Foreword |
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xvii | |
Foreword |
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xix | |
Preface |
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xxi | |
Section I Overview |
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3 | (16) |
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3 | (3) |
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1.2 Defining Key Elements of Biomaterials Science |
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6 | (3) |
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1.3 Interdisciplinary Nature of Biomaterials Science |
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9 | (3) |
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1.4 Defining Biocompatibility and Related Concepts |
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12 | (2) |
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1.5 Implication of Biomaterials Science in Human Healthcare |
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14 | (1) |
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1.6 Relevance of Biomaterials Science to Biomedical Device Development |
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15 | (3) |
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18 | (1) |
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2 Materials for Biomedical Applications |
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19 | (22) |
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2.1 Conceptual Evolution of Biomaterials |
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19 | (3) |
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2.2 Classification of Biomaterials Based on Biocompatibility and Host Response |
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22 | (6) |
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2.2.1 Biodegradable polymer scaffolds |
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23 | (2) |
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2.2.2 Bioactive glasses and ceramics |
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25 | (3) |
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2.3 Generic Classification of Biomaterials |
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28 | (12) |
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2.3.1 Metallic biomaterials |
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28 | (3) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (3) |
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35 | (5) |
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40 | (1) |
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3 Tissue Engineering Scaffolds: Principles and Properties |
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41 | (54) |
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41 | (2) |
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3.2 Structure and Properties of Bone |
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43 | (1) |
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3.3 Property Requirements for Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds |
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44 | (2) |
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3.4 Overview of Biological and Porous Scaffolds |
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46 | (15) |
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50 | (6) |
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3.4.2 Electrospun scaffolds for bone regeneration |
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56 | (5) |
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3.5 Some Routes to Enhance Biocompatibility |
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61 | (15) |
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3.5.1 Surface functionalization of bioceramics |
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64 | (6) |
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3.5.2 Surface functionalization of biopolymers |
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70 | (4) |
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3.5.3 Biofunctionalization |
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74 | (2) |
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3.6 Biocompatibility of Patterned/Textured Biomaterial Surfaces |
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76 | (14) |
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3.6.1 Topographical structuring |
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76 | (1) |
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3.6.2 Chemical patterning |
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76 | (2) |
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3.6.3 Influence of surface topography on surface energy |
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78 | (2) |
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3.6.4 Cell responses to material surfaces |
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80 | (8) |
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3.6.5 Protein adsorption and its role in cell responses |
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88 | (1) |
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3.6.6 Biophysical constraints of osteoblast and surface interaction |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (5) |
Section II Fundamentals - Materials Science |
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4 Conventional and Advanced Manufacturing of Biomaterials |
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95 | (49) |
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4.1 Conventional Manufacturing of Metallic Biomaterials |
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95 | (18) |
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96 | (3) |
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4.1.2 Bulk deformation processes |
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99 | (7) |
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4.1.3 Metal joining processes |
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106 | (3) |
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4.1.4 Machining processes |
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109 | (3) |
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112 | (1) |
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4.2 Processing of Ceramics |
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113 | (9) |
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4.2.1 Sintering mechanism |
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114 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Conventional processing of ceramics |
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116 | (3) |
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4.2.3 Advanced processing of ceramics |
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119 | (3) |
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4.3 Consolidation and Shaping of Polymers |
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122 | (4) |
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4.3.1 Extrusion and melt compounding |
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123 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Compression moulding |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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4.4 Patient-specific Implant/Scaffold Fabrication using Additive Manufacturing |
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126 | (17) |
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132 | (6) |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (3) |
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143 | (1) |
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5 Probing Structure of Materials at Multiple Length Scales |
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144 | (40) |
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144 | (1) |
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5.2 Spectroscopic Analysis |
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145 | (9) |
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5.2.1 Infrared spectroscopy |
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146 | (5) |
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151 | (3) |
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5.3 Crystal Structure and Compositional Analysis |
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154 | (7) |
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154 | (3) |
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5.3.2 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) |
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157 | (4) |
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5.4 Imaging Techniques for Microstructure Characterization |
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161 | (11) |
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5.4.1 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) |
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161 | (3) |
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5.4.2 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) |
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164 | (4) |
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5.4.3 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) |
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168 | (4) |
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5.5 3D Structural Characterization using X-ray Micro Computed Tomography (micro-CT) |
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172 | (3) |
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5.6 Electrical Characterization |
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175 | (2) |
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5.6.1 Electrical impedence spectroscopy |
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175 | (2) |
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5.7 Magnetic Characterization |
