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Biological Psychology 3rd Revised edition [Pehme köide]

  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 640 pages, kõrgus x laius: 246x189 mm, kaal: 1340 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Feb-2023
  • Kirjastus: Sage Publications Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 1529795141
  • ISBN-13: 9781529795141
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 640 pages, kõrgus x laius: 246x189 mm, kaal: 1340 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Feb-2023
  • Kirjastus: Sage Publications Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 1529795141
  • ISBN-13: 9781529795141
Teised raamatud teemal:

Covering all the essentials needed for students studying biological psychology and neuroanatomy, this book goes above and beyond, enabling students to understand the links between biology and psychology, as well as asking them to delve deeper and think critically about contemporary issues in the field.



Biological Psychology offers a highly visual, in-depth guide to the basic biological functions of the brain that you will need to learn throughout the course of your psychology degree. This edition boasts a revamped learning structure with a strong applied focus. This allows you to engage with biological psychology through a range of real world applications, getting you to apply your learning to conditions such as epilepsy, PTSD and Parkinson’s, and treatments such as gene therapy and brain-computer interfaces for spinal cord injuries.  

Key features include: 

• New 'real world applications' boxes that help put theory into practice, showing you the human side of the science
• 'Focus on methods' boxes that demonstrate the research methods you will use as a biological psychologist to uncover the workings of the brain 
• Key debates to deepen your understanding of contemporary research and its impact  
• Critical thinking questions
• Key points and glossary definitions to solidify your understanding of complex ideas and new terminology
• Further reading suggestions to help build your bibliography for assignments
• Video animations to help you grasp basic neuroanatomy and psychobiology 

This book goes above and beyond to familiarise you with the links between biology and psychology, making it an essential read for psychology students at all levels.

