| Abbreviations |
|
ix | |
| List of Boxes |
|
xi | |
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1. Coral Reefs - Biodiverse and Productive Tropical Ecosystems |
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|
1 | |
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|
1 | |
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1.2 Areas and distributions of reefs |
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|
10 | |
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1.3 Biodiversity on coral reefs |
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|
13 | |
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1.4 Coral communities and reef growth |
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|
17 | |
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|
20 | |
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1.6 Profiles and zones of reefs |
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|
24 | |
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1.7 Biodiversity on reef slopes |
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|
30 | |
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1.8 Values of reefs to people |
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|
32 | |
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2. The Main Reef Builders and Space Occupiers |
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|
33 | |
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|
36 | |
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2.2 Soft corals and sea fans |
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|
47 | |
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|
50 | |
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|
55 | |
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|
57 | |
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2.6 Seagrasses and mangroves |
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|
59 | |
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2.7 Rates of coral growth, rates of reef growth |
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|
62 | |
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|
65 | |
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3. The Abiotic Environment |
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|
66 | |
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3.1 Controls on coral distribution |
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66 | |
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|
66 | |
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|
71 | |
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|
76 | |
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|
79 | |
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3.6 Exposure and other hydrodynamic factors |
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|
84 | |
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|
87 | |
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3.8 Seawater carbonate chemistry |
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|
91 | |
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4. Symbiotic Interactions |
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|
98 | |
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|
98 | |
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4.2 Algal-invertebrate symbioses in corals and soft corals |
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|
98 | |
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4.3 Diversity of zooxanthellae |
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|
101 | |
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4.4 Physiology of coral calcification |
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|
104 | |
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4.5 Photosynthesis and carbon fluxes |
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|
106 | |
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4.6 Nitrogen acquisition and fluxes |
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|
113 | |
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|
116 | |
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4.8 Symbiosis establishment and stability |
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|
117 | |
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4.9 Coral-microbial associations |
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|
122 | |
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4.10 Sponge symbioses with non-photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria, and algae |
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|
125 | |
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4.11 'Macro' or iconic symbioses e.g. fish and sea anemones, shrimps, and fish |
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|
127 | |
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5. Microbial, Microalgal, and Planktonic Reef Life |
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|
130 | |
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|
130 | |
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|
146 | |
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5.3 Zooplankton behaviour and ecology |
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154 | |
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6. Reef Fishes: Diversity, Feeding, and Food Chains |
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|
161 | |
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6.1 Geographical influences on diversity |
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|
162 | |
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6.2 Reef fish: colourful for a reason |
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|
164 | |
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6.3 Trophic ecology of coral reef fish |
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168 | |
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6.4 The coral reef food chain |
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182 | |
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6.5 Impacts on the food chain |
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184 | |
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7. Reef Fisheries and Reef Aquaculture |
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|
192 | |
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7.1 Fisheries resources on reefs |
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193 | |
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7.2 Practical issues with reef fishes |
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|
203 | |
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|
206 | |
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|
210 | |
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|
211 | |
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7.6 Approaches to managing coral reef fisheries |
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215 | |
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7.7 Controlling coral reef fisheries |
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|
218 | |
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7.8 Future for reef fisheries |
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|
220 | |
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8. Coral Reefs in the Modern World |
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|
223 | |
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8.1 Damaging impacts on reefs |
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|
224 | |
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8.2 Other physical impacts |
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|
231 | |
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|
234 | |
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8.4 Diseases of other reef organisms |
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237 | |
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|
239 | |
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|
247 | |
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|
249 | |
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8.8 Cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons |
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|
250 | |
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8.9 Synergies, stasis, and feedbacks |
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|
253 | |
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9. Consequences to Reefs of Changing Environmental Stress |
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|
255 | |
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9.1 Ecological consequences of environmental impacts |
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|
255 | |
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9.2 Changes to the main architectural species |
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|
259 | |
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9.3 Changes on Indo-Pacific reefs |
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|
265 | |
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9.4 Sizes of the coral 'reservoir' |
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|
274 | |
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9.5 Changing food chains and trophic balances |
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|
275 | |
| 10. The Future, Human Population, and Management |
|
278 | |
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10.1 The time scale available |
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|
279 | |
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10.2 The elephant in the room |
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|
282 | |
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10.3 Protected areas and coral reefs |
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|
285 | |
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10.4 Environmental assessments |
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|
288 | |
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10.5 Costs, prices, and values |
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|
290 | |
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10.6 The 'slippery slope to slime' |
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|
293 | |
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10.7 The future for reefs |
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|
293 | |
| Bibliography |
|
301 | |
| Index |
|
333 | |