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Biological Wastewater Treatment 2nd edition [Kõva köide]

Edited by Mark C. M. van Loosdrecht, Edited by G. H. Chen, Edited by G. A. Ekama, Edited by Damir Brdjanovic

Formaat: Hardback, 866 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 234x156x18 mm
Ilmumisaeg: 15-Jul-2020
Kirjastus: IWA Publishing
ISBN-10: 1789060354
ISBN-13: 9781789060355

Teised raamatud teemal:

Water supply & treatment

Kõva köide
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Formaat: Hardback, 866 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 234x156x18 mm
Ilmumisaeg: 15-Jul-2020
Kirjastus: IWA Publishing
ISBN-10: 1789060354
ISBN-13: 9781789060355

Teised raamatud teemal:

Water supply & treatment

Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781789060355.html

Märksõnad:

Sewage - Purification - Biological treatment

The first edition of this book was published in 2008 and it went on to become IWA Publishings bestseller. Clearly there was a need for it because over the twenty years prior to 2008, the knowledge and understanding of wastewater treatment had advanced extensively and moved away from empirically-based approaches to a fundamental first-principles approach based on chemistry, microbiology, physical and bioprocess engineering, mathematics and modelling. However the quantity, complexity and diversity of these new developments was overwhelming for young water professionals, particularly in developing countries without readily available access to advanced-level tertiary education courses in wastewater treatment. For a whole new generation of young scientists and engineers entering the wastewater treatment profession, this book assembled and integrated the postgraduate course material of a dozen or so professors from research groups around the world who have made significant contributions to the advances in wastewater treatment. This material had matured to the degree that it had been codified into mathematical models for simulation with computers. The first edition of the book offered, that upon completion of an in-depth study of its contents, the modern approach of modelling and simulation in wastewater treatment plant design and operation could be embraced with deeper insight, advanced knowledge and greater confidence, be it activated sludge, biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal, secondary settling tanks, or biofilm systems.

However, the advances and developments in wastewater treatment have accelerated over the past 12 years since publication of the first edition. While all the chapters of the first edition have been updated to accommodate these advances and developments, some, such as granular sludge, membrane bioreactors, sulphur conversion-based bioprocesses and biofilm reactors which were new in 2008, have matured into new industry approaches and are also now included in this second edition. The target readership of this second edition remains the young water professionals, who will still be active in the field of protecting our precious water resources long after the aging professors who are leading some of these advances have retired. The authors, all still active in the field, are aware that cleaning dirty water has become more complex but that it is even more urgent now than 12 years ago, and offer this second edition to help the young water professionals engage with the scientific and bioprocess engineering principles of wastewater treatment science and technology with deeper insight, advanced knowledge and greater confidence built on stronger competence.

1 Wastewater Treatment Development

(10)

1.1 Global drivers for sanitation

(1)

1.2 History of wastewater treatment

(9)

2 Basic Microbiology And Metabolism

(66)

2.1 Introduction

(2)

2.1.1 Microorganisms in biological wastewater treatment

(1)

2.1.2 Microbial growth as a functional unit

(1)

2.1.3 Microbial community engineering

(1)

2.1.4 Analytical methods for microbial ecology

(1)

2.1.5 Mathematical models of microbial growth

(1)

2.2 Basic aspects of microbiology and metabolism

(22)

2.2.1 Prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses

(3)

2.2.2 Cell structure and components

(1)

2.2.2.1 Cell structures of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

(1)

2.2.2.2 Elemental composition of biomass

(3)

2.2.2.3 Cellular macromolecules

(1)

2.2.2.4 Intracellular storage biopolymers

(1)

2.2.2.5 Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and biofilms

(1)

2.2.3 Metabolism and regulation

(1)

2.2.3.1 Breakdown of polymeric substrates and biosynthesis of biomass macromolecules

(1)

2.2.3.2 Dissimilation and assimilation of substrates: catabolism and anabolism

(3)

2.2.3.3 Metabolic regulation in microbial cells: ATP, NADH, and NADPH

(1)

2.2.3.4 Molecular regulation in microbial cells: DNA, RNA, proteins and metabolites

(1)

2.2.4 Trophic groups and metabolic diversity

(1)

2.2.4.1 Trophic structure in microbiology and links to environmental engineering

(3)

2.2.4.2 Illustration of microbial trophic groups

(1)

2.2.4.3 Predominant guilds of microorganisms involved in BNR from wastewater

(4)

2.2.5 Microbial physiology and environmental gradients

(1)

2.2.5.1 Environmental factors

(1)

2.2.5.2 Microbial niche establishment across gradient systems

(1)

2.3 Microbial ecology and ecophysiology methods

(16)

2.3.1 Black to grey and white-box analysis of microbiomes

(1)

2.3.2 Informational molecules from microorganisms

(1)

2.3.3 Classifications of microorganisms: morphotypes, phenotypes, and genotypes

(1)

2.3.3.1 rRNA genes for taxonomic classification at high resolution

(1)

2.3.3.2 Taxonomic classification and levels

(1)

2.3.4 Culture-dependent vs. culture-independent methods

(1)

2.3.4.1 Analysing taxa and functions: choosing the right method(s)

(1)

2.3.5 Microscopy, isolation, and counting methods

(3)

2.3.6 Molecular biology and fingerprinting methods

(3)

2.3.7 High-throughput `omic' methods

(4)

2.3.8 Ecophysiology methods

(1)

