hypothalamus |
|
|
585 | (2) |
|
The Neural Basis Of Sexual Behaviors |
|
|
587 | (8) |
|
Reproductive Organs and Their Control |
|
|
587 | (3) |
|
Mammalian Mating Strategies |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
The Neurochemistry of Reproductive Behavior |
|
|
590 | (2) |
|
Box 17.1: Path Of Discovery: Bonding with Voles |
|
|
592 | (2) |
|
|
|
Love, Bonding, and the Human Brain |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
Why And How Male And Female Brains Differ |
|
|
595 | (17) |
|
Sexual Dimorphisms of the Central Nervous System |
|
|
596 | (2) |
|
Sexual Dimorphisms of Cognition |
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
Sex Hormones, The Brain, and Behavior |
|
|
599 | (4) |
|
Masculinization of the Fetal Brain |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
Box
17. 2: Of Special Interest: Bird Songs and Bird Brains |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
Mismatches between Genetic Sex and Hormone Action |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
Direct Genetic Effects on Behavior and Sexual Differentiation of the Brain |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
Box 17.3: Of Special Interest: David Reimer and the Basis of Gender Identity |
|
|
604 | (2) |
|
The Activational Effects of Sex Hormones |
|
|
606 | (4) |
|
Brain Changes Associated with Maternal and Paternal Behavior |
|
|
606 | (2) |
|
Estrogen Effects on Neuron Function, Memory, and Disease |
|
|
608 | (2) |
|
|
|
610 | (2) |
|
|
|
612 | (3) |
|
Chapter Eighteen Brain Mechanisms of Emotion |
|
|
615 | (30) |
|
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
Early Theories Of Emotion |
|
|
616 | (5) |
|
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
|
617 | (3) |
|
Box 18.1: Of Special Interest: Butterflies in the Stomach |
|
|
620 | |
|
Implications of Unconscious Emotion |
|
|
619 | (2) |
|
|
|
621 | (4) |
|
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
|
|
622 | (2) |
|
Box 18.2: Of Special Interest: Phineas Gage |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
Difficulties with the Concept of a Single System for Emotions |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
Emotion Theories And Neural Representations |
|
|
625 | (5) |
|
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
Dimensional Emotion Theories |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
Box 18.3: Path Of Discovery: Concepts and Names in Everyday Science |
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
630 | (5) |
|
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
Effects of Amygdala Stimulation and Lesions |
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
A Neural Circuit For Learned Fear |
|
|
633 | (2) |
|
|
|
635 | (6) |
|
The Amygdala and Aggression |
|
|
635 | (2) |
|
Surgery to Reduce Human Aggression |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
Box 18.4: Of Special Interest: The Frontal Lobotomy |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
Neural Components of Anger and Aggression Beyond the Amygdala |
|
|
637 | (3) |
|
Anger, Aggression, and the Hypothalamus |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
The Midbrain and Aggression |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
Serotonergic Regulation of Anger and Aggression |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
|
|
641 | (4) |
|
Chapter Nineteen Brain Rhythms and Sleep |
|
|
645 | (40) |
|
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
|
|
646 | (12) |
|
|
|
647 | (3) |
|
Box 19.1: Path Of Discovery: The Puzzle of Brain Rhythms |
|
|
650 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
650 | (3) |
|
Mechanisms and Meanings of Brain Rhythms |
|
|
653 | (2) |
|
The Generation of Synchronous Rhythms |
|
|
653 | (2) |
|
Functions of Brain Rhythms |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
|
|
655 | (3) |
|
|
|
658 | (15) |
|
The Functional States of the Brain |
|
|
658 | (2) |
|
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
