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1 Biology and the Tree of Life |
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1 | (15) |
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1.1 What Does It Mean to Say That Something Is Alive? |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (2) |
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All Organisms Are Made of Cells |
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2 | (1) |
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Where Do Cells Come From? |
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3 | (1) |
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Life Replicates Through Cell Division |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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What Is Natural Selection? |
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4 | (1) |
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1.4 Life Processes Information |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (3) |
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Using Molecules to Understand the Tree of Life |
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6 | (2) |
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How Should We Name Branches on the Tree of Life? |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (5) |
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9 | (1) |
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Why Do Giraffes Have Long Necks? An Introduction to Hypothesis Testing |
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9 | (2) |
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How Do Ants Navigate? An Introduction to Experimental Design |
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11 | (3) |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (39) |
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B.1 Using the Metric System and Significant Figures |
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19 | (2) |
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Metric System Units and Conversions |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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B.2 Reading and Making Graphs |
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21 | (3) |
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21 | (2) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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B.3 Interpreting Standard Error Bars and Using Statistical Tests |
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24 | (2) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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Interpreting P Values and Statistical Significance |
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25 | (1) |
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B.4 Working with Probabilities |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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B.6 Separating and Visualizing Molecules |
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28 | (3) |
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Using Electrophoresis to Separate Molecules |
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28 | (1) |
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Using Thin Layer Chromatography to Separate Molecules |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (2) |
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B.7 Separating Cell Components by Centrifugation |
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31 | (2) |
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B.8 Using Spectrophotometry |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (3) |
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Light and Fluorescence Microscopy |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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Studying Live Cells and Real-Time Processes |
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35 | (1) |
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Visualizing Cellular Structures in 3-D |
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35 | (1) |
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B.10 Using Molecular Biology Tools and Techniques |
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36 | (5) |
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Making and Using DNA Libraries |
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36 | (1) |
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Amplifying DNA Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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B.11 Using Cell Culture and Model Organisms as Tools |
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41 | (4) |
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Cell and Tissue Culture Methods |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (3) |
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B.12 Reading and Making Visual Models |
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45 | (2) |
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Tips for Interpreting Models |
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45 | (1) |
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Tips for Making your Own Models |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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B.13 Reading and Making Phylogenetic Trees |
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47 | (2) |
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Anatomy of a Phylogenetic Tree |
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47 | (1) |
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How to Read a Phylogenetic Tree |
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48 | (1) |
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How to Draw a Phylogenetic Tree |
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48 | (1) |
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B.14 Reading Chemical Structures |
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49 | (1) |
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B.15 Translating Greek and Latin Roots in Biology |
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50 | (1) |
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B.16 Reading and Citing the Primary Literature |
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50 | (2) |
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What Is the Primary Literature? |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (2) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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B.17 Recognizing and Correcting Misconceptions |
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52 | (1) |
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B.18 Using Bloom's Taxonomy for Study Success |
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53 | (2) |
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Categories of Human Cognition |
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53 | (1) |
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Six Study Steps to Success |
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53 | (2) |
| Unit 1 The Molecular Origin And Evolution Of Life |
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55 | (87) |
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2 Water and Carbon: The Chemical Basis of Life |
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55 | (23) |
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2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks of Chemical Evolution |
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56 | (5) |
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56 | (2) |
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How Does Covalent Bonding Hold Molecules Together? |
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58 | (1) |
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Ionic Bonding, Ions, and the Electron-Sharing Continuum |
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59 | (1) |
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Some Simple Molecules Formed from C, H, N, and O |
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60 | (1) |
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The Geometry of Simple Molecules |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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2.2 Properties of Water and the Early Oceans |
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61 | (6) |
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Why Is Water Such an Efficient Solvent? |
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62 | (1) |
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What Properties Are Correlated with Water's Structure? |
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62 | (3) |
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The Role of Water in Acid-Base Chemical Reactions |
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65 | (2) |
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2.3 Chemical Reactions, Energy, and Chemical Evolution |
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67 | (3) |
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How Do Chemical Reactions Happen? |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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What Makes a Chemical Reaction Spontaneous? |
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68 | (2) |
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2.4 Model Systems for Investigating Chemical Evolution |
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70 | (3) |
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Early Origin-of-Life Experiments |
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70 | (1) |
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Recent Origin-of-Life Experiments |
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71 | (2) |
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2.5 The Importance of Organic Molecules |
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73 | (2) |
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Linking Carbon Atoms Together |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (3) |
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3 Protein Structure and Function |
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78 | (15) |
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3.1 Amino Acids and Their Polymerization |
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79 | (4) |
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The Structure of Amino Acids |
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79 | (1) |
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The Nature of Side Chains |