Suzanne Higgs is Professor in the Psychobiology of Appetite at the University of Birmingham.
Alison Cooper is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Birmingham. 
Jonathan Lee is Professor of Memory Neuroscience at the University of Birmingham.
How to Use This Book xviii
About the Authors xxi
Acknowledgements xxiii
1 What is Biological Psychology?
1(12)
What is Biological about Biological Psychology?
3(1)
Isn't Biological Psychology Just Neuroscience?
3(1)
An Important Assumption in Biological Psychology
4(1)
The Fundamentals of Biological Psychology
5(1)
Important Topics in Biological Psychology
6(1)
A Focus on Learning and Memory
7(1)
Critical Thinking in Biological Psychology
8(1)
Experimental Approaches Used in Biological Psychology
9(2)
Discover Biological Psychology Yourself
11(2)
2 Structure and Communication in the Nervous System
13(38)
Organisation of the Nervous System
15(7)
Central nervous system (CNS)
16(4)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
20(2)
Cells of the Nervous System
22(6)
Neurons
22(4)
Glia
26(2)
Building a Brain
28(20)
Communication and neuronal networks
28(1)
Structure: Function relationship
28(2)
Electrical conduction
30(6)
Chemical conduction at the synapse
36(1)
Structure of the synapse
36(3)
Synaptic transmission: The reality
39(9)
Chapter Summary
48(3)
3 Drugs and the Nervous System: Psychopharmacology
51(50)
How Drugs are Handled by the Body: Pharmacokinetics
53(1)
Absorption
53(1)
Routes of Administration
54(4)
Distribution
56(1)
Metabolism and elimination
56(1)
The time course of drug effects
57(1)
Effects of Drugs on Neurotransmission: Pharmacodynamics
58(4)
Agonists
59(1)
Antagonists
59(1)
Inverse agonists
60(1)
Allosteric modulators
60(1)
Drug efficacy
60(2)
Effects of Repeated Consumption of Drugs
62(2)
Use of Psychoactive Drugs
64(1)
Alcohol
64(4)
Effects of alcohol on behaviour
65(1)
Effects of alcohol on the brain
66(2)
Stimulants
68(6)
Cocaine
68(2)
Amphetamines
70(1)
Nicotine
70(2)
Caffeine
72(2)
Opiates
74(1)
Effects of opiates on the brain and behaviour
74(1)
Cannabis
75(2)
Effects of cannabis on the brain and behaviour
75(2)
Psychedelic Drugs
77(9)
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
78(2)
Mescaline
80(1)
Psilocybin
80(1)
Phencyclidine and ketamine
81(1)
Salvinorin A
81(2)
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
83(3)
Chapter Summary
86(3)
Spotlight 3a Individual Differences in Drug Responses
89(1)
Introduction
90(1)
Individual Differences in Drug Responding
90(3)
Body size
90(1)
Age
90(1)
Sex differences
91(1)
Genetic differences
92(1)
Personality and Drug Responses
93(1)
Stress and Drug Responses
94(1)
Environmental Factors that Affect Drug Responses
94(2)
Drug-drug and drug-food interactions
95(1)
Drug Expectations and Placebo Effects
96(2)
Conditioned Drug Responses
98(3)
4 Development, Degeneration and Recovery in the Nervous System
101(62)
Development
103(11)
Forming the foetal brain
105(4)
Optimising brain function
109(3)
Synaptic plasticity
112(1)
Sex differences in brain development
112(2)
Degeneration
114(2)
Pathological loss
114(2)
Repair and Recovery
116(4)
Neurogenesis
117(3)
Chapter Summary
120(3)
Spotlight 4a Behavioural Genetics
123(1)
Introduction
124(1)
The Genetic Sequence
124(1)
Genes and Human Behaviour
125(16)
Epigenetics
126(6)
Finding genes linked to human behaviour
132(3)
Studying the role of a known gene in human behaviour
135(1)
What have behavioural genetics studies told us?
136(5)
Spotlight 4b Neurodegeneration
141(1)
Introduction
142(1)
Parkinson's Disease
142(6)
Prevalence
142(1)
Clinical characteristics
143(1)
Cause of PD
144(1)
Pathology
144(2)
Other pathological and neurotransmitter changes
146(1)
Etiology of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease
147(1)
Environmental factors
147(1)
Serendipitous advances in understanding PD pathology
147(1)
Genetics of Parkinson's disease
148(1)
Treatment for Parkinson's Disease
148(5)
Drug therapies
148(3)
Non-drug therapies
151(2)
Alzheimer's Disease
153(10)
Prevalence
153(1)
Clinical characteristics
153(1)
Cause of Alzheimer's disease
153(1)
Pathology
154(1)
Aetiology
155(2)
Treatments for Alzheimer's disease
157(2)
Sex differences in neurodegenerative disease
159(4)
5 The Importance of Experience: Learning and Memory
163(62)
What is Learning and Memory?
165(1)
Principles of Learning: The Role of Surprise
166(6)
Unconscious Forms of Memory
172(1)
Perceptual Memory
172(5)
Temporal stages of perceptual memory
172(5)
Associative Learning
177(1)
Pavlovian conditioning
177(1)
Sex differences
178(1)
Where in the Brain? Research Strategies
178(3)
Causation
178(2)
Correlation
180(1)
Encoding Long-Lasting Memories
181(3)
Synaptic Plasticity and LTP
184(3)
Procedural Memory
187(3)
Conscious Forms of Learning and Memory
190(1)
Episodic versus semantic memory
190(1)
The Hippocampus and Memory
191(2)
Systems-Level Consolidation
193(5)
Chapter Summary
198(5)
Spotlight 5a Memory Persistence
203(1)
Introduction
204(1)
How are Memories Maintained?
204(5)
How are Memories Kept Relevant when Circumstances Change?
209(6)
The hippocampus - contextual modulation
211(1)
The prefrontal cortex - source of the inhibition
211(1)
The amygdala - target of fear inhibition
212(3)
Do New Experiences Result in the Creation of New Memories or the Modification of Existing Ones?
215(10)
The case for memory modification - memory reconsolidation