2.3.9 From microbial ecology analyses to microbial community engineering

(1)

2.4 Microbial growth basics

(7)

2.4.1 Microbial growth

(1)

2.4.2 Bacterial bioenergetics

(1)

2.4.3 Redox reactions

(2)

2.4.4 Thermodynamics basics

(3)

2.5 Stoichiometry of microbial growth

(7)

2.5.1 Anabolism

(2)

2.5.2 Catabolism

(1)

2.5.3 Metabolism

(2)

2.5.4 Generalized method to estimate the maximum biomass yield

(2)

2.6 Kinetics of microbial growth

(12)

2.6.1 Substrate consumption rate: the Herbert-Pirt relation

(2)

2.6.2 Substrate consumption rate: saturation kinetics

(2)

2.6.3 Outlook

(8)

3 Wastewater Characteristics

(34)

3.1 Wastewater types and their characteristics

(2)

3.1.1 Sources of wastewater

(1)

3.1.2 General overview of wastewater constituents

(1)

3.2 Physical and chemical occurrence of wastewater components

(2)

3.2.1 Soluble versus colloidal versus particulate constituents

(2)

3.2.2 Organic versus inorganic constituents

(1)

3.3 Microorganisms

(1)

3.4 Organic matter

(4)

3.4.1 Characterization: BOD versus COD

(1)

3.4.2 COD fractionation

(3)

3.5 Nitrogen

(1)

3.6 Phosphorus

(1)

3.7 Sulphur

(1)

3.8 Cellulose

(1)

3.9 Micropollutants

(1)

3.10 Other characteristics

(1)

3.10.1 Metals

(1)

3.10.2 Physical properties of wastewater

(1)

3.10.3 Toxic organic components

(1)

3.11 Typical wastewater characteristics

(9)

3.11.1 Population equivalent

(1)

3.11.2 Municipal wastewater composition

(1)

3.11.3 Importance of ratios

(1)

3.11.4 Domestic wastewater sub-streams

(2)

3.11.5 Non-domestic sewage components

(1)

3.11.6 Internal loads in wastewater treatment plants

(1)

3.11.7 Non-sewered (onsite) sanitation flows

(3)

3.12 Dynamics of wastewater characteristics

101

(2)

3.13 Calibration protocols for activated sludge modelling

103

(8)

4 Organic Matter Removal

111

(50)

4.1 Introduction

111

(2)

4.1.1 Transformations in the biological reactor

111

(2)

4.1.2 Steady-state and dynamic-simulation models

113

(1)

4.2 Activated sludge system constraints

113

(3)

4.2.1 Mixing regimes

113

(1)

4.2.2 Sludge retention time (SRT)

114

(1)

4.2.3 Nominal hydraulic retention time (HRT)

115

(1)

4.2.4 Connection between sludge age and hydraulic retention time

115

(1)

4.3 Some model simplifications

116

(1)

4.3.1 Complete utilization of biodegradable organics

116

(1)

4.4 Steady-state system equations

116

(8)

4.4.1 For the influent

117

(1)

4.4.2 For the system

118

(2)

4.4.3 Reactor volume and retention time

120

(1)

4.4.4 Irrelevance of HRT

120

(1)

4.4.5 Effluent COD concentration

120

(1)

4.4.6 The COD (ore) mass balance

121

(1)

4.4.7 Active fraction of the sludge

122

(1)

4.4.8 Steady-state design

123

(1)

4.4.9 The steady-state design procedure

123

(1)

4.5 Design example

124

(6)

4.5.1 Temperature effects

125

(1)

4.5.2 Calculations for organic material degradation

125

(3)

4.5.3 The COD mass balance

128

(2)

4.6 Reactor volume requirements

130

(1)

4.7 Determination of reactor TSS concentration

131

(3)

4.7.1 Reactor cost

131

(1)

4.7.2 Secondary settling tank cost

132

(1)

4.7.3 Total cost

133

(1)

4.8 Carbonaceous oxygen demand

134

(1)

4.8.1 Steady-state (daily average) conditions

134

(1)

4.8.2 Daily cyclic (dynamic) conditions

134

(1)

4.9 Daily sludge production

135

(1)

4.10 Food-to-Microorganism (F/M) ratio and Load Factor

136

(2)

4.11 Capacity estimation of AS systems

138

(3)

4.12 System design and control

141

(5)

4.12.1 System sludge mass control

142

(3)

4.12.2 Hydraulic control of sludge age

145

(1)

4.13 Selection of sludge age

146

(15)

4.13.1 Short sludge ages (1 to 5 days)

146

(3)

4.13.2 Intermediate sludge ages (10 to 15 days)

149

(2)

4.13.3 Long sludge ages (20 days or more)

151

(1)

4.13.4 Dominant drivers for activated sludge system size

152

(2)

4.13.5 Some general comments

154

(7)

5 Nitrogen Removal

161

(78)

5.1 Introduction to nitrification

161

(1)

5.2 Biological kinetics

162

(2)

5.2.1 Growth

162

(2)

5.2.2 Growth behaviour

164

(1)

5.2.3 Endogenous respiration

164

(1)

5.3 Process kinetics

164

(2)

5.3.1 Effluent ammonia concentration

164

(2)

5.4 Factors influencing nitrification

166

(9)

5.4.1 Influent source

167

(1)

5.4.2 Temperature

167

(1)

5.4.3 Unaerated zones

168

(2)