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79 | (2) |
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How Do Amino Acids Link to Form Proteins? |
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81 | (2) |
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3.2 What Do Proteins Look Like? |
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83 | (5) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (2) |
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Normal Folding Is Crucial to Function |
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88 | (1) |
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Protein Shape Is Flexible |
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89 | (1) |
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3.4 Protein Functions Are as Diverse as Protein Structures |
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90 | (1) |
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Why Are Enzymes Good Catalysts? |
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90 | (1) |
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Did Life Arise from a Self-Replicating Enzyme? |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (2) |
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4 Nucleic Acids and the RNA World |
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93 | (14) |
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4.1 What Is a Nucleic Acid? |
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94 | (3) |
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Could Chemical Evolution Result in the Production of Nucleotides? |
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95 | (1) |
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How Do Nucleotides Polymerize to Form Nucleic Acids? |
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95 | (2) |
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4.2 DNA Structure and Function |
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97 | (4) |
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What Is the Nature of DNA's Secondary Structure? |
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97 | (2) |
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The Tertiary Structure of DNA |
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99 | (1) |
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DNA Functions as an Information-Containing Molecule |
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99 | (1) |
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The DNA Double Helix Is a Stable Structure |
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100 | (1) |
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4.3 RNA Structure and Function |
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101 | (2) |
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Structurally, RNA Differs from DNA |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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RNA Can Function as a Catalytic Molecule |
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102 | (1) |
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4.4 In Search of the First Life-Form |
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103 | (2) |
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How Biologists Study the RNA World |
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104 | (1) |
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The RNA World May Have Sparked the Evolution of Life |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (2) |
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5 An Introduction to Carbohydrates |
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107 | (12) |
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108 | (2) |
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What Distinguishes One Monosaccharide from Another? |
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108 | (1) |
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Can Monosaccharides Form by Chemical Evolution? |
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109 | (1) |
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5.2 The Structure of Polysaccharides |
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110 | (3) |
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Starch: A Storage Polysaccharide in Plants |
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111 | (1) |
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Glycogen: A Highly Branched Storage Polysaccharide in Animals |
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111 | (2) |
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Cellulose: A Structural Polysaccharide in Plants |
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113 | (1) |
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Chitin: A Structural Polysaccharide in Fungi and Animals |
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113 | (1) |
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Peptidoglycan: A Structural Polysaccharide in Bacteria |
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113 | (1) |
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Polysaccharides and Chemical Evolution |
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113 | (1) |
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5.3 What Do Carbohydrates Do? |
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113 | (4) |
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Carbohydrates Can Provide Structural Support |
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114 | (1) |
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The Role of Carbohydrates in Cell Identity |
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114 | (1) |
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Carbohydrates and Energy Storage |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (2) |
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6 Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells |
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119 | (21) |
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6.1 Lipid Structure and Function |
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120 | (3) |
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How Does Bond Saturation Affect Hydrocarbon Structure? |
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120 | (1) |
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A Look at Three Types of Lipids Found in Cells |
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121 | (1) |
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How Membrane Lipids Interact with Water |
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122 | (1) |
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Were Lipids Present during Chemical Evolution? |
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123 | (1) |
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6.2 Phospholipid Bilayers |
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123 | (4) |
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Artificial Membranes as an Experimental System |
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124 | (1) |
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Selective Permeability of Lipid Bilayers |
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124 | (1) |
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How Does Lipid Structure Affect Membrane Permeability? |
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125 | (1) |
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How Does Temperature Affect the Fluidity and Permeability of Membranes? |
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126 | (1) |
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6.3 How Substances Move across Lipid Bilayers: Diffusion and Osmosis |
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127 | (3) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Membranes and Chemical Evolution |
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129 | (1) |
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6.4 Proteins Alter Membrane Structure and Function |
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130 | (8) |
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Development of the Fluid-Mosaic Model |
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130 | (2) |
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Systems for Studying Membrane Proteins |
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132 | (1) |
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Channel Proteins Facilitate Diffusion |
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132 | (2) |
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Carrier Proteins Facilitate Diffusion |
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134 | (1) |
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Pumps Perform Active Transport |
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135 | (2) |
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Plasma Membranes Define the Intracellular Environment |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (2) |
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Big Picture: The Chemistry of Life |
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140 | (2) |
| Unit 2 Cell Structure And Function |
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142 | (129) |
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142 | (29) |
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7.1 Bacterial and Archaeal Cell Structures and Their Functions |
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143 | (3) |
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143 | (1) |
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Prokaryotic Cell Structures: A Parts List |
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143 | (3) |
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7.2 Eukaryotic Cell Structures and Their Functions |
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146 | (8) |
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The Benefits of Organelles |
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146 | (1) |
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Eukaryotic Cell Structures: A Parts List |
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146 | (8) |
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7.3 Putting the Parts into a Whole |
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154 | (1) |
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Structure and Function at the Whole-Cell Level |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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7.4 Cell Systems I: Nuclear Transport |
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155 | (2) |