215(6)
The case for new memories - second-order conditioning
221(4)
6 Sensory Systems
225(68)
What Do Sensory Systems Do?
227(1)
The Visual System
227(6)
The retina
228(5)
The Pathway to the Visual Cortex
233(2)
The Visual Cortex
235(4)
How do we put together the fragments?
237(1)
How do we put together information about different aspects of the stimulus?
238(1)
How do we interpret the sensory information?
238(1)
The Auditory System
239(4)
Sounds as frequencies
239(1)
How the ear describes sounds
240(1)
Locating sounds
241(2)
The Auditory Cortex
243(2)
How do we pick out individual sounds from the background?
244(1)
The Vestibular System
245(2)
Vestibular Interactions with Vision
247(1)
Somatosensation
248(6)
Touch
248(1)
The dorsal column-medial lemniscal (DCML) pathway
248(2)
Passive and active touch
250(1)
Temperature and pain
250(4)
Proprioception
254(1)
Taste and Smell
255(5)
Taste
255(2)
Smell
257(3)
Chapter Summary
260(5)
Spotlight 6a Retinal Spatial Processing
265(1)
Introduction
266(1)
The Retinal Ganglion Cell Receptive Field
266(11)
Retinal interneurons form the receptive field
267(2)
Retinal ganglion cells respond to luminance edges
269(1)
Retinal ganglion cell response efficiently describes the image
270(1)
Lateral inhibition works by making spatial comparisons
271(1)
Receptive fields are circular because they make spatial comparisons in all directions
272(1)
Lightness constancy: Ratios are more useful than differences
272(2)
At each retinal location, cells with different sized receptive fields make spatial comparisons at different scales
274(1)
Receptive fields use weighted averages to reduce noise
275(2)
Some Things the Retina Cannot Do
277(2)
Spotlight 6b Pain
279(1)
Introduction
280(13)
What is the point of pain?
280(1)
Pain and communication
281(1)
The relationship between nociception and pain
281(1)
Role of the brain in pain perception
282(2)
Pain and psychological state
284(4)
Pain and psychological disorders
288(1)
Sex and gender differences in pain perception
289(4)
7 Motor Control
293(32)
Muscles and Their Innervation
295(3)
The Spinal Cord
298(2)
Cortical Control of Movements and Actions
300(2)
Primary Motor Cortex
302(1)
Secondary Motor Cortex
302(2)
Selecting the Appropriate Movement: The Role of the Basal Ganglia
304(1)
Planning: The Role of the Posterior Parietal Cortex
305(2)
Learning and Control: The Role of the Cerebellum
307(4)
Chapter Summary
311(4)
Spotlight 7a Mirror Neurons
315(1)
Introduction
316(1)
Mirror Neurons in Monkeys and People
316(2)
The Possible Functions of Human Mirror Neurons
318(5)
Imitation
318(2)
Understanding actions
320(2)
Social behaviour and autistic spectrum disorder
322(1)
The Origin of Mirror Neurons
323(2)
8 Emotional Behaviours
325(70)
What is Emotion?
327(1)
What is the Function of Emotions?
328(1)
What is the Relationship between Emotional Responses and Feelings?
329(7)
James-Lange theory
329(2)
Cannon-Bard theory
331(1)
Are bodily changes different enough to account for specific emotional feelings?
332(1)
Does prevention of peripheral feedback abolish emotional feelings?
333(1)
Does artificial stimulation of bodily responses induce emotional feelings?
334(1)
Schachter-Singer theory
334(2)
What Brain Areas Mediate Emotions?
336(3)
The limbic system
338(1)
The Amygdala
339(7)
Anatomy of the amygdala
339(1)
Stimulation of the amygdala elicits emotional responses
340(2)
Damage to the amygdala impairs normal emotional responses
342(1)
The amygdala and emotional memory
343(1)
Beyond fear
344(2)
Downstream from the Amygdala: The Periaqueductal Grey (PAG)
346(1)
Upstream from the Amygdala: The Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
347(3)
The somatic marker hypothesis
349(1)
How do we Communicate Emotions?
350(6)
Emotional expressions have an evolutionary basis
351(2)
Emotional expressions have a biological basis
353(1)
Sex differences
354(2)
Chapter Summary
356(3)
Spotlight 8a The Neural Basis of Fear
359(1)
Introduction
360(1)
Is Fear Processed Serially in the Amygdala?
360(8)
The amygdala
360(1)
Which nuclei of the amygdala are important for fear?
361(2)
Serial or parallel processing in the amygdala?
363(5)
Which Area of the Prefrontal Cortex Regulates Fear?
368(9)
Subdivisions of the mPFC
369(1)
The infralimbic cortex inhibits fear
369(2)
The prelimbic cortex activates fear
371(6)
Spotlight 8b Too Much Emotion? Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Drug Addiction
377(1)
Introduction
378(1)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
378(11)
What makes individuals vulnerable to PTSD?
379(1)
Is the stress response abnormal in PTSD?
379(2)
Are stress response abnormalities pre-existing or induced?
381(1)
Are there neural vulnerability factors for PTSD?
381(4)
Are there overly strong fear memories in PTSD?
385(1)
Are brain areas associated with traumatic memory processing abnormal in PTSD?
385(1)
What mechanisms underlie the abnormally strong amygdala memory?
386(3)
Do Excessively Strong Appetitive Memories Underlie Drug Addiction?
389(6)
What memories are formed when drugs are taken?
389(1)
Is the amygdala abnormal in addiction?
390(1)
Is the prefrontal cortex abnormal in addiction?
391(4)
9 Motivated Behaviours
395(72)
What are Motivated Behaviours?
397(1)
Motivational Concepts
398(2)
Homeostasis
398(1)
Motivational drives
399(1)
Incentive Motivation
400(1)
Eating