5.4.4 Dissolved oxygen concentration

170

(1)

5.4.5 Cyclic flow and load

171

(1)

5.4.6 pH and alkalinity

172

(3)

5.5 Nutrient requirements for sludge production

175

(3)

5.5.1 Nitrogen requirements

175

(2)

5.5.2 N (and P) removal by sludge production

177

(1)

5.6 Design considerations

178

(3)

5.6.1 Effluent TKN

178

(1)

5.6.2 Nitrification capacity

179

(2)

5.7 Nitrification design example

181

(5)

5.7.1 Effect of nitrification on mixed liquor pH

181

(1)

5.7.2 Minimum sludge age for nitrification

182

(1)

5.7.3 Raw wastewater N concentrations

182

(1)

5.7.4 Settled wastewater

183

(1)

5.7.5 Nitrification process behaviour

183

(3)

5.8 Biological nitrogen removal

186

(11)

5.8.1 Interaction between nitrification and nitrogen removal

186

(1)

5.8.2 Benefits of denitrification

186

(2)

5.8.3 Nitrogen removal by denitrification

188

(1)

5.8.4 Denitrification kinetics

189

(1)

5.8.5 Denitrification systems

189

(2)

5.8.6 Denitrification rates

191

(3)

5.8.7 Denitrification potential

194

(2)

5.8.8 Minimum primary anoxic sludge mass fraction

196

(1)

5.8.9 Denitrification - influence on reactor volume and oxygen demand

197

(1)

5.9 Development and demonstration of design procedure

197

(15)

5.9.1 Review of calculations

198

(1)

5.9.2 Allocation of unaerated sludge mass fraction

199

(1)

5.9.3 Denitrification performance of the MLE system

199

(1)

5.9.3.1 Optimum a-recycle ration

199

(6)

5.9.3.2 The balance MLE system

205

(2)

5.9.3.3 Effect of influent TKN/COD ratio

207

(3)

5.9.3.4 MLE sensitivity diagram

210

(2)

5.10 System volume and oxygen demand

212

(2)

5.10.1 System volume

212

(1)

5.10.2 Daily average total oxygen demand

213

(1)

5.11 System design operation and control

214

(1)

5.12 Novel nitrogen removal processes

215

(24)

5.12.1 Impact of side-stream processes

216

(1)

5.12.2 The nitrogen cycle

217

(3)

5.12.3 Nitrite-based N removal

220

(2)

5.12.4 Anaerobic ammonia oxidation

222

(5)

5.12.5 Bio-augmentation

227

(12)

6 Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal

239

(88)

6.1 Introduction

239

(1)

6.2 Principles of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR)

240

(2)

6.3 EBPR microbiology

242

(1)

6.4 EBPR mechanisms

243

(6)

6.4.1 Background

243

(1)

6.4.2 Prerequisites

243

(1)

6.4.3 Observations

244

(1)

6.4.4 Biological P-removal mechanism

244

(1)

6.4.4.1 In the anaerobic reactor

244

(2)

6.4.4.2 In the subsequent aerobic reactor

246

(1)

6.4.4.3 Quantitative anaerobic-aerobic PAO model

247

(1)

6.4.5 Fermentable COD and slowly biodegradable COD

248

(1)

6.4.6 Functions of the anaerobic zone

248

(1)

6.4.7 Influence of recycling oxygen and nitrate on the anaerobic reactor

248

(1)

6.4.8 Denitrification by PAO

249

(1)

6.4.9 Relationship between influent COD components and sludge components

249

(1)

6.5 Factors impacting EBPR process performance

249

(12)

6.5.1 Total influent COD (COD)

249

(2)

6.5.2 Raw or settled sewage

251

(1)

6.5.3 Influence of influent RBCOD fraction

252

(1)

6.5.4 Influence of recycling nitrate and oxygen on the anaerobic reactor

252

(1)

6.5.5 The effects of the SRT

253

(1)

6.5.6 Influence of the anaerobic stage

254

(1)

6.5.6.1 Effect of the anaerobic mass fraction

254

(1)

6.5.6.2 Effect of the number of anaerobic reactors (n)

255

(1)

6.5.7 Presence of Gao

255

(1)

6.5.9 Carbon sources

256

(1)

6.5.10 Influent COD/P ratio

257

(1)

6.5.11 pH effects

258

(1)

6.5.12 Temperature effects

258

(1)

6.5.12.1 Short-term temperature effects on the physiology of EBPR

259

(1)

6.5.12.2 Long-term temperature effects on the EBPR process

260

(1)

6.5.13 Dissolved oxygen and aeration

260

(1)

6.5.14 Inhibitory compounds

260

(1)

6.6 EBPR process configurations

261

(10)

6.6.1 Phosphorus removal optimization principles

261

(1)

6.6.2 EBPR process discovery

262

(1)

6.6.3 PhoStrip® system

263

(1)

6.6.4 Modified Bardenpho

263

(4)

6.6.5 Phoredox or anaerobic/oxic (A/O) system

267

(1)

6.6.7 University of Cape Town (UCT, VIP) system

268

(1)

6.6.8 Modified UCT system

269

(1)

6.6.9 Johannesburg (JHB) system

269

(1)

6.6.10 Biological-chemical phosphorus removal (BCFS® system)

270

(1)

6.6.11 Side-stream EBPR (S2EBPR) systems

271

(1)

6.7 Model development for EBPR

271

(9)

6.7.1 Early developments

271

(1)