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Structure and Function of the Nuclear Envelope |
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155 | (1) |
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How Do Molecules Enter the Nucleus? |
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156 | (1) |
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7.5 Cell Systems II: The Endomembrane System Manufactures, Ships, and Recycles Cargo |
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157 | (6) |
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Studying the Pathway through the Endomembrane System |
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157 | (2) |
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Entering the Endomembrane System: The Signal Hypothesis |
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159 | (1) |
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Moving from the ER to the Golgi Apparatus |
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160 | (1) |
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What Happens Inside the Golgi Apparatus? |
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160 | (1) |
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How Do Proteins Reach Their Destinations? |
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160 | (1) |
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Recycling Material in the Lysosome |
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160 | (3) |
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7.6 Cell Systems III: The Dynamic Cytoskeleton |
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163 | (5) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (2) |
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Flagella and Cilia: Moving the Entire Cell |
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166 | (2) |
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168 | (3) |
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8 Energy and Enzymes: An Introduction to Metabolism |
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171 | (18) |
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8.1 What Happens to Energy in Chemical Reactions? |
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172 | (3) |
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Chemical Reactions Involve Energy Transformations |
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172 | (1) |
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Temperature and Concentration Affect Reaction Rates |
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173 | (2) |
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8.2 Nonspontaneous Reactions May Be Driven Using Chemical Energy |
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175 | (4) |
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Redox Reactions Transfer Energy via Electrons |
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175 | (2) |
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ATP Transfers Energy via Phosphate Groups |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (3) |
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Enzymes Help Reactions Clear Two Hurdles |
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179 | (2) |
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What Limits the Rate of Catalysis? |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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8.4 What Factors Affect Enzyme Function? |
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182 | (2) |
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Enzymes Are Optimized for Particular Environments |
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182 | (1) |
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Most Enzymes Are Regulated |
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183 | (1) |
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8.5 Enzymes Can Work Together in Metabolic Pathways |
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184 | (2) |
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Metabolic Pathways Are Regulated |
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185 | (1) |
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Metabolic Pathways Evolve |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (3) |
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9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation |
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189 | (21) |
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9.1 An Overview of Cellular Respiration |
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190 | (3) |
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What Happens When Glucose Is Oxidized? |
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190 | (2) |
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Cellular Respiration Plays a Central Role in Metabolism |
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192 | (1) |
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9.2 Glycolysis: Oxidizing Glucose to Pyruvate |
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193 | (3) |
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Glycolysis Is a Sequence of 10 Reactions |
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193 | (1) |
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How Is Glycolysis Regulated? |
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194 | (2) |
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9.3 Processing Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA |
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196 | (1) |
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9.4 The Citric Acid Cycle: Oxidizing Acetyl CoA to CO2 |
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197 | (3) |
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How Is the Citric Acid Cycle Regulated? |
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197 | (2) |
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What Happens to the NADH and FADH2? |
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199 | (1) |
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9.5 Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis: Building a Proton Gradient to Produce ATP |
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200 | (6) |
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The Electron Transport Chain |
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201 | (2) |
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The Discovery of ATP Synthase |
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203 | (1) |
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The Chemiosmosis Hypothesis |
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203 | (2) |
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Organisms Use a Diversity of Electron Acceptors |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (2) |
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Many Different Fermentation Pathways Exist |
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206 | (1) |
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Fermentation as an Alternative to Cellular Respiration |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (22) |
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10.1 Photosynthesis Harnesses Sunlight to Make Carbohydrate |
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211 | (2) |
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Photosynthesis: Two Linked Sets of Reactions |
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211 | (1) |
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Photosynthesis Occurs in Chloroplasts |
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212 | (1) |
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10.2 How Do Pigments Capture Light Energy? |
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213 | (5) |
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Photosynthetic Pigments Absorb Light |
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213 | (3) |
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When Light Is Absorbed, Electrons Enter an Excited State |
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216 | (2) |
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10.3 The Discovery of Photosystems I and II |
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218 | (5) |
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How Does Photosystem II Work? |
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218 | (2) |
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How Does Photosystem I Work? |
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220 | (1) |
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The Z Scheme: Photosystems II and I Work Together |
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221 | (2) |
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10.4 How Is Carbon Dioxide Reduced to Produce Sugars? |
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223 | (7) |
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The Calvin Cycle Fixes Carbon |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (1) |
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How Is Photosynthesis Regulated? |
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226 | (1) |
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Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Pass through Stomata |
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227 | (1) |
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Mechanisms for Increasing CO2 Concentration |
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227 | (2) |
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What Happens to the Sugar That Is Produced by Photosynthesis? |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (2) |
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Big Picture: Energy for Life |
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232 | (2) |
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11 Cell-Cell Interactions |
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234 | (19) |
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235 | (3) |
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The Structure and Function of an Extracellular Layer |
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235 | (1) |
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The Extracellular Matrix in Animals |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (2) |
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11.2 How Do Adjacent Cells Connect and Communicate? |
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238 | (5) |
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Cell-Cell Attachments in Multicellular Eukaryotes |
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238 | (3) |
