How to Use This Book |
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xviii | |
About the Authors |
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xxi | |
Acknowledgements |
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xxiii | |
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1 What is Biological Psychology? |
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1 | (12) |
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What is Biological about Biological Psychology? |
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3 | (1) |
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Isn't Biological Psychology Just Neuroscience? |
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3 | (1) |
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An Important Assumption in Biological Psychology |
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4 | (1) |
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The Fundamentals of Biological Psychology |
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5 | (1) |
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Important Topics in Biological Psychology |
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6 | (1) |
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A Focus on Learning and Memory |
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7 | (1) |
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Critical Thinking in Biological Psychology |
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8 | (1) |
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Experimental Approaches Used in Biological Psychology |
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9 | (2) |
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Discover Biological Psychology Yourself |
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11 | (2) |
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2 Structure and Communication in the Nervous System |
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13 | (38) |
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Organisation of the Nervous System |
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15 | (7) |
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Central nervous system (CNS) |
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16 | (4) |
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Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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20 | (2) |
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Cells of the Nervous System |
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22 | (6) |
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22 | (4) |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (20) |
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Communication and neuronal networks |
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28 | (1) |
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Structure: Function relationship |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (6) |
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Chemical conduction at the synapse |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (3) |
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Synaptic transmission: The reality |
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39 | (9) |
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48 | (3) |
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3 Drugs and the Nervous System: Psychopharmacology |
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51 | (50) |
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How Drugs are Handled by the Body: Pharmacokinetics |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (4) |
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56 | (1) |
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Metabolism and elimination |
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56 | (1) |
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The time course of drug effects |
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57 | (1) |
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Effects of Drugs on Neurotransmission: Pharmacodynamics |
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58 | (4) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (2) |
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Effects of Repeated Consumption of Drugs |
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62 | (2) |
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Use of Psychoactive Drugs |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (4) |
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Effects of alcohol on behaviour |
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65 | (1) |
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Effects of alcohol on the brain |
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66 | (2) |
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68 | (6) |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (2) |
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74 | (1) |
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Effects of opiates on the brain and behaviour |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (2) |
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Effects of cannabis on the brain and behaviour |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (9) |
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Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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Phencyclidine and ketamine |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (2) |
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3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) |
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83 | (3) |
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86 | (3) |
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Spotlight 3a Individual Differences in Drug Responses |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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Individual Differences in Drug Responding |
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90 | (3) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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Personality and Drug Responses |
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93 | (1) |
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Stress and Drug Responses |
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94 | (1) |
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Environmental Factors that Affect Drug Responses |
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94 | (2) |
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Drug-drug and drug-food interactions |
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95 | (1) |
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Drug Expectations and Placebo Effects |
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96 | (2) |
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Conditioned Drug Responses |
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98 | (3) |
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4 Development, Degeneration and Recovery in the Nervous System |
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101 | (62) |
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103 | (11) |
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105 | (4) |
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Optimising brain function |
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109 | (3) |
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112 | (1) |
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Sex differences in brain development |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (2) |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (4) |
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117 | (3) |
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120 | (3) |
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Spotlight 4a Behavioural Genetics |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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Genes and Human Behaviour |
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125 | (16) |
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126 | (6) |
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Finding genes linked to human behaviour |
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132 | (3) |
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Studying the role of a known gene in human behaviour |
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135 | (1) |
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What have behavioural genetics studies told us? |
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136 | (5) |
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Spotlight 4b Neurodegeneration |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (6) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (2) |
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Other pathological and neurotransmitter changes |
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146 | (1) |
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Etiology of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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Serendipitous advances in understanding PD pathology |
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147 | (1) |
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Genetics of Parkinson's disease |
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148 | (1) |
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Treatment for Parkinson's Disease |
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148 | (5) |
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148 | (3) |
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151 | (2) |
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153 | (10) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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Cause of Alzheimer's disease |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (2) |
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Treatments for Alzheimer's disease |