401(9)
Why do we need food?
401(1)
How does the body deal with food?
401(2)
To eat or not to eat? Understanding eating patterns
403(1)
The biological bases of eating
403(1)
Time to eat: What factors affect when we start and stop eating?
403(1)
Eat this not that: Understanding food choice
404(5)
Sensory-specific satiety
409(1)
Mechanisms of Nutrient Monitoring
410(5)
Signals from the gastrointestinal system
410(1)
Signals from fat
410(1)
Processing of metabolic signals in the brain
411(1)
Brainstem circuits
412(1)
Hypothalamic circuits
412(1)
Interactions between nutrient monitoring and incentive systems
413(1)
Socio-cognitive processes in appetite
414(1)
Sleep
415(5)
What is sleep?
415(2)
Denning sleep stages: The polysomnograph
417(1)
The transition to sleep and light sleep
418(2)
The Biological Bases of Waking and Sleep States
420(6)
Wake-promoting brain systems
420(3)
Sleep-promoting brain systems
423(1)
Transitions between waking and sleep
424(2)
Circadian Influences on Sleep: The Importance of Biological Rhythms
426(2)
The role of the master body clock
427(1)
Variations in circadian influences on sleep across the lifespan
428(1)
Homeostatic Influences on Sleep: The Search for Sleep Factors
428(1)
Emotional and Cognitive Influences on Sleep
429(1)
The Function of Sleep
430(2)
Chapter Summary
432(3)
Spotlight 9a Sleep Disturbances and Implications for Health
435(1)
Introduction
436(1)
Sleep Disorders
436(2)
Insomnia
436(1)
Narcolepsy
437(1)
Parasomnias
438(1)
Sleep Deprivation: A Modern Problem?
438(1)
Sleep and Health
439(1)
Critical Analysis
439(2)
How is sleep measured?
440(1)
Control for confounding variables
440(1)
Reverse causation
440(1)
Sleep quality rather than quantity?
441(1)
Summing up
441(1)
Sleep and Mental Health
441(1)
Sleep Deprivation and Cognitive Function
442(1)
How does sleep deprivation affect cognitive function?
443(1)
Sleep and Memory Consolidation
443(8)
Sleep and selective memory consolidation
447(1)
Sleep, memory and the lifespan
447(4)
Spotlight 9b Eating Disorders and Obesity
451(1)
Introduction
452(1)
Anorexia
452(1)
Bulimia
453(1)
Binge Eating Disorder
454(1)
Treatments for Eating Disorders
454(1)
Obesity
454(4)
Consequences of obesity
455(1)
Treatments for obesity
455(1)
Causes of obesity
456(2)
Food Addiction
458(1)
Types of evidence
459(1)
Critical Analysis
459(8)
Overlapping clinical features
459(2)
Overlapping neurobiological features
461(3)
Animal models of food addiction
464(3)
10 Psychological Disorders
467(56)
What are Psychological Disorders?
469(1)
Classification of Psychological Disorders
469(1)
Schizophrenia
470(5)
Clinical symptoms of schizophrenia
470(2)
Onset of clinical symptoms of schizophrenia
472(1)
Prevalence of schizophrenia
472(3)
Interactions between Genes and Environment in Schizophrenia
475(4)
Genetic risk factors
475(1)
Environmental risk factors
476(3)
Brain Structure and Function in Schizophrenia
479(4)
Neuroanatomical and imaging studies
480(3)
Pharmacological Studies
483(4)
The dopamine theory of schizophrenia
483(2)
Evaluation of the dopamine hypothesis
485(1)
The role of glutamate in schizophrenia
486(1)
Depression
487(2)
Overview
487(1)
Clinical symptoms of major depression
487(1)
Onset of clinical symptoms of depression
488(1)
Prevalence of depression
488(1)
Sex differences
489(1)
Interactions between Genes and Environment in Depression
489(7)
Biological bases of depression
490(1)
The monoamine-deficiency theory of depression
491(1)
Stress and depression: The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
492(2)
The neurogenic theory of depression
494(2)
Anxiety
496(6)
Clinical symptoms of generalised anxiety disorder
497(1)
Prevalence of GAD
498(1)
Biological bases of GAD
499(2)
Other neurotransmitter systems and anxiety
501(1)
Chapter Summary
502(3)
Spotlight 10a Schizophrenia
505(1)
Introduction
506(1)
Cannabis Use and Schizophrenia
506(4)
Evidence from cohort studies
507(3)
The Effectiveness of Antipsychotic Drugs
510(4)
First-generation or typical antipsychotics
511(1)
Side effects of first-generation or typical antipsychotics
511(1)
Second-generation or atypical drugs
512(2)
Beyond the Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia
514(5)
NMD A receptor hypo function and schizophrenia
515(1)
Imaging and post-mortem studies
515(1)
Effects of NMD A receptor antagonists
515(4)
Effects of repeated administration of NMDA antagonists
519(1)
Summary
519(4)
NMDA receptor hypofunction and excitotoxicity
520(1)
NMDA receptor hypofunction and neurodevelopment
520(3)
Glossary 523(10)
References 533(68)
Index 601
Professor Suzanne Higgs has a degree in Psychology, Philosophy and Physiology from the Univer­sity of Oxford, UK. During her degree she became fascinated by the effects of drugs on the brain and behaviour, which motivated her to pursue a PhD in Psychopharmacology at the University of Durham. After her PhD, she worked as a Postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oxford before moving to the University of Birmingham, UK to take up a faculty position in the School of Psychology. She has taught at all levels on the BSc in Psychology programme at Birmingham and has over 20 years of lecturing experience. She specialises in teaching psychopharmacology and the biological bases of motivated behaviours, in particular, the psychobiology of appetite, which is the topic of her research.