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177 | (5) |
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5.7.1 Vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) |
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177 | (3) |
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5.7.2 Mossbauer spectroscopy |
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180 | (2) |
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182 | (2) |
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6 Mechanical Properties: Principles and Assessment |
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184 | (41) |
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6.1 Conceptual Understanding of Stress and Strain |
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184 | (6) |
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6.2 Stress-Strain Response of Metals |
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190 | (3) |
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6.3 Tensile Deformation Behaviour |
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193 | (2) |
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6.4 Strengthening of Metals |
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195 | (4) |
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6.5 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics |
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199 | (5) |
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6.6 Mechanical Properties of Polymeric Biomaterials |
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204 | (2) |
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6.7 Experimental Assessment of Mechanical Properties |
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206 | (12) |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (11) |
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218 | (1) |
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6.8 Practical Guidelines for the Experimental Measurements |
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218 | (2) |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (5) |
Section III Fundamentals - Biological Science |
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7 Cells, Proteins and Nucleic Acids: Structure and Properties |
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225 | (35) |
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225 | (2) |
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7.2 Protein: Structure and Characteristics |
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227 | (3) |
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229 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Secondary structure |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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7.2.4 Quaternary structure |
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230 | (1) |
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7.3 Protein-Protein Interaction |
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230 | (2) |
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232 | (11) |
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7.4.1 Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells |
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233 | (2) |
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7.4.2 Structural details of a eukaryotic cell |
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235 | (8) |
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7.5 Structure of Nucleic Acids |
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243 | (4) |
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244 | (2) |
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246 | (1) |
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7.6 Transcription and Translation Process |
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247 | (1) |
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7.7 Stem Cell and Other Cell Types |
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248 | (5) |
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253 | (2) |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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7.9 Extracellular Matrix (ECM) |
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255 | (2) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (2) |
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259 | (1) |
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8 Cell-Material Interaction and Biocompatibility |
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260 | (47) |
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260 | (1) |
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8.2 Biophysical Processes Involved in Biocompatibility |
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261 | (6) |
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8.2.1 Cell-material interaction |
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262 | (3) |
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8.2.2 Cell adhesion and cell morphological changes |
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265 | (2) |
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8.3 Cell Signalling Mechanism |
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267 | (9) |
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267 | (2) |
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8.3.2 Classification of signalling mechanisms |
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269 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Quantitative analysis of cell signalling |
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270 | (2) |
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8.3.4 Intracellular signalling mechanism |
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272 | (2) |
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8.3.5 Intracellular signalling proteins |
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274 | (2) |
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8.4 Eukaryotic Cell Fate Processes |
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276 | (5) |
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8.4.1 Cell differentiation |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (2) |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (2) |
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8.5 Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Cell Morphological Changes |
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281 | (11) |
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281 | (2) |
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8.5.2 Fluorescence microscopy |
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283 | (4) |
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8.5.3 Confocal microscopy |
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287 | (5) |
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8.6 Illustrative Results of Cell Fate Processes |
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292 | (6) |
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8.6.1 Effect of matrix stiffness on stem cell behaviour |
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293 | (2) |
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8.6.2 Effect of surface engineering on stem cell behaviour |
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295 | (2) |
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8.6.3 Substrate conductivity dependent stem cell fate |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (7) |
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8.7.1 Consequences of the host response to biomaterials |
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299 | (5) |
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8.7.2 Consequences of the foreign body response |
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304 | (1) |
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8.7.3 Strategies to overcome the foreign body response |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (2) |
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9 Probing Cell Response, in vitro |
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307 | (48) |
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307 | (4) |
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9.2 Assessment of Cytocompatibility |
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311 | (5) |
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312 | (2) |
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9.2.2 Alamar blue assay 313' |
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314 | (1) |
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9.2.4 Calcein AM cytotoxicity assay |
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314 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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9.3 Immunofluorescence Techniques |
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316 | (2) |
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9.3.1 Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) |
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317 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Indirect immunofluorescence |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (7) |
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9.4.1 Quantifying FACS data |
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320 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Flow cytometry analysis of cell fate processes |
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321 | (4) |
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9.5 Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) |
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325 | (6) |
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9.6 Biological Assays for Osteogenic Differentiation |
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331 | (5) |