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Cells Communicate via Cell-Cell Gaps |
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241 | (2) |
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11.3 How Do Distant Cells Communicate? |
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243 | (6) |
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Cell-Cell Signaling in Multicellular Organisms |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (4) |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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Crosstalk: Synthesizing Input from Many Signals |
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248 | (1) |
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11.4 Signaling between Unicellular Organisms |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (3) |
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253 | (18) |
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12.1 How Do Cells Replicate? |
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254 | (3) |
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254 | (1) |
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Cells Alternate between M Phase and Interphase |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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The Discovery of the Gap Phases |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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12.2 What Happens during M Phase? |
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257 | (6) |
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257 | (3) |
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How Do Chromosomes Move during Anaphase? |
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260 | (2) |
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Cytokinesis Results in Two Daughter Cells |
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262 | (1) |
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Bacterial Cell Replication |
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262 | (1) |
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12.3 Control of the Cell Cycle |
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263 | (3) |
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The Discovery of Cell-Cycle Regulatory Molecules |
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263 | (2) |
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Cell-Cycle Checkpoints Can Arrest the Cell Cycle |
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265 | (1) |
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12.4 Cancer: Out-of-Control Cell Division |
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266 | (3) |
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Properties of Cancer Cells |
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267 | (1) |
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Cancer Involves Loss of Cell-Cycle Control |
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267 | (2) |
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269 | (2) |
| Unit 3 Gene Structure And Expression |
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271 | (164) |
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271 | (18) |
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13.1 How Does Meiosis Occur? |
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272 | (8) |
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Chromosomes Come in Distinct Sizes and Shapes |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (4) |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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A Closer Look at Synapsis and Crossing Over |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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13.2 Meiosis Promotes Genetic Variation |
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280 | (3) |
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281 | (1) |
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The Role of Independent Assortment |
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281 | (1) |
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The Role of Crossing Over |
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282 | (1) |
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How Does Fertilization Affect Genetic Variation? |
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282 | (1) |
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13.3 What Happens When Things Go Wrong in Meiosis? |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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|
|
284 | (1) |
|
13.4 Why Does Meiosis Exist? |
|
|
284 | (3) |
|
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
The Purifying Selection Hypothesis |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
The Changing-Environment Hypothesis |
|
|
285 | (2) |
|
|
|
287 | (2) |
|
|
|
289 | (27) |
|
14.1 Mendel's Experimental System |
|
|
290 | (2) |
|
What Questions Was Mendel Trying to Answer? |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
The Garden Pea Served as the First Model Organism in Genetics |
|
|
290 | (2) |
|
14.2 Mendel's Experiments with a Single Trait |
|
|
292 | (4) |
|
|
|
292 | (2) |
|
|
|
294 | (2) |
|
14.3 Mendel's Experiments with Two Traits |
|
|
296 | (3) |
|
|
|
296 | (2) |
|
Using a Testcross to Confirm Predictions |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
14.4 The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance |
|
|
299 | (3) |
|
Meiosis Explains Mendel's Principles |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
Testing the Chromosome Theory |
|
|
300 | (2) |
|
14.5 Extending Mendel's Rules |
|
|
302 | (8) |
|
Linkage: What Happens When Genes Are Located on the Same Chromosome? |
|
|
303 | (3) |
|
Quantitative Methods 14.1 Linkage and Genetic Mapping |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
How Many Alleles Can a Gene Have? |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Are Alleles Always Dominant or Recessive? |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Does Each Gene Affect Just One Trait? |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Are All Traits Determined by a Gene? |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Can Mendel's Principles Explain Traits That Don't Fall into Distinct Categories? |
|
|
308 | (2) |
|
14.6 Applying Mendel's Rules to Human Inheritance |
|
|
310 | (2) |
|
Identifying Alleles as Recessive or Dominant |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
Identifying Traits as Autosomal or Sex-Linked |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
|
312 | (4) |
|
15 DNA and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair |
|
|
316 | (19) |
|
15.1 What Are Genes Made Of? |
|
|
317 | (2) |
|
The Hershey-Chase Experiment |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
The Secondary Structure of DNA |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
15.2 Testing Early Hypotheses about DNA Synthesis |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Three Alternative Hypotheses |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
The Meselson-Stahl Experiment |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
15.3 A Model for DNA Synthesis |
|
|
320 | (7) |
|
Where Does Replication Start? |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
How Is the Helix Opened and Stabilized? |
|
|
322 | (2) |
|
How Is the Leading Strand Synthesized? |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
How Is the Lagging Strand Synthesized? |
|
|
324 | (3) |
|
15.4 Replicating the Ends of Linear Chromosomes |
|
|
327 | (2) |
|
The End Replication Problem |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
Telomerase Solves the End Replication Problem |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Effect of Telomere Length on Cell Division |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
15.5 Repairing Mistakes and DNA Damage |
|
|
329 | (3) |
|
Correcting Mistakes in DNA Synthesis |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
Xeroderma Pigmentosum: A Case Study |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
|
|
332 | (3) |
|
|
|
335 | (13) |
|
|
|
336 | (2) |
|
The One-Gene, One-Enzyme Hypothesis |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
An Experimental Test of the Hypothesis |
|
|
336 | (2) |
|
16.2 The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology |
|
|
338 | (3) |
|
The Genetic Code Hypothesis |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
RNA as the Intermediary between Genes and Proteins |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Dissecting the Central Dogma |
|
|
339 | (2) |
|
|
|
341 | (2) |
|
How Long Is a "Word" in the Genetic Code? |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
How Did Researchers Crack the Code? |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
16.4 What Are the Types and Consequences of Mutation? |
|
|
343 | (3) |
|
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (2) |
|
17 Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation |
|
|
348 | (19) |
|
17.1 An Overview of Transcription |
|
|
349 | (4) |
|
Initiation: How Does Transcription Begin in Bacteria? |
|
|
349 | (2) |
|
Elongation and Termination |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
Transcription in Eukaryotes |
|
|
351 | (2) |
|
17.2 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes |
|
|
353 | (2) |
|
The Startling Discovery of Split Eukaryotic Genes |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
Adding Caps and Tails to Transcripts |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
17.3 An Introduction to Translation |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Ribosomes Are the Site of Protein Synthesis |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Translation in Bacteria and Eukaryotes |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
How Does an mRNA Triplet Specify an Amino Acid? |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
17.4 The Structure and Function of Transfer RNA |
|
|
356 | (3) |
|
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
How Are Amino Acids Attached to tRNAs? |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
How Many tRNAs Are There? |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
17.5 The Structure of Ribosomes and Their Function in Translation |
|
|
359 | (5) |
|
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Elongation: Extending the Polypeptide |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Post-Translational Modifications |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
|
364 | (3) |
|
18 Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria |
|
|
367 | (12) |
|
18.1 An Overview of Gene Regulation and Information Flow |
|
|
368 | (2) |
|