Box 19.2: Of Special Interest: Walking, Talking, and Screaming in Your Sleep |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
|
|
662 | (2) |
|
Box 19.3: Of Special Interest: The Longest All-Nighter |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
Functions of Dreaming and REM Sleep |
|
|
664 | (2) |
|
Neural Mechanisms of Sleep |
|
|
666 | (7) |
|
Wakefulness and the Ascending Reticular Activating System |
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
Box 19.4: Of Special Interest: Narcolepsy |
|
|
669 | |
|
Falling Asleep and the Non-REM State |
|
|
668 | (2) |
|
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
|
|
671 | (1) |
|
Gene Expression during Sleeping and Waking |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
|
|
673 | (8) |
|
|
|
674 | (2) |
|
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: A Brain Clock |
|
|
676 | (2) |
|
Box 19.5: Of Special Interest: Mutant Hamster Clocks |
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
|
|
679 | (2) |
|
|
|
681 | (4) |
|
|
|
685 | (34) |
|
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
|
|
686 | (8) |
|
Human Sound and Speech Production |
|
|
686 | (2) |
|
Box 20.1: Of Special Interest: Thinking in Different Languages |
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
|
|
688 | (2) |
|
|
|
690 | (2) |
|
Genes Involved in Language |
|
|
692 | (2) |
|
FOXP2 and Verbal Dyspraxia |
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
Genetic Factors in Specific Language Impairment and Dyslexia |
|
|
693 | (1) |
|
The Discovery Of Specialized Language Areas In The Brain |
|
|
694 | (3) |
|
Broca's Area and Wernicke's Area |
|
|
695 | (1) |
|
Box 20.2: Of Special Interest: Assessing Hemispheric Language Dominance |
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
Language Insights From The Study Of Aphasia |
|
|
697 | (1) |
|
Box 20.3: Path Of Discovery: Uncovering Language Areas of the Brain |
|
|
698 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
699 | (1) |
|
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
The Wernicke-Geschwind Model of Language and Aphasia |
|
|
701 | (3) |
|
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
Aphasia in Bilinguals and Deaf People |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
Asymmetrical Language Processing In The Two Cerebral Hemispheres |
|
|
706 | (5) |
|
Language Processing in Split-Brain Humans |
|
|
707 | (2) |
|
Left Hemisphere Language Dominance |
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
Language Functions of the Right Hemisphere |
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
Anatomical Asymmetry and Language |
|
|
709 | (2) |
|
Language Studies Using Brain Stimulation And Human Brain Imaging |
|
|
711 | (6) |
|
The Effects of Brain Stimulation on Language |
|
|
711 | (2) |
|
Imaging of Language Processing in the Human Brain |
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
Box 20.4: Of Special Interest: Hearing Sight and Seeing Touch |
|
|
714 | (3) |
|
|
|
717 | (2) |
|
Chapter Twenty-One The Resting Brain, Attention, and Consciousness |
|
|
719 | (32) |
|
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
Resting State Brain Activity |
|
|
720 | (3) |
|
The Brain's Default Mode Network |
|
|
721 | (3) |
|
Functions Of The Default Network |
|
|
722 | (1) |
|
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
Box 21.1: Of Special Interest: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder |
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
Behavioral Consequences of Attention |
|
|
725 | (3) |
|
Attention Enhances Visual Sensitivity |
|
|
725 | (2) |
|
Attention Speeds Reaction Times |
|
|
727 | (1) |
|
Physiological Effects of Attention |
|
|
728 | (6) |
|
Functional MRI Imaging of Human Attention to Location |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
PET Imaging of Human Attention to Features |
|
|
729 | (2) |
|
Attention Enhances Responses of Neurons in Parietal Cortex |
|
|
731 | (2) |
|