6.7.2 Readily biodegradable COD

272

(1)

6.7.3 Parametric model

272

(1)

6.7.4 Comments on the parametric model

273

(1)

6.7.5 NDEBPR system kinetics

273

(1)

6.7.6 Enhanced PAO cultures

274

(1)

6.7.6.1 Enhanced culture development

274

(1)

6.7.6.2 Enhanced culture kinetic model

274

(3)

6.7.6.3 Simplified enhanced culture steady state model

277

(1)

6.7.7 Steady-state mixed-culture NDEBPR systems

277

(1)

6.7.7.1 Mixed-culture steady-state model

277

(3)

6.8 Mixed-culture steady-state model

280

(11)

6.8.1 Principles of the model

280

(1)

6.8.2 Mass equations

281

(1)

6.8.2.1 PAOs

281

(1)

6.6.2.2 OHOs

281

(1)

6.8.2.3 Inert mass

282

(1)

6.8.3 Division of biodegradable COD between PAOs and OHOs

282

(1)

6.8.3.1 Kinetics of conversion of fermentable organics to VFAs

282

(1)

6.8.3.2 Effect of recycling nitrate or oxygen

283

(1)

6.8.3.3 Steady-state conversion equations

283

(1)

6.8.3.4 Implications of conversion theory

284

(1)

6.8.4 P release

285

(1)

6.8.5 P removal and effluent total phosphorus concentration

285

(2)

6.8.6 VSS and TSS sludge masses and P content of TSS

287

(1)

6.8.6.1 Actual P content in active PAO biomass

287

(1)

6.8.6.2 VSS sludge mass

287

(1)

6.8.6.3 FSS sludge mass

287

(1)

6.8.6.2 TSS sludge mass and sludge VSS/TSS ratio

288

(1)

6.8.6.4 P content of TSS

288

(1)

6.8.7 Process volume requirements

289

(1)

6.8.8 Nitrogen requirements for sludge production

289

(1)

6.8.9 Oxygen demand

289

(1)

6.8.9.1 Carbonaceous oxygen demand

289

(1)

6.8.9.2 Nitrification oxygen demand

290

(1)

6.8.9.3 Total oxygen demand

290

(1)

6.9 Design example

291

(11)

6.9.1 Steady-state design procedure

291

(1)

6.9.2 Information provided

291

(3)

6.9.3 Calculations

294

(8)

6.10 Influence of operational factors on full-scale EBPR WWTP

302

(2)

6.10.1 Influence on volatile and total suspended solids and oxygen demand

302

(2)

6.10.2 P/VSS ratio

304

(1)

6.11 Integrated design of NDEBPR systems

304

(6)

6.11.1 Background

304

(2)

6.11.2 Denitrification potential in NDEBPR systems

306

(1)

6.11.2.1 Denitrification potential of the primary anoxic reactor

306

(1)

6.11.3.2 Denitrification potential of the secondary anoxic reactor

307

(1)

6.11.3 Principles of denitrification design procedures for NDEBPR systems

307

(1)

6.11.4 Analysis of denitrification in NDEBPR systems

308

(1)

6.11.4.1 UCT System

309

(1)

6.11.5 Maximum nitrate recycled to anaerobic reactor

309

(1)

6.12 Conclusions

310

(17)

7 Innovative Sulphur-Based Wastewater Treatment

327

(54)

7.1 Introduction

327

(2)

7.2 Sulphate-reducing bioprocess

329

(13)

7.2.1 Fundamental of this bioprocess

329

(1)

7.2.2.1 Sulphate-reducing pathways

329

(3)

7.2.1.2 Biochemical reactions involved in sulphate-reducing bioprocesses

332

(1)

7.2.2 Key microorganisms driving sulphate reduction

333

(2)

7.2.3 Electron donors for sulphate-reducing bioprocess

335

(3)

7.2.4 Application domain and model parameter

338

(1)

7.2.4.1 Sulphur-laden wastewater treatment

338

(1)

7.2.4.2 Bioremediation of toxic metals

339

(1)

7.2.4.3 Process kinetic parameters

340

(1)

7.2.5 Factors that affect sulphate reduction

340

(2)

7.3 Sulphur-driven autotrophic denitrification

342

(9)

7.3.1 Introduction

342

(1)

7.3.2 Biochemical reactions in the SdAD process

343

(1)

7.3.3 Microorganisms in the SdAD process

344

(2)

7.3.4 Biochemistry of the SdAD process

346

(1)

7.3.4.1 Sulphur-oxydizing enzymes

346

(1)

7.3.4.2 Nitrogen-reducing enzymes

347

(1)

7.3.4.3 Electron distribution and competition in the SdAD process

348

(1)

7.3.5 Operational conditions governing the SdAD process

349

(2)

7.3.6 Implications of the SdAD process

351

(1)

7.4 SANI® Process development, modelling and application

351

(14)

7.4.1 Introduction

351

(1)

7.4.1.1 The Hong Kong water tale

351

(1)

7.4.1.2 Principle of the SANI® process

352

(2)

7.4.2 SANI® process development

354

(1)

7.4.2.1 Laboratory study

354

(1)

7.4.2.2 Pilot-scale study

355

(1)

7.4.3 SANI® process demonstration

356

(2)

7.4.4 Steady-state modelling of the SANI® plant

358

(1)

7.4.4.1 Stoichiometry equations

359

(2)

7.4.4.2 Kinetic equations

361

(2)