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Metabolizing Lactose-A Model System |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
18.2 Identifying Regulated Genes |
|
|
370 | (2) |
|
18.3 Negative Control of Transcription |
|
|
372 | (3) |
|
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
How Does Glucose Regulate the lac Operon? |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Why Has the lac Operon Model Been So Important? |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
18.4 Positive Control of Transcription |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
18.5 Global Gene Regulation |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
|
|
377 | (2) |
|
19 Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes |
|
|
379 | (17) |
|
19.1 Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes-An Overview |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
19.2 Chromatin Remodeling |
|
|
380 | (4) |
|
What Is Chromatin's Basic Structure? |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Evidence that Chromatin Structure Is Altered in Active Genes |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
How Is Chromatin Altered? |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Chromatin Modifications Can Be Inherited |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
19.3 Initiating Transcription: Regulatory Sequences and Proteins |
|
|
384 | (4) |
|
Promoter-Proximal Elements Are Regulatory Sequences Near the Core Promoter |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Enhancers Are Regulatory Sequences Far from the Core Promoter |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
The Role of Transcription Factors in Differential Gene Expression |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
How Do Transcription Factors Recognize Specific DNA Sequences? |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
A Model for Transcription Initiation |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
19.4 Post-Transcriptional Control |
|
|
388 | (3) |
|
Alternative Splicing of Primary Transcripts |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
How Is Translation Controlled? |
|
|
389 | (2) |
|
Post-Translational Control |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
19.5 How Does Gene Expression Compare in Bacteria and Eukaryotes? |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
19.6 Linking Cancer to Defects in Gene Regulation |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
The Genetic Basis of Uncontrolled Cell Growth |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
The p53 Tumor Suppressor: A Case Study |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
|
393 | (3) |
|
Big Picture: Genetic Information |
|
|
396 | (2) |
|
20 The Molecular Revolution: Biotechnology and Beyond |
|
|
398 | (20) |
|
20.1 Recombinant DNA Technology |
|
|
399 | (2) |
|
Using Plasmids in Cloning |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Using Restriction Endonucleases and DNA Ligase to Cut and Paste DNA |
|
|
399 | (2) |
|
Transformation: Introducing Recombinant Plasmids into Bacterial Cells |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Using Reverse Transcriptase to Produce cDNAs |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Biotechnology in Agriculture |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
20.2 The Polymerase Chain Reaction |
|
|
401 | (2) |
|
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
A New Branch of the Human Family Tree |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
|
|
403 | (2) |
|
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
Which Genomes Are Being Sequenced, and Why? |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
Which Sequences Are Genes? |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
20.4 Insights from Genome Analysis |
|
|
405 | (6) |
|
The Natural History of Prokaryotic Genomes |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
The Natural History of Eukaryotic Genomes |
|
|
407 | (3) |
|
Insights from the Human Genome Project |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
20.5 Finding and Engineering Genes: The Huntington Disease Story |
|
|
411 | (3) |
|
How Was the Huntington Disease Gene Found? |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
How Are Human Genes Found Today? |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
What Are the Benefits of Finding a Disease Gene? |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Can Gene Therapy Provide a Cure? |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
20.6 Functional Genomics, Proteomics, and Systems Biology |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
What Is Functional Genomics? |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
|
415 | (3) |
|
21 Genes, Development, and Evolution |
|
|
418 | (17) |
|
21.1 Shared Developmental Processes |
|
|
419 | (3) |
|
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
Cell Movement and Changes in Shape |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
21.2 Genetic Equivalence and Differential Gene Expression in Development |
|
|
422 | (2) |
|
Evidence that Differentiated Plant Cells Are Genetically Equivalent |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
Evidence that Differentiated Animal Cells Are Genetically Equivalent |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
How Does Differential Gene Expression Occur? |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
21.3 Regulatory Cascades Establish the Body Plan |
|
|
424 | (5) |
|
Morphogens Set Up the Body Axes |
|
|
424 | (2) |
|
Regulatory Genes Provide Increasingly Specific Positional Information |
|
|
426 | (2) |
|
Regulatory Genes and Signaling Molecules Are Evolutionarily Conserved |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
One Regulator Can Be Used Many Different Ways |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
21.4 Cells Are Determined Before They Differentiate |
|
|
429 | (2) |
|
Commitment and Determination |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
Master Regulators of Differentiation and Development |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
21.5 Changes in Developmental Gene Expression Drive Evolutionary Change |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
|
432 | (3) |
| Unit 4 Evolutionary Patterns And Processes |
|
435 | (83) |
|
22 Evolution by Natural Selection |
|
|
435 | (21) |
|
22.1 The Rise of Evolutionary Thought |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Plato and Typological Thinking |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Aristotle and the Scale of Nature |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Lamarck and the Idea of Evolution as Change through Time |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Darwin and Wallace and Evolution by Natural Selection |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
22.2 The Pattern of Evolution: Have Species Changed, and Are They Related? |
|
|
437 | (8) |
|
Evidence for Change through Time |
|
|
437 | (3) |
|
Evidence of Descent from a Common Ancestor |
|
|
440 | (3) |
|
Evolution's "Internal Consistency"- The Importance of Independent Data Sets |
|
|
443 | (2) |
|
22.3 The Process of Evolution: How Does Natural Selection Work? |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
The Biological Definitions of Fitness, Adaptation, and Selection |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
22.4 Evolution in Action: Recent Research on Natural Selection |
|
|
446 | (5) |
|
Case Study 1: How Did Mycobacterium tuberculosis Become Resistant to Antibiotics? |
|
|
446 | (2) |
|
Case Study 2: Why Do Beak Sizes and Shapes Vary in Galapagos Finches? |
|
|
448 | (3) |
|
22.5 Debunking Common Myths about Natural Selection and Adaptation |
|
|
451 | (3) |
|
Natural Selection Does Not Change Individuals |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
Natural Selection Is Not Goal Directed |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Natural Selection Does Not Lead to Perfection |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
|
|
454 | (2) |
|
23 Evolutionary Processes |
|
|
456 | (24) |
|
23.1 Analyzing Change in Allele Frequencies: The Hardy-Weinberg Principle |
|
|
457 | (4) |
|
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Quantitative Methods 23.1 Deriving the Hardy-Weinberg Principle |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
The Hardy-Weinberg Principle Makes Important Assumptions |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
How Do Biologists Apply the Hardy-Weinberg Principle to Real Populations? |
|
|
459 | (2) |
|
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
How Does Inbreeding Affect Allele Frequencies and Genotype Frequencies? |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
How Does Inbreeding Influence Evolution? |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
|
462 | (7) |
|
How Does Selection Affect Genetic Variation? |
|
|
462 | (4) |
|
|
|
466 | (3) |
|
|
|
469 | (4) |
|
Simulation Studies of Genetic Drift |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
Experimental Studies of Genetic Drift |
|
|
470 | (2) |
|
What Causes Genetic Drift in Natural Populations? |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
|
|
473 | (2) |
|
Measuring Gene Flow between Populations |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
Gene Flow Is Random with Respect to Fitness |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
|
|
475 | (3) |
|
Mutation as an Evolutionary Process |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Experimental Studies of Mutation |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Studies of Mutation in Natural Populations |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
|
478 | (2) |
|
|
|
480 | (16) |
|
24.1 How are Species Defined and Identified? |
|
|
481 | (4) |
|
The Biological Species Concept |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
The Morphospecies Concept |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
The Phylogenetic Species Concept |
|
|
482 | (2) |
|
Species Definitions in Action: The Case of the Dusky Seaside Sparrow |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
24.2 Isolation and Divergence in Allopatry |
|
|
485 | (2) |
|
Allopatric Speciation by Dispersal |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
Allopatric Speciation by Vicariance |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
24.3 Isolation and Divergence in Sympatry |
|
|
487 | (4) |
|
Sympatric Speciation by Disruptive Selection |
|
|
487 | (2) |
|
Sympatric Speciation by Polyploidization |
|
|
489 | (2) |
|
24.4 What Happens When Isolated Populations Come into Contact? |
|
|
491 | (2) |
|
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
New Species through Hybridization |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
|
|
493 | (3) |
|
25 Phylogenies and the History of Life |
|
|
496 | (20) |
|