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157 | (2) |
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Sex differences in neurodegenerative disease |
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159 | (4) |
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5 The Importance of Experience: Learning and Memory |
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163 | (62) |
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What is Learning and Memory? |
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165 | (1) |
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Principles of Learning: The Role of Surprise |
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166 | (6) |
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Unconscious Forms of Memory |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (5) |
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Temporal stages of perceptual memory |
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172 | (5) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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Where in the Brain? Research Strategies |
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178 | (3) |
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178 | (2) |
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180 | (1) |
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Encoding Long-Lasting Memories |
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181 | (3) |
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Synaptic Plasticity and LTP |
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184 | (3) |
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187 | (3) |
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Conscious Forms of Learning and Memory |
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190 | (1) |
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Episodic versus semantic memory |
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190 | (1) |
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The Hippocampus and Memory |
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191 | (2) |
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Systems-Level Consolidation |
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193 | (5) |
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198 | (5) |
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Spotlight 5a Memory Persistence |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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How are Memories Maintained? |
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204 | (5) |
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How are Memories Kept Relevant when Circumstances Change? |
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209 | (6) |
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The hippocampus - contextual modulation |
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211 | (1) |
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The prefrontal cortex - source of the inhibition |
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211 | (1) |
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The amygdala - target of fear inhibition |
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212 | (3) |
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Do New Experiences Result in the Creation of New Memories or the Modification of Existing Ones? |
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215 | (10) |
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The case for memory modification - memory reconsolidation |
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215 | (6) |
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The case for new memories - second-order conditioning |
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221 | (4) |
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225 | (68) |
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What Do Sensory Systems Do? |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (6) |
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228 | (5) |
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The Pathway to the Visual Cortex |
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233 | (2) |
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235 | (4) |
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How do we put together the fragments? |
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237 | (1) |
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How do we put together information about different aspects of the stimulus? |
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238 | (1) |
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How do we interpret the sensory information? |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (4) |
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239 | (1) |
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How the ear describes sounds |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (2) |
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243 | (2) |
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How do we pick out individual sounds from the background? |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (2) |
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Vestibular Interactions with Vision |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (6) |
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248 | (1) |
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The dorsal column-medial lemniscal (DCML) pathway |
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248 | (2) |
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250 | (1) |
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250 | (4) |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (5) |
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255 | (2) |
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257 | (3) |
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260 | (5) |
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Spotlight 6a Retinal Spatial Processing |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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The Retinal Ganglion Cell Receptive Field |
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266 | (11) |
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Retinal interneurons form the receptive field |
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267 | (2) |
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Retinal ganglion cells respond to luminance edges |
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269 | (1) |
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Retinal ganglion cell response efficiently describes the image |
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270 | (1) |
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Lateral inhibition works by making spatial comparisons |
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271 | (1) |
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Receptive fields are circular because they make spatial comparisons in all directions |
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272 | (1) |
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Lightness constancy: Ratios are more useful than differences |
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272 | (2) |
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At each retinal location, cells with different sized receptive fields make spatial comparisons at different scales |
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274 | (1) |
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Receptive fields use weighted averages to reduce noise |
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275 | (2) |
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Some Things the Retina Cannot Do |
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277 | (2) |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (13) |
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What is the point of pain? |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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The relationship between nociception and pain |
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281 | (1) |
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Role of the brain in pain perception |
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282 | (2) |
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Pain and psychological state |
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284 | (4) |
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Pain and psychological disorders |
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288 | (1) |
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Sex and gender differences in pain perception |
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289 | (4) |
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293 | (32) |
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Muscles and Their Innervation |
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295 | (3) |
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298 | (2) |
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Cortical Control of Movements and Actions |
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300 | (2) |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (2) |
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Selecting the Appropriate Movement: The Role of the Basal Ganglia |
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304 | (1) |
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Planning: The Role of the Posterior Parietal Cortex |
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305 | (2) |
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Learning and Control: The Role of the Cerebellum |
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307 | (4) |
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311 | (4) |
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Spotlight 7a Mirror Neurons |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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Mirror Neurons in Monkeys and People |