7.4.5 The SANI® plant design approach

363

(1)

7.4.5.1 Steady-state plant-wide model

363

(1)

7.4.5.2 Design calculation of SANI® reactors

363

(2)

7.5 Sulphur conversion-based resource recovery

365

(4)

7.5.1 Introduction

365

(1)

7.5.2 Metal sulphides

365

(2)

7.5.3 Elemental sulphur recovery and reuse

367

(1)

7.5.4 Metabolic intermediate recovery

367

(2)

7.6 Conclusions and perspectives

369

(12)

8 Wastewater Disinfection

381

(38)

8.1 Background

381

(1)

8.2 Indicator organism concept

382

(1)

8.3 Disinfection with halogens (chlorine)

382

(5)

8.3.1 Physical chemistry of chlorine

383

(3)

8.3.2 Disinfection mechanisms: chlorine

386

(1)

8.4 Disinfection with peracids (peracetic acid)

387

(2)

8.4.1 Physical chemistry of peracids

388

(1)

8.4.2 Disinfection mechanisms: peracids

388

(1)

8.5 Disinfection with ultraviolet radiation

389

(6)

8.5.1 Laws of photochemistry

389

(1)

8.5.2 Principles of photochemical kinetics

390

(2)

8.5.3 Mechanisms of microbial inactivation: UV irradiation

392

(1)

8.5.4 Sources of germicidal UV radiation

393

(2)

8.6 Disinfection kinetics

395

(8)

8.6.1 Disinfection kinetics: chemical disinfectants

395

(3)

8.6.2 Disinfection kinetics: UV irradiation

398

(2)

8.6.3 Comparisons of disinfection kinetics among common disinfectants

400

(3)

8.7 Process models

403

(6)

8.7.1 Deterministic process models

403

(1)

8.7.2 Probabilistic (stochastic) process models

404

(5)

8.8 Disinfection applications in wastewater treatment

409

(4)

8.8.1 Chemical disinfection systems

410

(2)

8.8.2 UV disinfection systems

412

(1)

8.9 Future directions

413

(1)

8.10 Final remarks

414

(5)

9 Aeration And Mixing

419

(56)

9.1 Aeration fundamentals and technology

419

(22)

9.1.1 Fundamentals and metrics

419

(1)

9.1.1.1 Oxygen transfer in clean water

419

(2)

9.1.1.2 Oxygen transfer in process water

421

(2)

9.1.1.3 The mysterious alpha factor

423

(2)

9.1.2 Fine bubbles, coarse bubbles and droplets

425

(1)

9.1.3 Inside the aeration tank

426

(2)

9.1.3.1 Bubble aeration

428

(3)

9.1.3.2 Mechanical aeration

431

(3)

9.1.4 Air blowers

434

(1)

9.1.4.1 Centrifugal blowers

435

(2)

9.1.4.2 Positive displacement blowers

437

(2)

9.1.5 The `elephant in the room': HPO processes

439

(2)

9.2 Mixing in activated sludge

441

(5)

9.2.1 Mixing quantification and design

443

(2)

9.2.2 Mixing equipment

445

(1)

9.3 Factors affecting oxygen transfer

446

(11)

9.3.1 Sludge retention time

447

(1)

9.3.2 Role of selectors

447

(3)

9.3.3 Airflow rate

450

(1)

9.3.4 Diffuser density

450

(1)

9.3.5 Reactor depth

450

(1)

9.3.6 Diffuser fouling, scaling, and cleaning

450

(4)

9.3.7 Mixed-liquor concentrations

454

(1)

9.3.8 Temperature and pressure

455

(1)

9.3.9 Impact of hydrodynamics

455

(1)

9.3.10 Daily dynamics and alpha

456

(1)

9.4 Design algorithm

457

(4)

9.4.1 Verification/upgrade algorithm

460

(1)

9.5 Aeration and energy

461

(1)

9.6 Sustainable aeration practice

461

(14)

9.6.1 Aeration diagnostics

461

(4)

9.6.2 Mechanically-simple aerated treatment systems

465

(1)

9.6.3 Energy-conservation strategies

466

(9)

10 Bulking Sludge

475

(22)

10.1 Introduction

475

(2)

10.2 Historical aspects

477

(1)

10.3 Relationship between morphology and ecophysiology

478

(3)

10.3.1 Microbiological approach

478

(2)

10.3.2 Morphological-ecological approach

480

(1)

10.4 Filamentous bacteria identification and characterisation

481

(2)

10.4.1 Microscopic characterisation versus molecular methods

481

(1)

10.4.2 Physiology of filamentous bacteria

481

(2)

10.5 Current general theories to explain bulking sludge

483

(2)

10.5.1 Diffusion-based selection

483

(1)

10.5.2 Kinetic selection theory

483

(2)

10.5.3 Storage selection theory

485

(1)

10.6 Remedial actions

485

(6)

10.6.1 Selector

485

(1)

10.6.1.1 Aerobic selectors

485

(1)

10.6.1.2 Non-aerated selectors

486

(1)

10.6.1.3 Anoxic selectors

487

(1)

10.6.1.4 Anaerobic selectors

488

(3)

10.7 Mathematic modelling

491

(1)

10.8 Granular sludge

492

(1)

10.9 Conclusions

493

(4)

11 Aerobic Granular Sludge

497

(26)

11.1 Introduction

497

(3)

11.2 Important considerations for selecting aerobic granular sludge

500

(5)