Attention Focuses Receptive Fields in Area V4 |
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
Brain Circuits for the Control of Attention |
|
|
734 | (8) |
|
The Pulvinar, a Subcortical Component |
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
The Frontal Eye Fields, Eye Movements, and Attention |
|
|
735 | (1) |
|
Directing Attention with Salience and Priority Maps |
|
|
736 | (1) |
|
A Priority Map in the Parietal Lobe |
|
|
737 | (1) |
|
Box 21.2: Of Special Interest: Hemispatial Neglect Syndrome |
|
|
738 | (2) |
|
The Frontoparietal Attention Network |
|
|
740 | (2) |
|
|
|
742 | (7) |
|
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
Neural Correlates of Consciousness |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
Box 21.3: Path Of Discovery: Tracking the Neuronal Footprints of Consciousness |
|
|
744 | |
|
|
|
Neuronal Correlates of Alternating Perception in Binocular Rivalry |
|
|
743 | (3) |
|
Visual Awareness and Human Brain Activity |
|
|
746 | (2) |
|
Challenges in the Study of Consciousness |
|
|
748 | (1) |
|
|
|
749 | (2) |
|
Chapter Twenty-Two Mental Illness |
|
|
751 | (30) |
|
|
|
752 | (1) |
|
Mental Illness And The Brain |
|
|
752 | (4) |
|
Psychosocial Approaches To Mental Illness |
|
|
753 | (1) |
|
Biological Approaches To Mental Illness |
|
|
753 | (3) |
|
The Promise And Challenge Of Molecular Medicine In Psychiatry |
|
|
754 | (2) |
|
|
|
756 | (7) |
|
A Description of Anxiety Disorders |
|
|
756 | (1) |
|
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
Box 22.1: Of Special Interest: Agoraphobia with Panic Attacks |
|
|
758 | |
|
Other Disorders Characterized by Increased Anxiety |
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder |
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder |
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
Biological Bases of Anxiety Disorders |
|
|
758 | (3) |
|
|
|
759 | (1) |
|
Regulation of the HPA Axis by the Amygdala and Hippocampus |
|
|
760 | (1) |
|
Treatments for Anxiety Disorders |
|
|
761 | (2) |
|
|
|
761 | (1) |
|
|
|
761 | (2) |
|
|
|
763 | (8) |
|
A Description of Affective Disorders |
|
|
763 | (1) |
|
|
|
763 | (1) |
|
|
|
764 | (1) |
|
Box 22.2: Of Special Interest: A Magical Orange Grove in a Nightmare |
|
|
765 | |
|
Biological Bases of Affective Disorders |
|
|
764 | (3) |
|
|
|
764 | (2) |
|
The Diathesis-Stress Hypothesis |
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
Anterior Cingulate Cortex Dysfunction |
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
Treatments for Affective Disorders |
|
|
767 | (4) |
|
Electroconvulsive Therapy |
|
|
768 | (1) |
|
|
|
768 | (1) |
|
|
|
768 | (2) |
|
|
|
770 | (1) |
|
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
Box 22.3: Path Of Discovery: Tuning Depression Circuits |
|
|
772 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
771 | (8) |
|
A Description of Schizophrenia |
|
|
771 | (3) |
|
Biological Bases of Schizophrenia |
|
|
774 | (5) |
|
Genes and the Environment |
|
|
774 | (1) |
|
|
|
775 | (2) |
|
|
|
777 | (2) |
|
Treatments for Schizophrenia |
|
|
779 | (1) |
|
|
|
779 | (2) |
| Part Four: The Changing Brain |
|
781 | |
|
Chapter Twenty-Three Wiring the Brain |
|
|
783 | (40) |
|
|
|
784 | (1) |
|
|
|
785 | (10) |
|
|
|
785 | (2) |
|
Box 23.1: Of Special Interest: Neurogenesis in Adult Humans |
|
|
787 | (1) |
|
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
|
|
789 | (2) |
|
Differentiation of Cortical Areas |
|
|
791 | (1) |
|
Box 23.2: Path Of Discovery: Making a Map of the Mind |
|
|
792 | (3) |
|
|
|
The Genesis Of Connections |
|
|
795 | (7) |
|
|
|
796 | (1) |
|
|
|
797 | (4) |
|
|
|
797 | (2) |
|
Establishing Topographic Maps |
|
|
799 | (1) |
|
Box 23.3: Of Special Interest: Why Our CNS Axons Don't Regenerate |
|
|
800 | (1) |
|
|
|
801 | (1) |
|
The Elimination Of Cells And Synapses |
|
|
802 | (1) |
|
Box 23.4: Of Special Interest: The Mystery of Autism |
|
|
803 | (1) |
|
|
|
803 | (1) |
|
Changes in Synaptic Capacity |
|
|
804 | (1) |
|