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316 | (2) |
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The Possible Functions of Human Mirror Neurons |
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318 | (5) |
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318 | (2) |
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320 | (2) |
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Social behaviour and autistic spectrum disorder |
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322 | (1) |
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The Origin of Mirror Neurons |
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323 | (2) |
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325 | (70) |
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327 | (1) |
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What is the Function of Emotions? |
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328 | (1) |
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What is the Relationship between Emotional Responses and Feelings? |
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329 | (7) |
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329 | (2) |
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331 | (1) |
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Are bodily changes different enough to account for specific emotional feelings? |
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332 | (1) |
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Does prevention of peripheral feedback abolish emotional feelings? |
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333 | (1) |
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Does artificial stimulation of bodily responses induce emotional feelings? |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (2) |
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What Brain Areas Mediate Emotions? |
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336 | (3) |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (7) |
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339 | (1) |
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Stimulation of the amygdala elicits emotional responses |
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340 | (2) |
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Damage to the amygdala impairs normal emotional responses |
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342 | (1) |
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The amygdala and emotional memory |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (2) |
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Downstream from the Amygdala: The Periaqueductal Grey (PAG) |
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346 | (1) |
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Upstream from the Amygdala: The Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) |
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347 | (3) |
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The somatic marker hypothesis |
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349 | (1) |
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How do we Communicate Emotions? |
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350 | (6) |
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Emotional expressions have an evolutionary basis |
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351 | (2) |
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Emotional expressions have a biological basis |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (2) |
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356 | (3) |
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Spotlight 8a The Neural Basis of Fear |
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359 | (1) |
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360 | (1) |
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Is Fear Processed Serially in the Amygdala? |
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360 | (8) |
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360 | (1) |
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Which nuclei of the amygdala are important for fear? |
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361 | (2) |
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Serial or parallel processing in the amygdala? |
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363 | (5) |
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Which Area of the Prefrontal Cortex Regulates Fear? |
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368 | (9) |
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369 | (1) |
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The infralimbic cortex inhibits fear |
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369 | (2) |
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The prelimbic cortex activates fear |
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371 | (6) |
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Spotlight 8b Too Much Emotion? Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Drug Addiction |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder |
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378 | (11) |
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What makes individuals vulnerable to PTSD? |
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379 | (1) |
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Is the stress response abnormal in PTSD? |
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379 | (2) |
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Are stress response abnormalities pre-existing or induced? |
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381 | (1) |
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Are there neural vulnerability factors for PTSD? |
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381 | (4) |
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Are there overly strong fear memories in PTSD? |
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385 | (1) |
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Are brain areas associated with traumatic memory processing abnormal in PTSD? |
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385 | (1) |
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What mechanisms underlie the abnormally strong amygdala memory? |
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386 | (3) |
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Do Excessively Strong Appetitive Memories Underlie Drug Addiction? |
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389 | (6) |
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What memories are formed when drugs are taken? |
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389 | (1) |
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Is the amygdala abnormal in addiction? |
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390 | (1) |
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Is the prefrontal cortex abnormal in addiction? |
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391 | (4) |
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395 | (72) |
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What are Motivated Behaviours? |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (2) |
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398 | (1) |
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399 | (1) |
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400 | (1) |
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401 | (9) |
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401 | (1) |
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How does the body deal with food? |
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401 | (2) |
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To eat or not to eat? Understanding eating patterns |
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403 | (1) |
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The biological bases of eating |
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403 | (1) |
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Time to eat: What factors affect when we start and stop eating? |
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403 | (1) |
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Eat this not that: Understanding food choice |
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404 | (5) |
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409 | (1) |
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Mechanisms of Nutrient Monitoring |
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410 | (5) |
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Signals from the gastrointestinal system |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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Processing of metabolic signals in the brain |
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411 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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Interactions between nutrient monitoring and incentive systems |
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413 | (1) |
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Socio-cognitive processes in appetite |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (5) |
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415 | (2) |
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Denning sleep stages: The polysomnograph |
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417 | (1) |
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The transition to sleep and light sleep |
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418 | (2) |
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The Biological Bases of Waking and Sleep States |
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420 | (6) |
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Wake-promoting brain systems |
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420 | (3) |
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Sleep-promoting brain systems |