11.2.1 Gradients

500

(1)

11.2.2 Microbial selection

501

(1)

11.2.3 Physical selection

502

(1)

11.2.4 Shear

502

(1)

11.2.5 Plug-flow feeding

502

(1)

11.2.6 Effect of substrate and feeding regime on granule morphology

503

(2)

11.3 Kinetics of aerobic granular sludge

505

(3)

11.3.1 Carbon removal

505

(1)

11.3.2 Nitrogen removal

505

(1)

11.3.3 Biological phosphorus removal

506

(1)

11.3.4 Granular sludge properties

507

(1)

11.3.5 Reactor operation aspects

507

(1)

11.4 Process control

508

(4)

11.4.1 The Nereda® cycle

508

(1)

11.4.2 Batch scheduling

509

(1)

11.4.3 Nutrient removal

510

(1)

11.4.4 Effluent suspended solids

511

(1)

11.4.5 Solids retention time

512

(1)

11.5 Design considerations

512

(4)

11.5.1 Plant configuration

512

(1)

11.5.2 Design volume

513

(3)

11.5.3 Sludge treatment

516

(1)

11.5.4 Mixed liquor suspended solids

516

(1)

11.6 Resource recovery

516

(7)

12 Final Settling

523

(36)

12.1 Introduction

523

(2)

12.1.1 Objective of settling

523

(1)

12.1.2 Functions of a secondary settling tank

524

(1)

12.1.2.1 Clarification in secondary settlers

524

(1)

12.1.2.2 Thickening in secondary settlers

524

(1)

12.1.2.3 Sludge storage in secondary settlers

524

(1)

12.2 Settling tank configurations in practice

525

(7)

12.2.1 Circular clarifiers with radial flow pattern

525

(2)

12.2.2 Rectangular clarifiers with horizontal flow pattern

527

(1)

12.2.3 Deep clarifiers with vertical flow pattern

528

(1)

12.2.4 Improvements common to all clarifier types

528

(1)

12.2.4.1 Flocculation well

528

(1)

12.2.4.2 Scum removal

529

(1)

12.2.4.3 Baffles

529

(1)

12.2.4.4 Lamellae

529

(1)

12.2.5 Operational problems

530

(1)

12.2.5.1 Shallow tanks

530

(1)

12.2.5.2 Uneven flow distribution

530

(1)

12.2.5.3 Uneven weir loading

530

(1)

12.2.5.4 Effect of wind

530

(1)

12.2.5.5 Sudden temperature changes

530

(1)

12.2.5.6 Freezing in cold weather

531

(1)

12.2.5.7 Recycle problems

531

(1)

12.2.5.8 Algae on weirs

531

(1)

12.2.5.9 Anaerobic clumps

532

(1)

12.2.5.10 Birds

532

(1)

12.2.5.11 Bulking sludge

532

(1)

12.2.5.12 Rising sludge

532

(1)

12.3 Measures of sludge settleability

532

(1)

12.3.1 Sludge Volume Index

532

(1)

12.3.2 Other test methods

533

(1)

12.4 Flux theory for estimation of settling tank capacity

533

(10)

12.4.1 Zone Settling Velocity test

533

(1)

12.4.2 Discrete, flocculent, hindered (zone) and compression settling

534

(1)

12.4.3 The Vesilind settling function

534

(3)

12.4.4 Gravity, bulk and total flux curves

537

(1)

12.4.5 Solids handling criteria limits of the clarifier

538

(1)

12.4.6 State Point Analysis

539

(4)

12.5 Overview of the use of flux theory and other methods for design and operation

543

(5)

12.5.1 Design using flux theory

544

(1)

12.5.2 Empirical design

545

(1)

12.5.3 WRC design

545

(1)

12.5.4 ATV design

546

(1)

12.5.5 STOWA design

547

(1)

12.5.6 Comparison of settlers designed using different methods

548

(1)

12.6 Modelling of secondary settlers

548

(3)

12.6.1 Zero dimensional models

548

(1)

12.6.2 One-dimensional models

549

(1)

12.6.3 Computational Fluid Dynamic models

550

(1)

12.7 Design examples

551

(8)

13 Membrane Bioreactors

559

(54)

13.1 Membrane separation principles

559

(1)

13.2 Introduction to membrane bioreactors

559

(10)

13.2.1 Membrane bioreactor history

559

(1)

13.2.2 Membrane bioreactor features

559

(1)

13.2.3 Membrane bioreactor configuration

560

(1)

13.2.4 Membrane materials and modules

561

(1)

13.2.5 Commercial membrane module makers

562

(1)

13.2.5.1 Immersed HF products

563

(3)

13.2.5.2 Immersed FS products

566

(2)

13.2.5.3 Tubular products

568

(1)

13.3 Wastewater treatment performance and effluent quality

569

(6)

13.3.1 Ordinary pollutant removal

569

(2)

13.3.2 Hygiene water quality

571

(1)

13.3.3 Emerging pollutant removal

572

(2)

13.3.4 Energy recovery

574

(1)

13.4 Membrane fouling and control

575

(7)

13.4.1 Definition of membrane fouling

575

(1)

13.4.2 Characterization of membrane fouling

576

(1)

13.4.3 Comprehensive control strategies for membrane fouling

577

(1)

13.4.4 Optimization of membrane operation conditions

577

(1)

13.4.4.1 Feed pretreatment

577

(1)