25.1 Tools for Studying History: Phylogenetic Trees |
|
|
497 | (6) |
|
How Do Biologists Estimate Phylogenies? |
|
|
498 | (2) |
|
How Can Biologists Distinguish Homology from Homoplasy? |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
Whale Evolution: A Case Study |
|
|
501 | (2) |
|
25.2 Tools for Studying History: The Fossil Record |
|
|
503 | (4) |
|
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
Limitations of the Fossil Record |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
|
|
504 | (3) |
|
|
|
507 | (4) |
|
Why Do Adaptive Radiations Occur? |
|
|
507 | (2) |
|
|
|
509 | (2) |
|
|
|
511 | (2) |
|
How Do Mass Extinctions Differ from Background Extinctions? |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
The End-Permian Extinction |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
The End-Cretaceous Extinction |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
The Sixth Mass Extinction? |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
|
|
513 | (3) |
|
|
|
516 | (2) |
| Unit 5 The Diversification Of Life |
|
518 | (186) |
|
|
|
518 | (21) |
|
26.1 Why Do Biologists Study Bacteria and Archaea? |
|
|
519 | (4) |
|
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
Some Prokaryotes Thrive in Extreme Environments |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
|
|
520 | (2) |
|
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
26.2 How Do Biologists Study Bacteria and Archaea? |
|
|
523 | (2) |
|
Using Enrichment Cultures |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
Investigating the Human Microbiome |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
Evaluating Molecular Phylogenies |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
26.3 What Themes Occur in the Diversification of Bacteria and Archaea? |
|
|
525 | (9) |
|
Genetic Variation through Gene Transfer |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
|
|
526 | (2) |
|
|
|
528 | (3) |
|
Ecological Diversity and Global Impacts |
|
|
531 | (3) |
|
26.4 Key Lineages of Bacteria and Archaea |
|
|
534 | (3) |
|
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
|
534 | (3) |
|
|
|
537 | (2) |
|
|
|
539 | (22) |
|
27.1 Why Do Biologists Study Protists? |
|
|
540 | (3) |
|
Impacts on Human Health and Welfare |
|
|
540 | (2) |
|
Ecological Importance of Protists |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
27.2 How Do Biologists Study Protists? |
|
|
543 | (3) |
|
Microscopy: Studying Cell Structure |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
Evaluating Molecular Phylogenies |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
Discovering New Lineages via Direct Sequencing |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
27.3 What Themes Occur in the Diversification of Protists? |
|
|
546 | (10) |
|
What Morphological Innovations Evolved in Protists? |
|
|
546 | (5) |
|
How Do Protists Obtain Food? |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
How Do Protists Reproduce? |
|
|
552 | (4) |
|
27.4 Key Lineages of Protists |
|
|
556 | (2) |
|
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
|
556 | (2) |
|
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
Stramenopila (Heterokonta) |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
|
|
558 | (3) |
|
28 Green Algae and Land Plants |
|
|
561 | (29) |
|
28.1 Why Do Biologists Study Green Algae and Land Plants? |
|
|
562 | (2) |
|
Plants Provide Ecosystem Services |
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
Plants Provide Humans with Food, Fuel, Fiber, Building Materials, and Medicines |
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
28.2 How Do Biologists Study Green Algae and Land Plants? |
|
|
564 | (4) |
|
Analyzing Morphological Traits |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
Evaluating Molecular Phylogenies |
|
|
566 | (2) |
|
28.3 What Themes Occur in the Diversification of Land Plants? |
|
|
568 | (13) |
|
The Transition to Land, I: How Did Plants Adapt to Dry Conditions with Intense Sunlight? |
|
|
568 | (3) |
|
Mapping Evolutionary Changes on the Phylogenetic Tree |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
The Transition to Land, II: How Do Plants Reproduce in Dry Conditions? |
|
|
571 | (9) |
|
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
28.4 Key Lineages of Green Algae and Land Plants |
|
|
581 | (7) |
|
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
Seed Plants: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms |
|
|
582 | (6) |
|
|
|
588 | (2) |
|
|
|
590 | (23) |
|
29.1 Why Do Biologists Study Fungi? |
|
|
591 | (2) |
|
Fungi Have Important Economic and Ecological Impacts |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
Mycorrhizal Fungi Provide Nutrients for Land Plants |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
Saprophytic Fungi Accelerate the Carbon Cycle on Land |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
29.2 How Do Biologists Study Fungi? |
|
|
593 | (5) |
|
Analyzing Morphological Traits |
|
|
594 | (2) |
|
Evaluating Molecular Phylogenies |
|
|
596 | (2) |
|
29.3 What Themes Occur in the Diversification of Fungi? |
|
|
598 | (10) |
|
Fungi Often Participate in Symbioses |
|
|
599 | (3) |
|
What Adaptations Make Fungi Such Effective Decomposers? |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
Variation in Reproduction |
|
|
603 | (2) |
|
Four Major Types of Life Cycles |
|
|
605 | (3) |
|
29.4 Key Lineages of Fungi |
|
|
608 | (2) |
|
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
|
610 | (3) |
|
30 An Introduction to Animals |
|
|
613 | (21) |
|
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
30.2 What Key Innovations Occurred during the Origin of Animal Phyla? |
|
|
615 | (8) |
|
Origin of Multicellularity |
|
|
616 | (2) |
|
Origin of Embryonic Tissue Layers and Muscle |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
Origin of Bilateral Symmetry, Cephalization, and the Nervous System |
|
|
619 | (2) |
|
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
Origin of Protostomes and Deuterostomes |
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
30.3 What Themes Occur in the Diversification of Animals within Phyla? |
|
|
623 | (7) |
|
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
|
626 | (2) |
|
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
30.4 Key Lineages of Animals: Non-Bilaterian Groups |
|
|
630 | (2) |
|
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
Ctenophora (Comb Jellies) |
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Corals, Anemones, Hydroids) |
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
|
|
632 | (2) |
|
|
|
634 | (21) |
|
31.1 What Is a Protostome? |
|
|
635 | (2) |
|
The Water-to-Land Transition |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
31.2 What Is a Lophotrochozoan? |
|
|
637 | (7) |
|
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
What Is a Segmented Worm? |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
|
|
641 | (3) |
|
31.3 What Is an Ecdysozoan? |
|
|
644 | (9) |
|
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
What Are Tardigrades and Velvet Worms? |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
|
|
645 | (3) |
|
|
|
648 | (4) |
|
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
|
|
653 | (2) |
|
|
|
655 | (27) |
|
32.1 What Is an Echinoderm? |
|
|
656 | (3) |
|
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
Echinoderms Are Important Consumers |
|
|
657 | (2) |
|
|
|
659 | (2) |
|
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
32.3 What Is a Vertebrate? |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
32.4 What Key Innovations Occurred during the Evolution of Vertebrates? |
|
|
662 | (11) |
|
Urochordates: Outgroup to Vertebrates |
|
|
662 | (2) |
|
First Vertebrates: Origin of the Cranium and Vertebrae |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
Gnathostomes: Origin of the Vertebrate Jaw |
|
|
665 | (2) |
|
Origin of the Bony Endoskeleton |
|
|
667 | (1) |
|
Tetrapods: Origin of the Limb |
|
|
667 | (1) |
|
Amniotes: Origin of the Amniotic Egg |
|
|
668 | (1) |
|
Mammals: Origin of Lactation and Fur |
|
|
669 | (1) |
|
Reptiles: Origin of Scales and Feathers Made of Keratin |
|
|
670 | (2) |
|
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
32.5 The Primates and Hominins |
|
|
673 | (7) |
|
|
|
673 | (2) |
|
|
|
675 | (3) |
|
The Out-of-Africa Hypothesis |
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
Have Humans Stopped Evolving? |
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
|
|
680 | (2) |
|
|
|
682 | (20) |
|
33.1 Why Do Biologists Study Viruses? |
|
|
683 | (2) |
|
Viruses Shape the Evolution of Organisms |
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
Current Viral Pandemics in Humans: AIDS |
|
|
683 | (2) |
|
33.2 How Do Biologists Study Viruses? |
|
|
685 | (9) |
|
Analyzing Morphological Traits |
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
Analyzing the Genetic Material |
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
Analyzing the Phases of Replicative Growth |
|
|
687 | (6) |
|
Analyzing How Viruses Coexist with Host Cells |
|
|
693 | (1) |
|
33.3 What Themes Occur in the Diversification of Viruses? |
|
|
694 | (2) |
|
Where Did Viruses Come From? |
|
|
694 | (1) |
|
Emerging Viruses, Emerging Diseases |
|
|
694 | (2) |
|
33.4 Key Lineages of Viruses |
|
|
696 | (4) |
|
|
|
700 | (2) |
|
Big Picture: Diversity of Life |
|
|
702 | (2) |
| Unit 6 How Plants Work |
|
704 | (114) |
|
34 Plant Form and Function |
|
|
704 | (23) |
|
34.1 Plant Form: Themes with Many Variations |
|
|
705 | (8) |
|
The Importance of Surface Area/Volume Relationships |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
|
|
707 | (1) |
|
|
|
708 | (2) |
|
|
|
710 | (3) |
|
34.2 Plant Cells and Tissue Systems |
|
|
713 | (5) |
|
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
|
|
714 | (2) |
|
The Vascular Tissue System |
|
|
716 | (2) |
|
34.3 Primary Growth Extends the Plant Body |
|
|
718 | (3) |
|
How Do Apical Meristems Produce the Primary Plant Body? |
|
|
718 | (2) |
|
How Is the Primary Root System Organized? |
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
How Is the Primary Shoot System Organized? |
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
34.4 Secondary Growth Widens Shoots and Roots |
|
|
721 | (4) |
|
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
How Does a Cambium Initiate Secondary Growth? |
|
|
722 | (1) |
|
What Do Vascular Cambia Produce? |
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
What Do Cork Cambia Produce? |
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
The Structure of Tree Trunks |
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
|
|
725 | (2) |
|
35 Water and Sugar Transport in Plants |
|
|
727 | (20) |
|
35.1 Water Potential and Water Movement |
|
|
728 | (4) |
|
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
What Factors Affect Water Potential? |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