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423 | (1) |
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Transitions between waking and sleep |
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424 | (2) |
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Circadian Influences on Sleep: The Importance of Biological Rhythms |
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426 | (2) |
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The role of the master body clock |
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427 | (1) |
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Variations in circadian influences on sleep across the lifespan |
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428 | (1) |
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Homeostatic Influences on Sleep: The Search for Sleep Factors |
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428 | (1) |
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Emotional and Cognitive Influences on Sleep |
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429 | (1) |
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430 | (2) |
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432 | (3) |
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Spotlight 9a Sleep Disturbances and Implications for Health |
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435 | (1) |
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436 | (1) |
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436 | (2) |
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436 | (1) |
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437 | (1) |
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438 | (1) |
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Sleep Deprivation: A Modern Problem? |
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438 | (1) |
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439 | (1) |
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439 | (2) |
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440 | (1) |
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Control for confounding variables |
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440 | (1) |
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440 | (1) |
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Sleep quality rather than quantity? |
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441 | (1) |
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441 | (1) |
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441 | (1) |
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Sleep Deprivation and Cognitive Function |
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442 | (1) |
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How does sleep deprivation affect cognitive function? |
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443 | (1) |
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Sleep and Memory Consolidation |
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443 | (8) |
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Sleep and selective memory consolidation |
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447 | (1) |
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Sleep, memory and the lifespan |
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447 | (4) |
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Spotlight 9b Eating Disorders and Obesity |
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451 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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453 | (1) |
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454 | (1) |
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Treatments for Eating Disorders |
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454 | (1) |
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454 | (4) |
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455 | (1) |
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455 | (1) |
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456 | (2) |
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458 | (1) |
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459 | (1) |
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459 | (8) |
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Overlapping clinical features |
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459 | (2) |
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Overlapping neurobiological features |
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461 | (3) |
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Animal models of food addiction |
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464 | (3) |
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10 Psychological Disorders |
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467 | (56) |
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What are Psychological Disorders? |
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469 | (1) |
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Classification of Psychological Disorders |
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469 | (1) |
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470 | (5) |
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Clinical symptoms of schizophrenia |
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470 | (2) |
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Onset of clinical symptoms of schizophrenia |
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472 | (1) |
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Prevalence of schizophrenia |
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472 | (3) |
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Interactions between Genes and Environment in Schizophrenia |
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475 | (4) |
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475 | (1) |
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Environmental risk factors |
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476 | (3) |
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Brain Structure and Function in Schizophrenia |
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479 | (4) |
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Neuroanatomical and imaging studies |
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480 | (3) |
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483 | (4) |
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The dopamine theory of schizophrenia |
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483 | (2) |
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Evaluation of the dopamine hypothesis |
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485 | (1) |
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The role of glutamate in schizophrenia |
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486 | (1) |
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487 | (2) |
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487 | (1) |
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Clinical symptoms of major depression |
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487 | (1) |
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Onset of clinical symptoms of depression |
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488 | (1) |
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488 | (1) |
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489 | (1) |
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Interactions between Genes and Environment in Depression |
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489 | (7) |
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Biological bases of depression |
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490 | (1) |
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The monoamine-deficiency theory of depression |
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491 | (1) |
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Stress and depression: The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis |
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492 | (2) |
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The neurogenic theory of depression |
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494 | (2) |
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496 | (6) |
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Clinical symptoms of generalised anxiety disorder |
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497 | (1) |
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498 | (1) |
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499 | (2) |
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Other neurotransmitter systems and anxiety |
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501 | (1) |
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502 | (3) |
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Spotlight 10a Schizophrenia |
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505 | (1) |
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506 | (1) |
|
Cannabis Use and Schizophrenia |
|
|
506 | (4) |
|
Evidence from cohort studies |
|
|
507 | (3) |
|
The Effectiveness of Antipsychotic Drugs |
|
|
510 | (4) |
|
First-generation or typical antipsychotics |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
Side effects of first-generation or typical antipsychotics |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
Second-generation or atypical drugs |
|
|
512 | (2) |
|
Beyond the Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia |
|
|
514 | (5) |
|
NMD A receptor hypo function and schizophrenia |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
Imaging and post-mortem studies |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
Effects of NMD A receptor antagonists |
|
|
515 | (4) |
|
Effects of repeated administration of NMDA antagonists |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
|
519 | (4) |
|
NMDA receptor hypofunction and excitotoxicity |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
NMDA receptor hypofunction and neurodevelopment |
|
|
520 | (3) |
Glossary |
|
523 | (10) |
References |
|
533 | (68) |
Index |
|
601 | |