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9.6.1 Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay |
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331 | (2) |
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333 | (1) |
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9.6.3 Runt Related Transcription Factor 2 (RUNX2) assay |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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9.7 Biological Assays for Myogenic Differentiation |
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336 | (2) |
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9.8 Biological Assays for Cardiogenic Differentiation |
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338 | (2) |
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9.9 Biological Assays for Neurogenic Differentiation |
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340 | (1) |
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9.10 Cell Culture Laboratory-Testing, Safety and Ethical Issues |
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341 | (12) |
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9.10.1 Good laboratory practice |
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342 | (3) |
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9.10.2 Cell culture maintenance |
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345 | (2) |
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9.10.3 Safety Considerations |
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347 | (3) |
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9.10.4 Ethical Considerations |
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350 | (3) |
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353 | (2) |
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10 Bacterial Growth and Biofilm Formation |
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355 | (24) |
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355 | (1) |
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10.2 Generic Description of Bacterial Cell Structure |
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356 | (1) |
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10.3 Classification of Bacteria |
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357 | (3) |
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10.3.1 Classification based on shape |
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358 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Classification based on energy of metabolism |
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358 | (1) |
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10.3.3 Classification based on Gram staining |
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358 | (2) |
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10.3.4 Classification based on food/nutrient source |
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360 | (1) |
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10.4 Bacterial-material Interaction |
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360 | (5) |
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10.4.1 Thermodynamics of bacterial adhesion |
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361 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Different factors influencing bacterial adhesion |
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362 | (3) |
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365 | (2) |
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366 | (1) |
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10.5.2 Exponential (log) phase |
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366 | (1) |
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367 | (1) |
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367 | (1) |
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367 | (2) |
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10.7 Experimental Assessment of Antibacterial Properties, in vitro |
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369 | (6) |
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10.7.1 Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) |
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369 | (1) |
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10.7.2 Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) |
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370 | (1) |
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10.7.3 Disc agar diffusion (DAD)/Zone of inhibition (ZOI) assay |
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370 | (1) |
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10.7.4 Colony forming units (CFU) assay |
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371 | (1) |
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10.7.5 Inner membrane permeabilization/ONPG assay |
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372 | (1) |
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10.7.6 Membrane integrity assays |
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373 | (1) |
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10.7.7 Microbial flow cytometry |
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373 | (2) |
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10.8 Experimental Assessment to Characterize Biofilm |
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375 | (1) |
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10.8.1 Resazurin dye reduction test |
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375 | (1) |
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10.8.2 Total biomass quantification by crystal violet staining |
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375 | (1) |
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10.8.3 Live/dead biofilm imaging |
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376 | (1) |
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10.8.4 Biofilm thickness by optical/fluorescence microscopy |
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376 | (1) |
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10.9 Bacterial Culture Protocol |
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376 | (1) |
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10.10 Guidelines for Antibacterial Testing of Biomaterials |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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11 Probing Tissue Response, in vivo |
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379 | (36) |
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379 | (2) |
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11.2 Tissue Compatibility Assessment |
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381 | (13) |
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11.2.1 Animal testing and tissue compatibility laboratory |
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383 | (2) |
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11.2.2 Selection of animal model |
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385 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Bone implantation experiments |
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386 | (1) |
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11.2.4 Preparation of tissue samples for histological analysis |
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387 | (5) |
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11.2.5 Qualitative and quantitative assessment of tissue compatibility |
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392 | (2) |
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394 | (4) |
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11.3.1 Conditions for using animals for biomedical research |
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396 | (1) |
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11.3.2 Elements of the animal study |
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397 | (1) |
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11.4 Illustrative Examples of Animal Experiments on Biomaterials |
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398 | (12) |
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11.4.1 Bone implantation in rabbit animal model |
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399 | (3) |
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11.4.2 Toxicity assessment of biomaterial nanoparticulates, in vivo |
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402 | (2) |
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11.4.3 Subcutaneous implantation of biodegradable polymer in mice model |
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404 | (2) |
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11.4.4 Drug delivery via biodegradable polymer for colon cancer xenografts |
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406 | (2) |
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11.4.5 Peripheral nerve regeneration in rat model |
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408 | (1) |
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11.4.6 Cardiac tissue regeneration with cardiac patch |
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409 | (1) |
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11.5 Design of Pre-clinical Study with Biomaterials |
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410 | (2) |
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412 | (3) |
Section IV Illustrative Examples of Biomaterials Development |
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12 Case Study: Corrosion and Wear of Selected Ti-alloys |
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415 | (17) |
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415 | (2) |
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12.2 Corrosion Behaviour of a Few Ti-alloys, in vitro |
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417 | (3) |
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12.3 Corrosion Behaviour of Novel TiSiC Alloy |