Working with Water Potentials |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
Water Potentials in Soils, Plants, and the Atmosphere |
|
|
730 | (2) |
|
35.2 How Does Water Move from Roots to Shoots? |
|
|
732 | (5) |
|
Movement of Water and Solutes into the Root |
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
Water Movement via Root Pressure |
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
Water Movement via Capillary Action |
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
The Cohesion-Tension Theory |
|
|
734 | (3) |
|
35.3 Plant Features That Reduce Water Loss |
|
|
737 | (1) |
|
|
|
737 | (1) |
|
Obtaining Carbon Dioxide under Water Stress |
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
35.4 Translocation of Sugars |
|
|
738 | (7) |
|
Tracing Connections between Sources and Sinks |
|
|
738 | (2) |
|
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
The Pressure-Flow Hypothesis |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
|
|
741 | (3) |
|
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
|
|
745 | (2) |
|
|
|
747 | (18) |
|
36.1 Nutritional Requirements of Plants |
|
|
748 | (3) |
|
Which Nutrients Are Essential? |
|
|
748 | (2) |
|
What Happens When Key Nutrients Are in Short Supply? |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
36.2 Soil: A Dynamic Mixture of Living and Nonliving Components |
|
|
751 | (3) |
|
The Importance of Soil Conservation |
|
|
751 | (1) |
|
What Factors Affect Nutrient Availability? |
|
|
752 | (2) |
|
|
|
754 | (4) |
|
Mechanisms of Nutrient Uptake |
|
|
754 | (2) |
|
Mechanisms of Ion Exclusion |
|
|
756 | (2) |
|
|
|
758 | (2) |
|
The Role of Symbiotic Bacteria |
|
|
759 | (1) |
|
How Do Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria Infect Plant Roots? |
|
|
759 | (1) |
|
36.5 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants |
|
|
760 | (2) |
|
|
|
760 | (1) |
|
|
|
761 | (1) |
|
|
|
762 | (1) |
|
|
|
762 | (3) |
|
37 Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses |
|
|
765 | (28) |
|
37.1 Information Processing in Plants |
|
|
766 | (2) |
|
How Do Cells Receive and Process an External Signal? |
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
How Do Cells Respond to Cell-Cell Signals? |
|
|
766 | (2) |
|
37.2 Blue Light: The Phototropic Response |
|
|
768 | (4) |
|
Phototropins as Blue-Light Receptors |
|
|
768 | (1) |
|
Auxin as the Phototropic Hormone |
|
|
769 | (3) |
|
37.3 Red and Far-Red Light: Germination, Stem Elongation, and Flowering |
|
|
772 | (3) |
|
|
|
772 | (1) |
|
Phytochrome Is a Red/Far-Red Receptor |
|
|
772 | (1) |
|
Signals That Promote Flowering |
|
|
773 | (2) |
|
37.4 Gravity: The Gravitropic Response |
|
|
775 | (2) |
|
|
|
775 | (1) |
|
Auxin as the Gravitropic Signal |
|
|
776 | (1) |
|
37.5 How Do Plants Respond to Wind and Touch? |
|
|
777 | (1) |
|
Changes in Growth Patterns |
|
|
777 | (1) |
|
|
|
777 | (1) |
|
37.6 Youth, Maturity, and Aging: The Growth Responses |
|
|
778 | (8) |
|
Auxin and Apical Dominance |
|
|
778 | (1) |
|
Cytokinins and Cell Division |
|
|
779 | (1) |
|
Gibberellins and ABA: Growth and Dormancy |
|
|
779 | (3) |
|
Brassinosteroids and Body Size |
|
|
782 | (1) |
|
|
|
783 | (1) |
|
An Overview of Plant Growth Regulators |
|
|
784 | (2) |
|
37.7 Pathogens and Herbivores: The Defense Responses |
|
|
786 | (4) |
|
How Do Plants Sense and Respond to Pathogens? |
|
|
786 | (2) |
|
How Do Plants Sense and Respond to Herbivore Attack? |
|
|
788 | (2) |
|
|
|
790 | (3) |
|
38 Plant Reproduction and Development |
|
|
793 | (23) |
|
38.1 An Introduction to Plant Reproduction |
|
|
794 | (2) |
|
|
|
794 | (1) |
|
Sexual Reproduction and the Plant Life Cycle |
|
|
795 | (1) |
|
38.2 Reproductive Structures |
|
|
796 | (3) |
|
The General Structure of the Flower |
|
|
796 | (1) |
|
How Are Female Gametophytes Produced? |
|
|
797 | (1) |
|
How Are Male Gametophytes Produced? |
|
|
798 | (1) |
|
38.3 Pollination and Fertilization |
|
|
799 | (3) |
|
|
|
799 | (3) |
|
|
|
802 | (1) |
|
|
|
802 | (5) |
|
The Role of Drying in Seed Maturation |
|
|
803 | (1) |
|
Fruit Development and Seed Dispersal |
|
|
803 | (2) |
|
|
|
805 | (1) |
|
|
|
806 | (1) |
|
38.5 Embryogenesis and Vegetative Development |
|
|
807 | (3) |
|
|
|
807 | (1) |
|
|
|
808 | (1) |
|
Which Genes Determine Body Axes in the Plant Embryo? |
|
|
809 | (1) |
|
Which Genes Determine Leaf Structure and Shape? |
|
|
810 | (1) |
|
38.6 Reproductive Development |
|
|
810 | (3) |
|
The Floral Meristem and the Flower |
|
|
811 | (1) |
|
The Genetic Control of Flower Structures |
|
|
811 | (2) |
|
|
|
813 | (3) |
|
Big Picture: Plant and Animal Form and Function |
|
|
816 | (2) |
| Unit 7 How Animals Work |
|
818 | (211) |
|
39 Animal Form and Function |
|
|
818 | (18) |
|
39.1 Form, Function, and Adaptation |
|
|
819 | (2) |
|
The Role of Fitness Trade-Offs |
|
|
819 | (2) |
|
Adaptation and Acclimatization |
|
|
821 | (1) |
|
39.2 Tissues, Organs, and Systems: How Does Structure Correlate with Function? |
|
|
821 | (5) |
|
Structure-Function Relationships at the Molecular and Cellular Levels |
|
|
822 | (1) |
|
Tissues Are Groups of Cells That Function as a Unit |
|
|
822 | (3) |
|
|
|
825 | (1) |
|
39.3 How Does Body Size Affect Animal Physiology? |
|
|
826 | (3) |
|
Surface Area/Volume Relationships: Theory |
|
|
826 | (1) |
|
Surface Area/Volume Relationships: Data |
|
|
827 | (1) |
|
Adaptations That Increase Surface Area |
|
|
828 | (1) |
|
|
|
829 | (2) |
|
Homeostasis: General Principles |
|
|
829 | (1) |
|
The Role of Regulation and Feedback |
|
|
830 | (1) |
|
39.5 Thermoregulation: A Closer Look |
|
|
831 | (3) |
|
Mechanisms of Heat Exchange |
|
|
831 | (1) |
|
Thermoregulatory Strategies |
|
|
832 | (1) |
|
Comparing Endothermy and Ectothermy |
|
|
832 | (1) |
|
Countercurrent Heat Exchangers |
|
|
833 | (1) |
|
|
|
834 | (2) |
|
40 Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals |
|
|
836 | (19) |
|
40.1 Osmoregulation and Excretion |
|
|
837 | (3) |
|
|
|
837 | (1) |
|
Osmotic Stress in Seawater, in Freshwater, and on Land |
|
|
837 | (2) |
|
How Do Electrolytes and Water Move across Cell Membranes? |
|
|
839 | (1) |
|
Types of Nitrogenous Wastes: Impact on Water Balance |
|
|
839 | (1) |
|
40.2 Water and Electrolyte Balance in Marine Fishes |
|
|
840 | (1) |
|
Osmoconformation versus Osmoregulation in Marine Fishes |
|
|
840 | (1) |
|
How Do Sharks Excrete Salt? |
|
|
840 | (1) |
|
40.3 Water and Electrolyte Balance in Freshwater Fishes |
|
|
841 | (1) |
|
How Do Freshwater Fishes Osmoregulate? |
|
|
841 | (1) |
|
40.4 Water and Electrolyte Balance in Terrestrial Insects |
|
|
842 | (2) |
|
How Do Insects Minimize Water Loss from the Body Surface? |
|
|
843 | (1) |
|
40.5 Water and Electrolyte Balance in Terrestrial Vertebrates |
|
|
844 | (8) |
|
The Structure of the Mammalian Kidney |
|
|
844 | (1) |
|
The Function of the Mammalian Kidney: An Overview |
|
|
845 | (1) |
|
Filtration: The Renal Corpuscle |
|
|
846 | (1) |
|
Reabsorption: The Proximal Tubule |
|
|
846 | (1) |
|
Creating an Osmotic Gradient: The Loop of Henle |
|
|
847 | (3) |
|
Regulating Water and Electrolyte Balance: The Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct |
|
|
850 | (1) |
|
Urine Formation in Nonmammalian Vertebrates |
|
|
851 | (1) |
|
|
|
852 | (3) |
|
|
|
855 | (19) |
|
41.1 Nutritional Requirements |
|
|
856 | (2) |
|
41.2 Capturing Food: The Structure and Function of Mouthparts |
|
|
858 | (1) |
|
Mouthparts as Adaptations |
|
|
858 | (1) |
|
A Case Study: The Cichlid Throat Jaw |
|
|
858 | (1) |
|
41.3 How Are Nutrients Digested and Absorbed? |
|
|
859 | (10) |
|
An Introduction to the Digestive Tract |
|
|
859 | (1) |
|
An Overview of Digestive Processes |
|
|
860 | (1) |
|
|
|
861 | (1) |
|
|
|
862 | (2) |
|
|
|
864 | (4) |
|
|
|
868 | (1) |
|
41.4 Nutritional Homeostasis-Glucose as a Case Study |
|
|
869 | (2) |
|
|
|
869 | (1) |
|
Insulin's Role in Homeostasis |
|
|
870 | (1) |
|
Diabetes Mellitus Has Two Forms |
|
|
870 | (1) |
|
The Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Epidemic |
|
|
870 | (1) |
|
|
|
871 | (3) |
|
42 Gas Exchange and Circulation |
|
|
874 | (25) |
|
42.1 The Respiratory and Circulatory Systems |
|
|
875 | (1) |
|
42.2 Air and Water as Respiratory Media |
|
|
875 | (2) |
|
How Do Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Behave in Air? |
|
|
875 | (1) |
|
How Do Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Behave in Water? |
|
|
876 | (1) |
|
42.3 Organs of Gas Exchange |
|
|
877 | (7) |
|
Physical Parameters: The Law of Diffusion |
|
|
877 | (1) |
|
|
|
878 | (1) |
|
How Do Insect Tracheae Work? |
|
|
879 | (2) |
|
How Do Vertebrate Lungs Work? |
|
|
881 | (2) |
|
Homeostatic Control of Ventilation |
|
|
883 | (1) |
|
42.4 How Are Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transported in Blood? |
|
|
884 | (4) |
|
Structure and Function of Hemoglobin |
|
|
884 | (3) |
|
|
|
O2 | |
|
Transport and the Buffering of Blood pH |
|
|
887 | (1) |
|
|
|
888 | (9) |
|
What Is an Open Circulatory System? |
|
|
889 | (1) |
|
What Is a Closed Circulatory System? |
|
|
889 | (2) |
|
|
|
891 | (4) |
|
Patterns in Blood Pressure and Blood Flow |
|
|
895 | (2) |
|
|
|
897 | (2) |
|
43 Animal Nervous Systems |
|
|
899 | (23) |
|
43.1 Principles of Electrical Signaling |
|
|
900 | (4) |
|
|
|
900 | (1) |
|
|
|
901 | (1) |
|
An Introduction to Membrane Potentials |
|
|
901 | (1) |
|
How Is the Resting Potential Maintained? |
|
|
902 | (1) |
|
Using Electrodes to Measure Membrane Potentials |
|
|
903 | (1) |
|
What Is an Action Potential? |
|
|
903 | (1) |
|
43.2 Dissecting the Action Potential |
|
|
904 | (4) |
|
Distinct Ion Currents Are Responsible for Depolarization and Repolarization |
|
|
904 | (1) |
|
How Do Voltage-Gated Channels Work? |
|
|
904 | (1) |
|
How Is the Action Potential Propagated? |
|
|
905 | (3) |
|
|
|
908 | (4) |
|
Synapse Structure and Neurotransmitter Release |
|
|
908 | (2) |
|
What Do Neurotransmitters Do? |
|
|
910 | (1) |
|
|
|
910 | (2) |
|
43.4 The Vertebrate Nervous System |
|
|
912 | (7) |
|
What Does the Peripheral Nervous System Do? |
|
|
912 | (1) |
|
Functional Anatomy of the CNS |
|
|
913 | (4) |
|
How Do Learning and Memory Work? |
|
|
917 | (2) |
|
|
|
919 | (3) |
|
44 Animal Sensory Systems |
|
|
922 | (20) |
|
44.1 How Do Sensory Organs Convey Information to the Brain? |
|
|
923 | (1) |
|
|
|
923 | (1) |
|
Transmitting Information to the Brain |
|
|
924 | (1) |
|
44.2 Mechanoreception: Sensing Pressure Changes |
|
|
924 | (5) |
|
How Do Sensory Cells Respond to Sound Waves and Other Forms of Pressure? |
|
|
924 | (1) |
|
Hearing: The Mammalian Ear |
|
|
925 | (3) |
|
The Lateral Line System in Fishes and Amphibians |
|
|
928 | (1) |
|
44.3 Photoreception: Sensing Light |
|
|
929 | (5) |
|
|
|
929 | (1) |
|
|
|
930 | (4) |
|
44.4 Chemoreception: Sensing Chemicals |
|
|
934 | (3) |
|
Taste: Detecting Molecules in the Mouth |
|
|
934 | (1) |
|
Olfaction: Detecting Molecules in the Air |