13.4.4.2 Enhancement of hydrodynamic conditions

578

(1)

13.4.4.3 Optimization of membrane flux

578

(1)

13.4.5 Cleaning fouled membranes

578

(1)

13.4.5.1 Physical cleaning

578

(1)

13.4.5.2 Chemical cleaning

579

(1)

13.4.6 Improving the filterability of mixed liquor

580

(1)

13.4.7 Other potential fouling control methods

580

(1)

13.4.7.1 Biological methods

580

(1)

13.4.7.2 Electrically-assisted approaches

581

(1)

13.4.7.3 Potential fouling mitigation using nanomaterials-based membranes

581

(1)

13.5 MBR plant design, operation and maintenance

582

(9)

13.5.1 Process composition

582

(1)

13.5.2 Pretreatment

583

(1)

13.5.3 Biological treatment units and kinetic parameters

584

(1)

13.5.3.1 Overview of the biological treatment units

584

(1)

13.5.3.2 Calculation of tank volumes and recirculation flow rates

585

(1)

13.5.3.3 Calculation of excess sludge production

586

(1)

13.5.3.4 Calculation of aeration demand for biological reactions

587

(1)

13.5.4 Membrane filtration system

588

(1)

13.5.4.1 Flux

588

(1)

13.5.4.2 Membrane area

589

(1)

13.5.4.3 Aeration demand

589

(1)

13.5.4.4 Chemical cleaning procedure

590

(1)

13.6 Practical application

591

(11)

13.6.1 Overall MBR applications

591

(1)

13.6.2 Four full-scale cases of MBR application

591

(6)

13.6.3 Latest developments in MBR systems

597

(1)

13.6.3.1 The high-loaded MBR (HL-MBR) concept

597

(2)

13.6.3.2 Applications of the HL-MBR system

599

(3)

13.7 Future trends in MBR technology

602

(11)

14 Modelling Activated Sludge Processes

613

(53)

14.1 What is a model?

613

(5)

14.2 Why modelling?

618

(2)

14.3 Modelling basics

620

(7)

14.3.1 Model building

620

(1)

14.3.2 General model set-up

620

(2)

14.3.3 Stoichiometry

622

(1)

14.3.4 Kinetics

623

(1)

14.3.5 Transport

624

(2)

14.3.6 Matrix notation

626

(1)

14.4 Stepwise development of the biokinetic model: ASM1

627

(7)

14.5 Activated sludge models

634

(8)

14.6 The ASM toolbox

642

(2)

14.7 Challenges for ASM and future trends

644

(8)

14.8 Conclusions

652

(14)

15 Process Control

666

(35)

15.1 Driving forces and motivations for control

666

(4)

15.1.1 ICA system features

668

(1)

15.1.2 Driving forces

669

(1)

15.1.3 Outline of the chapter

670

(1)

15.2 Disturbances in wastewater treatment systems

670

(4)

15.3 The role of control and automation

674

(2)

15.3.1 Setting the priorities

675

(1)

15.4 Instrumentation and monitoring

676

(4)

15.4.1 Sensors and instruments

676

(1)

15.4.2 Monitoring

677

(3)

15.5 The importance of dynamics

680

(2)

15.6 Manipulated variables and actuators

682

(3)

15.6.1 Hydraulic variables

682

(2)

15.6.2 Chemical addition

684

(1)

15.6.3 Carbon addition

684

(1)

15.6.4 Air or oxygen supply

684

(1)

15.7 Basic control concepts

685

(1)

15.8 Examples of feedback in wastewater treatment systems

686

(6)

15.9 Operating cost savings due to control

692

(1)

15.10 Integration and plant-wide control

693

(1)

15.11 Concluding remarks

694

(7)

16 Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment

701

(56)

16.1 Sustainability in wastewater treatment

701

(3)

16.1.1 Definition and environmental benefits of anaerobic processes

701

(3)

16.2 Microbiology of anaerobic conversions

704

(7)

16.2.1 Anaerobic degradation of organic polymers

704

(1)

16.2.1.1 Hydrolysis

705

(1)

16.2.1.2 Acidogenesis

706

(1)

16.2.1.3 Acetogenesis

707

(3)

16.2.1.4 Methanogenesis

710

(1)

16.3 Predicting the CH4 production

711

(4)

16.3.1 COD

712

(3)

16.4 Impacts of alternative electron acceptors

715

(4)

16.4.1 Bacterial conversions under anoxic conditions

715

(1)

16.4.1.1 Sulphate reduction

715

(2)

16.4.1.2 Denitrification

717

(2)

16.5 Working with the COD balance

719

(1)

16.6 Immobilisation and sludge granulation

720

(3)

16.6.1 Mechanism underlying sludge granulation

721

(2)

16.7 Anaerobic reactor systems

723

(14)

16.7.1 High-rate anaerobic systems

723

(2)

16.7.2 Single-stage anaerobic reactors

725

(1)

16.7.2.1 The anaerobic contact process (ACP)

725

(1)

16.7.2.2 Anaerobic filters (AF)

725

(2)

16.7.2.3 Anaerobic sludge bed reactors (ASBR)

727

(2)

16.7.2.4 Anaerobic expanded and fluidized-bed systems (EGSB and FB)

729

(4)

16.7.2.5 Advanced sludge liquid separation

733

(1)

16.7.2.6 Other anaerobic high-rate systems

734

(1)

16.7.2.7 Anaerobic membrane bioreactors

734

(1)