Activity-Dependent Synaptic Rearrangement |
|
|
805 | (9) |
|
|
|
806 | (3) |
|
Segregation of Retinal Inputs to the LGN |
|
|
806 | (2) |
|
Segregation of LGN Inputs in the Striate Cortex |
|
|
808 | (1) |
|
Box 23.5: Brain Food: Three-Eyed Frogs, Ocular Dominance Columns, and Other Oddities |
|
|
808 | (1) |
|
Box 23.6: Brain Food: The Critical Period Concept |
|
|
810 | |
|
|
|
809 | (2) |
|
|
|
811 | (1) |
|
|
|
812 | (2) |
|
Elementary Mechanisms Of Cortical Synaptic Plasticity |
|
|
814 | (4) |
|
Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in the Immature Visual System |
|
|
815 | (1) |
|
Long-Term Synaptic Potentiation |
|
|
815 | (2) |
|
Long-Term Synaptic Depression |
|
|
817 | (1) |
|
|
|
818 | (1) |
|
|
|
819 | (4) |
|
Chapter Twenty-Four Memory Systems |
|
|
823 | (42) |
|
|
|
824 | (1) |
|
Types Of Memory And Amnesia |
|
|
824 | (6) |
|
Declarative and Nondeclarative Memory |
|
|
824 | (2) |
|
Box 24.1: Of Special Interest: Extraordinary Memory |
|
|
826 | |
|
Types of Procedural Memory |
|
|
825 | (3) |
|
|
|
827 | (1) |
|
|
|
827 | (1) |
|
Types of Declarative Memory |
|
|
828 | (1) |
|
|
|
829 | (1) |
|
|
|
830 | (5) |
|
The Prefrontal Cortex and Working Memory |
|
|
831 | (2) |
|
Imaging Working Memory in the Human Brain |
|
|
832 | (1) |
|
Area LIP and Working Memory |
|
|
833 | (2) |
|
|
|
835 | (22) |
|
The Neocortex and Declarative Memory |
|
|
935 | |
|
Hebb and the Cell Assembly |
|
|
836 | (1) |
|
Studies Implicating the Medial Temporal Lobes |
|
|
837 | (4) |
|
Anatomy of the Medial Temporal Lobe |
|
|
838 | (1) |
|
Electrical Stimulation of the Human Temporal Lobes |
|
|
839 | (1) |
|
Neural Recordings from the Human Medial Temporal Lobe |
|
|
840 | (1) |
|
|
|
841 | (5) |
|
The Case of H. M.: Temporal Lobectomy and Amnesia |
|
|
841 | (2) |
|
An Animal Model of Human Amnesia |
|
|
843 | (1) |
|
Box 24.2: Of Special Interest: Korsakoff's Syndrome and the Case of N.A. |
|
|
845 | (1) |
|
Memory Functions of the Hippocampal System |
|
|
846 | (7) |
|
The Effects of Hippocampal Lesions in Rats |
|
|
846 | (1) |
|
Spatial Memory, Place Cells, and Grid Cells |
|
|
847 | (1) |
|
Box 24.3: Path Of Discovery: How the Brain Makes Maps |
|
|
850 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
Hippocampal Functions Beyond Spatial Memory |
|
|
852 | (1) |
|
Consolidating Memories and Retaining Engrams |
|
|
853 | (4) |
|
Standard and Multiple Trace Models of Consolidation |
|
|
854 | (2) |
|
|
|
856 | (1) |
|
Box 24.4: Of Special Interest: Introducing False Memories and Erasing Bad Memories |
|
|
858 | |
|
|
|
857 | (5) |
|
The Striatum and Procedural Memory in Rodents |
|
|
857 | (4) |
|
Habit Learning in Humans and Nonhuman Primates |
|
|
861 | (1) |
|
|
|
862 | (3) |
|
Chapter Twenty-Five Molecular Mechanisms of Learning and Memory |
|
|
865 | |
|
|
|
866 | (1) |
|
|
|
867 | (24) |
|
Cellular Reports of Memory Formation |
|
|
867 | (7) |
|
Distributed Memory Storage |
|
|
869 | (1) |
|
Box 25.1: Path Of Discovery: What Attracted Me to the Study of Learning and Memory in Aplysia? |
|
|
871 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
874 | (6) |
|
Anatomy of the Hippocampus |
|
|
874 | (1) |
|
|
|
875 | (2) |
|
|
|
877 | (1) |
|
Box 25.2: Brain Food: Synaptic Plasticity: Timing Is Everything |
|
|
878 | (2) |
|
|
|
880 | (1) |
|
Box 25.3: Path Of Discovery: Memories of Memory |
|
|
880 | (3) |
|
|
|
Box 25.4: Brain Food: The Wide World of Long-Term Synaptic Depression |
|
|
883 | |
|
|
|
882 | (2) |
|
Glutamate Receptor Trafficking |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
|
|
885 | (3) |
|
Box 25.5: Of Special Interest: Memory Mutants |
|
|
888 | (1) |
|
|
|
889 | (2) |
|
|
|
889 | (2) |
|
|
|
891 | (1) |
|
|
|
891 | (6) |
|
Persistently Active Protein Kinases |
|
|
892 | (1) |
|
|
|
892 | (1) |
|
|
|
893 | (1) |
|
Protein Synthesis and Memory Consolidation |
|
|
893 | (4) |
|
Synaptic Tagging and Capture |
|
|
894 | (1) |
|
|
|
894 | (2) |
|
Structural Plasticity and Memory |
|
|
896 | (1) |
|
|
|
897 | |