Dr Alison Coopers interest in Neuroscience began during her Natural Sciences degree when she accidentally found herself studying the properties of neurones that form the circuit that controls grasshopper movement. She pursued an interest in understanding how the activity of neuronal cells could underpin behaviour for her PhD by researching the properties and functions of the parts of the brain that contribute to human motor behaviour. During this time, she became interested in neuropharmacology, and the link between synaptic neurotransmission and human function/ dysfunction has remained the focus of her thoughts. Following various Postdoctoral positions, she took an ever-greater role in Neuroscience education of undergraduates in various professional and non-professional undergraduate programmes. In recent years she has used her experience to extend her interest in education to the public who want to understand their own or others brains through public engagement in person and, globally, through online courses.



Professor Jonathan Lee has a degree in Natural Sciences, specialising in Neuroscience, from the University of Cambridge. He has always been interested in the value of studying biological mechanisms in order to understand behaviour. This interest has been particularly focused on unconscious memories and their impact on behaviour. In his PhD and Postdoctoral research, also at the University of Cambridge, he studied the contribution of gene expression and pharmacological mechanisms in the processes underlying long-term fear and addictive drug memories. He has continued these research interests since moving to the University of Birmingham, using his research experience to teach an introduction to Biological Psychology in the BSc Psychology programme.