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420 | (6) |
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12.4 Bio-mineralization of Novel TiSiC Alloy in SBF |
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426 | (3) |
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12.5 Friction and Wear of Ti-alloys in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution |
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429 | (2) |
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431 | (1) |
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13 Case Study: Calcium Phosphate-Mullite Composites |
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432 | (23) |
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433 | (1) |
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13.2 Sintering Reactions and HA Stability |
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434 | (3) |
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434 | (3) |
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13.3 Mullite Dependent Enhancement of Flexural and Compressive Strength |
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437 | (2) |
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13.4 Cytocompatibility Properties, in vitro |
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439 | (5) |
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13.4.1 Influence of bulk composition and microstructure on cytocompatibility |
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442 | (1) |
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13.4.2 Osteoconduction and biochemical markers of bone turnover |
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442 | (2) |
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13.5 Cyto/Genotoxicity of Particle Eluates, in vitro |
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444 | (7) |
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13.5.1 Genotoxicity assay methodology |
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445 | (1) |
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13.5.2 Genotoxicity results |
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446 | (3) |
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13.5.3 Analysis of compositional dependent DNA damage behaviour |
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449 | (2) |
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13.6 Tissue Compatibility, in vivo |
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451 | (2) |
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453 | (2) |
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14 Case Study: Compression Moulded HDPE-based Hybrid Biocomposites |
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455 | (11) |
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455 | (2) |
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457 | (2) |
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14.3 Cytocompatibility Property |
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459 | (2) |
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14.4 Live/Dead Staining of Cells Treated with Finer Eluates |
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461 | (1) |
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14.5 in vivo Biocompatibility Property |
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462 | (3) |
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465 | (1) |
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15 Case Study: Phase Stability, Bactericidal and Cytocompatibility of HA-Ag |
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466 | (15) |
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466 | (2) |
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15.2 Structural Stability of Wet Chemically Synthesized Ag-doped HA |
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468 | (2) |
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15.3 Electrical Conductivity of Wet Chemically Synthesized Ag-doped HA |
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470 | (3) |
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15.4 in vitro Biocompatibility Property of Chemically Doped HA |
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473 | (4) |
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15.4.1 Bactericidal property |
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473 | (1) |
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15.4.2 Cell proliferation |
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474 | (3) |
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15.5 in vitro Biocompatibility of Ball Milled and Sintered HA-Ag |
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477 | (3) |
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480 | (1) |
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16 Case Study: HA-CaTiO3 based Multifunctional Composites |
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481 | (15) |
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481 | (2) |
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16.2 CaTiO3 Dependent Toughness Enhancement |
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483 | (3) |
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16.3 Electrical Conductivity Property |
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486 | (1) |
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16.4 Substrate Conductivity Dependent Muscle Cell Proliferation/Differentiation, in vitro |
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487 | (4) |
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16.5 Osseointegration in Rabbit Model |
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491 | (3) |
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494 | (2) |
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17 Case Study: Compatibility of Neuronal/Cardiac Cells with Patterned Substrates |
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496 | (20) |
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496 | (4) |
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17.2 Neuronal Cell Adaptability on Textured Carbon Substrates |
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500 | (6) |
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17.2.1 Neuroblastoma cell functionality on patterned carbon surfaces with microstripes |
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501 | (2) |
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17.2.2 Schwann cell functionality on fibrous and flat amorphous carbon scaffolds |
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503 | (2) |
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17.2.3 Schwann cell functionality on square and circular patterns |
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505 | (1) |
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17.3 Implications of Neuronal Cell Adaptability on Patterned Carbon Substrates |
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506 | (2) |
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17.4 Cardiac Tissue-specific Cell Proliferation on PLGA-Carbon Nanofiber Substrates |
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508 | (6) |
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17.5 Implications of Cardiomyocyte Cell Proliferation |
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514 | (1) |
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515 | (1) |
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516 | (11) |
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18.1 Integrated Understanding of Biomaterials Development |
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516 | (1) |
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18.2 Unified Approach of Biocompatibility |
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517 | (2) |
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18.3 Patient-specific Implants |
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519 | (1) |
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18.4 Design and Smart Fabrication of Implantable Biomaterials |
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520 | (2) |
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18.5 Adopting a Systems Biology Related Approach |
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522 | (1) |
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18.6 Translational Challenges and Involvement of Clinicians |
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523 | (1) |
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18.7 Education and Training of Next Generation Researchers |
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524 | (3) |
Appendix A |
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527 | (47) |
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I Multiple choice questions |
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527 | (22) |
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II Fill in the blanks with most appropriate answer |
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549 | (6) |
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III True/False statements |
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555 | (3) |
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558 | (1) |
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559 | (4) |
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563 | (5) |
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568 | (1) |
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VIII Descriptive type questions |
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569 | (5) |
Appendix B |
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574 | (11) |
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574 | (11) |
References |
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585 | (68) |
Index |
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653 | (10) |
Colour Plates |
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663 | |