16.7.2.8 Acidifying and hydrolytic reactors

735

(1)

16.7.2.9 Current market trends in anaerobic high-rate reactor sales

736

(1)

16.8 Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor

737

(4)

16.8.1 Process description

737

(1)

16.8.2 Design considerations of the UASB reactor

737

(1)

16.8.2.1 Maximum hydraulic surface loading

737

(1)

16.8.2.2 Organic loading capacity

738

(2)

16.8.2.3 Internal components of the reactor

740

(1)

16.8.3 UASB septic tank

740

(1)

16.9 Anaerobic process kinetics

741

(1)

16.10 Anaerobic treatment of domestic and municipal sewage

742

(6)

16.11 Anaerobic treatment of black water in new sanitation systems

748

(9)

17 Modelling Biofilms

757

(56)

17.1 What are biofilms?

757

(1)

17.2 Motivation for modelling biofilms and how to choose modelling approaches

758

(2)

17.3 Modelling approach for a biofilm

760

(11)

17.3.1 Basic equations

761

(1)

17.3.2 Solutions of the diffusion-reaction biofilm equation for different rate expressions

762

(1)

17.3.2.1 First-order substrate removal rate within the biofilm "

762

(2)

17.3.2.2 Zero-order substrate removal rate within the biofilm

764

(2)

17.3.2.3 Monod kinetics within the biofilm

766

(2)

17.3.3 Summary of analytical solutions for a single limiting substrate

768

(1)

17.3.4 Derivation of the reaction diffusion equation from a mass balance within the biofilm

768

(2)

17.3.5 Overview of AQUASIM

770

(1)

17.4 Example of how JLF = f(SLF) can be used to predict biofilm reactor performance

771

(2)

17.4.1 Analytical solution

772

(1)

17.4.2 Trial and error or iterative approach

772

(1)

17.4.3 Graphical solution

772

(1)

17.4.4 Numerical solution (e.g. using AQUASIM)

773

(1)

17.5 Effect of external mass-transfer resistance

773

(3)

17.5.1 Substrate flux for first-order reaction rate with external boundary layer

774

(1)

17.5.2 Substrate flux for zero-order reaction rate with external boundary layer

774

(1)

17.5.3 Substrate flux for Monod kinetics inside the biofilm with an external boundary layer

775

(1)

17.6 Multi-component diffusion

776

(4)

17.6.1 Two-component diffusion of an electron donor and acceptor

776

(3)

17.6.2 General case of multi-component diffusion

779

(1)

17.6.3 Complications for multiple processes inside the biofilm

779

(1)

17.7 Combining Growth and decay with detachment

780

(4)

17.7.1 Influence of detachment on the steady-state biofilm thickness and the substrate flux

781

(2)

17.7.2 Attachment and fate of particles

783

(1)

17.8 Biofilm reactor modelling in practice

784

(9)

17.8.1 Collection of examples

785

(6)

17.8.2 Step-by-step approach to evaluating biofilm reactors

791

(2)

17.9 Derived parameters

793

(5)

17.9.1 Solids retention time

793

(1)

17.9.2 Lowest effluent substrate concentration supporting biomass growth (Smin)

794

(1)

17.9.3 Characteristic times and non-dimensional numbers to describe biofilm dynamics

795

(1)

17.9.3.1 Application of characteristic times to estimate response times

796

(1)

17.9.3.2 Non-dimensional numbers: Da11, Φ, G, Bi and Pe

797

(1)

17.10 How does 2D/3D structure influence biofilm performance?

798

(2)

17.11 Model Parameters

800

(3)

17.11.1 Biofilm biomass density (XF)

800

(1)

17.11.2 Diffusion coefficients (Dw, DF)

800

(1)

17.11.3 External mass transfer (LL, RL)

801

(1)

17.11.4 Biofilm thickness (LF) and biofilm detachment (ud,s, ud,v, ud,m)

802

(1)

17.11.5 Caution when using parameters from other types of models

803

(1)

17.12 Modelling tools

803

(10)

18 Biofilm Reactors

813

18.1 Biofilm reactors

813

(12)

18.1.1 Types of reactors

814

(1)

18.1.1.1 Trickling filters

815

(2)

18.1.1.2 Rotating biological contactors

817

(1)

18.1.1.3 Submerged fixed-bed biofilm reactors

817

(2)

18.1.1.4 Fluidized and expanded-bed biofilm reactors

819

(1)

18.1.1.5 Granular sludge reactors

820

(1)

18.1.1.6 Moving-bed biofilm reactors

821

(1)

18.1.1.7 Hybrid biofilm/activated sludge systems

822

(1)

18.1.1.8 Membrane-attached biofilm reactors

823

(1)

18.1.2 Choosing from different biofilm support material options

824

(1)

18.2 Design parameters

825

(2)

18.2.1 Substrate flux and loading rates

825

(1)

18.2.2 Hydraulic loading

826

(1)

18.3 How to determine maximum design fluxes or design loading rates

827

(6)

18.3.1 Model-based estimation of the maximum substrate flux

827

(2)

18.3.2 Empirical maximum loading rates

829

(1)

18.3.3 Design examples

829

(4)

18.4 Other design considerations

833

18.4.1 Aeration

833

(1)

18.4.2 Flow distribution

834

(1)

18.4.3 Biofilm control

834

(1)

18.4.4 Solids removal

834

Biological Wastewater Treatment 2nd edition [Kõva köide]

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