|
|
935 | (2) |
|
44.5 Other Sensory Systems |
|
|
937 | (2) |
|
Thermoreception: Sensing Temperature |
|
|
937 | (1) |
|
Electroreception: Sensing Electric Fields |
|
|
938 | (1) |
|
Magnetoreception: Sensing Magnetic Fields |
|
|
939 | (1) |
|
|
|
939 | (3) |
|
|
|
942 | (19) |
|
45.1 How Do Muscles Contract? |
|
|
943 | (4) |
|
|
|
943 | (1) |
|
The Sliding-Filament Model |
|
|
943 | (1) |
|
How Do Actin and Myosin Interact? |
|
|
944 | (2) |
|
How Do Neurons Initiate Contraction? |
|
|
946 | (1) |
|
|
|
947 | (3) |
|
|
|
947 | (1) |
|
|
|
948 | (1) |
|
|
|
948 | (2) |
|
|
|
950 | (4) |
|
|
|
951 | (1) |
|
|
|
952 | (1) |
|
|
|
953 | (1) |
|
|
|
954 | (4) |
|
How Do Biologists Study Locomotion? |
|
|
954 | (3) |
|
|
|
957 | (1) |
|
|
|
958 | (3) |
|
46 Chemical Signals in Animals |
|
|
961 | (20) |
|
46.1 Cell-to-Cell Signaling: An Overview |
|
|
962 | (4) |
|
Major Categories of Chemical Signals |
|
|
962 | (1) |
|
Hormone Signaling Pathways |
|
|
963 | (1) |
|
What Makes Up the Endocrine System? |
|
|
964 | (1) |
|
How Do Researchers Identify a Hormone? |
|
|
965 | (1) |
|
A Breakthrough in Measuring Hormone Levels |
|
|
965 | (1) |
|
46.2 How Do Hormones Act on Target Cells? |
|
|
966 | (5) |
|
Hormone Concentrations Are Low, but Their Effects Are Large |
|
|
966 | (1) |
|
Three Chemical Classes of Hormones |
|
|
967 | (1) |
|
Steroid Hormones Bind to Intracellular Receptors |
|
|
967 | (1) |
|
Polypeptide Hormones Bind to Receptors on the Plasma Membrane |
|
|
968 | (2) |
|
Why Do Different Target Cells Respond in Different Ways? |
|
|
970 | (1) |
|
46.3 What Do Hormones Do? |
|
|
971 | (5) |
|
How Do Hormones Direct Developmental Processes? |
|
|
971 | (2) |
|
How Do Hormones Coordinate Responses to Stressors? |
|
|
973 | (2) |
|
How Are Hormones Involved in Homeostasis? |
|
|
975 | (1) |
|
46.4 How Is the Production of Hormones Regulated? |
|
|
976 | (2) |
|
The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland |
|
|
976 | (2) |
|
Control of Epinephrine by Sympathetic Nerves |
|
|
978 | (1) |
|
|
|
978 | (3) |
|
47 Animal Reproduction and Development |
|
|
981 | (27) |
|
47.1 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction |
|
|
982 | (4) |
|
How Does Asexual Reproduction Occur? |
|
|
982 | (1) |
|
Switching Reproductive Modes: A Case History |
|
|
982 | (2) |
|
Mechanisms of Sexual Reproduction: Gametogenesis |
|
|
984 | (2) |
|
47.2 Reproductive Structures and Their Functions |
|
|
986 | (3) |
|
The Male Reproductive System |
|
|
986 | (1) |
|
The Female Reproductive System |
|
|
987 | (2) |
|
47.3 Fertilization and Egg Development |
|
|
989 | (5) |
|
|
|
989 | (1) |
|
|
|
989 | (2) |
|
The Cell Biology of Fertilization |
|
|
991 | (1) |
|
Why Do Some Females Lay Eggs While Others Give Birth? |
|
|
992 | (2) |
|
47.4 Embryonic Development |
|
|
994 | (5) |
|
|
|
994 | (1) |
|
|
|
995 | (1) |
|
|
|
996 | (3) |
|
47.5 The Role of Sex Hormones in Mammalian Reproduction |
|
|
999 | (3) |
|
Which Hormones Control Puberty? |
|
|
999 | (1) |
|
Which Hormones Control the Menstrual Cycle in Humans? |
|
|
1000 | (2) |
|
47.6 Pregnancy and Birth in Mammals |
|
|
1002 | (3) |
|
Gestation and Development in Marsupials |
|
|
1003 | (1) |
|
Major Events during Human Pregnancy |
|
|
1003 | (1) |
|
How Does the Mother Nourish the Fetus? |
|
|
1004 | (1) |
|
|
|
1005 | (1) |
|
|
|
1005 | (3) |
|
48 The Immune System in Animals |
|
|
1008 | (21) |
|
|
|
1009 | (4) |
|
|
|
1009 | (1) |
|
The Innate Immune Response |
|
|
1010 | (3) |
|
48.2 Adaptive Immunity: Recognition |
|
|
1013 | (5) |
|
An Introduction to Lymphocytes |
|
|
1013 | (1) |
|
Lymphocytes Recognize a Diverse Array of Antigens |
|
|
1014 | (3) |
|
How Does the Immune System Distinguish Self from Nonself? |
|
|
1017 | (1) |
|
48.3 Adaptive Immunity: Activation |
|
|
1018 | (4) |
|
The Clonal Selection Theory |
|
|
1018 | (1) |
|
|
|
1019 | (1) |
|
B-Cell Activation and Antibody Secretion |
|
|
1020 | (2) |
|
48.4 Adaptive Immunity: Response and Memory |
|
|
1022 | (3) |
|
How Are Extracellular Pathogens Eliminated? |
|
|
1022 | (1) |
|
How Are Intracellular Pathogens Eliminated? |
|
|
1023 | (1) |
|
Why Does the Immune System Reject Foreign Tissues and Organs? |
|
|
1024 | (1) |
|
Responding to Future Infections: Immunological Memory |
|
|
1024 | (1) |
|
48.5 What Happens When the Immune System Doesn't Work Correctly? |
|
|
1025 | (2) |
|
|
|
1026 | (1) |
|
|
|
1026 | (1) |
|
Immunodeficiency Diseases |
|
|
1026 | (1) |
|
|
|
1027 | (2) |
| Unit 8 Ecology |
|
1029 | |
|
49 An Introduction to Ecology |
|
|
1029 | (22) |
|
49.1 Levels of Ecological Study |
|
|
1030 | (1) |
|
|
|
1030 | (1) |
|
|
|
1031 | (1) |
|
|
|
1031 | (1) |
|
|
|
1031 | (1) |
|
|
|
1031 | (1) |
|
Conservation Biology Applies All Levels of Ecological Study |
|
|
1031 | (1) |
|
49.2 What Determines the Distribution and Abundance of Organisms? |
|
|
1031 | (5) |
|
|
|
1032 | (1) |
|
|
|
1032 | (1) |
|
History Matters: Past Abiotic and Biotic Factors Influence Present Patterns |
|
|
1033 | (1) |
|
Biotic and Abiotic Factors Interact |
|
|
1034 | (2) |
|
|
|
1036 | (3) |
|
Why Are the Tropics Warm and the Poles Cold? |
|
|
1036 | (1) |
|
|
|
1036 | (1) |
|
What Causes Seasonality in Weather? |
|
|
1036 | (2) |
|
What Regional Effects Do Mountains and Oceans Have on Climate? |
|
|
1038 | (1) |
|
49.4 Types of Terrestrial Biomes |
|
|
1039 | (4) |
|
|
|
1039 | (1) |
|
|
|
1040 | (2) |
|
How Will Global Climate Change Affect Terrestrial Biomes? |
|
|
1042 | (1) |
|
49.5 Types of Aquatic Biomes |
|
|
1043 | (5) |
|
|
|
1043 | (1) |
|
Water Depth and Sunlight Availability |
|
|
1044 | (1) |
|
|
|
1045 | (1) |
|
|
|
1045 | (3) |
|
How Are Aquatic Biomes Affected by Humans? |
|
|
1048 | (1) |
|
|
|
1048 | (3) |
|
|
|
1051 | (19) |
|
50.1 An Introduction to Behavioral Ecology |
|
|
1052 | (2) |
|
Proximate and Ultimate Causation |
|
|
1052 | (1) |
|
Types of Behavior: An Overview |
|
|
1053 | (1) |
|
50.2 Choosing What, How, and When to Eat |
|
|
1054 | (2) |
|
Proximate Causes: Foraging Alleles in Drosophila melanogaster |
|
|
1054 | (1) |
|
Ultimate Causes: Optimal Foraging |
|
|
1054 | (2) |
|
|
|
1056 | (2) |
|
Proximate Causes: How Is Sexual Activity Triggered in Anolis Lizards? |
|
|
1056 | (1) |
|
Ultimate Causes: Sexual Selection |
|
|
1057 | (1) |
|
50.4 Choosing a Place to Live |
|
|
1058 | (3) |
|
Proximate Causes: How Do Animals Navigate? |
|
|
1058 | (2) |
|
Ultimate Causes: Why Do Animals Migrate? |
|
|
1060 | (1) |
|
50.5 Communicating with Others |
|
|
1061 | (3) |
|
Proximate Causes: How Do Honeybees Communicate? |
|
|
1061 | (1) |
|
Ultimate Causes: Why Do Honeybees Communicate the Way They Do? |
|
|
1062 | (1) |
|
When Is Communication Honest or Deceitful? |
|
|
1063 | (1) |
|
50.6 Cooperating with Others |
|
|
1064 | (4) |
|
|
|
1064 | (2) |
|
Quantitative Methods 50.1 Calculating the Coefficient of Relatedness |
|
|
1065 | (1) |
|
|
|
1066 | (1) |
|
|
|
1067 | (1) |
|
Cooperation and Mutualism |
|
|
1067 | (1) |
|
Individuals Do Not Act for the Good of the Species |
|
|
1067 | (1) |
|
|
|
1068 | (2) |
|
|
|
1070 | (22) |
|
51.1 Distribution and Abundance |
|
|
1071 | (1) |
|
|
|
1071 | (1) |
|
|
|
1072 | (1) |
|
|
|
1072 | (4) |
|
|
|
1072 | (3) |
|
Quantitative Methods 51.1 Mark-Recapture Studies |
|
|
1073 | (2) |
|
|
|
1075 | (1) |
|
Quantitative Methods 51.2 Using Life Tables to Calculate Population Growth Rates |
|
|
1075 | (1) |
|
|
|
1076 | (5) |
|
|
|
1077 | (2) |
|
Quantitative Methods 51.3 Using Growth Models to Predict Population Growth |
|
|
1078 | (1) |
|
|
|
1079 | (1) |
|
What Factors Limit Population Size? |
|
|
1080 | (1) |
|
|
|
1081 | (3) |
|
Why Do Some Populations Cycle? |
|
|
1081 | (2) |
|
How Do Metapopulations Change through Time? |
|
|
1083 | (1) |
|
51.5 Human Population Growth |
|
|
1084 | (3) |
|
Age Structure in Human Populations |
|
|
1084 | (1) |
|
Analyzing Change in the Growth Rate of Human Populations |
|
|
1085 | (2) |
|
51.6 How Can Population Ecology Help Conserve Biodiversity? |
|
|
1087 | (3) |
|
|
|
1087 | (1) |
|
Preserving Metapopulations |
|
|
1088 | (2) |
|
|
|
1090 | (2) |
|
|
|
1092 | (24) |
|
52.1 Species Interactions |
|
|
1093 | (10) |
|
|
|
1093 | (1) |
|
|
|
1094 | (4) |
|
|
|
1098 | (3) |
|
|
|
1101 | (2) |
|
|
|
1103 | (4) |
|
Why Are Some Species More Important than Others in Structuring Communities? |
|
|
1104 | (1) |
|
How Predictable Are Communities? |
|
|
1105 | (2) |
|
|
|
1107 | (4) |
|
Disturbance and Change in Ecological Communities |
|
|
1107 | (1) |
|
Succession: The Development of Communities after Disturbance |
|
|
1108 | (3) |
|
52.4 Patterns in Species Richness |
|
|
1111 | (3) |
|
Quantitative Methods 52.1 Measuring Species Diversity |
|
|
1111 | (1) |
|
Predicting Species Richness: The Theory of Island Biogeography |
|
|
1112 | (1) |
|
Global Patterns in Species Richness |
|
|
1113 | (1) |
|
|
|
1114 | (2) |
|
53 Ecosystems and Global Ecology |
|
|
1116 | (23) |
|
53.1 How Does Energy Flow through Ecosystems? |
|
|
1117 | (6) |
|
How Efficient Are Autotrophs at Capturing Solar Energy? |
|
|
1117 | (1) |
|
What Happens to the Biomass of Autotrophs? |
|
|
1118 | (1) |
|
Energy Transfer between Trophic Levels |
|
|
1119 | (2) |
|
Global Patterns in Productivity |
|
|
1121 | (2) |
|
53.2 How Do Nutrients Cycle through Ecosystems? |
|
|
1123 | (6) |
|
Nutrient Cycling within Ecosystems |
|
|
1123 | (2) |
|
Global Biogeochemical Cycles |
|
|
1125 | (4) |
|
53.3 Global Climate Change |
|
|
1129 | (8) |
|
What Is the Cause of Global Climate Change? |
|
|
1130 | (1) |
|
How Much Will the Climate Change? |
|
|
1131 | (2) |
|
Biological Effects of Climate Change |
|
|
1133 | (2) |
|
Consequences to Net Primary Productivity |
|
|
1135 | (2) |
|
|
|
1137 | (2) |
|
54 Biodiversity and Conservation Biology |
|
|
1139 | (23) |
|
54.1 What Is Biodiversity? |
|
|
1140 | (5) |
|
Biodiversity Can Be Measured and Analyzed at Several Levels |
|
|
1140 | (2) |
|
How Many Species Are Living Today? |
|
|
1142 | (1) |
|
Where Is Biodiversity Highest? |
|
|
1142 | (3) |
|
54.2 Threats to Biodiversity |
|
|
1145 | (7) |
|
Multiple Interacting Threats |
|
|
1145 | (4) |
|
How Will These Threats Affect Future Extinction Rates? |
|
|
1149 | (3) |
|
Quantitative Methods 54.1 Species-Area Plots |
|
|
1150 | (2) |
|
54.3 Why Is Biodiversity Important? |
|
|
1152 | (4) |
|
Biological Benefits of Biodiversity |
|
|
1152 | (2) |
|
Ecosystem Services: Economic and Social Benefits of Biodiversity and Ecosystems |
|
|
1154 | (1) |
|
|
|
1155 | (1) |
|
54.4 Preserving Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function |
|
|
1156 | (3) |
|
Addressing the Ultimate Causes of Loss |
|
|
1156 | (1) |
|
Conservation Strategies to Preserve Genetic Diversity, Species, and Ecosystem Function |
|
|
1157 | (2) |
|
|
|
1159 | (1) |
|
|
|
1159 | (3) |
|
|
|
1162 | |
| Appendix A Answers |
|
A:1 | |
| Appendix B Periodic Table of Elements |
|
B:1 | |
| Glossary |
|
G:1 | |
| Credits |
|
Cr:1 | |
| Index |
|
I:1 | |
