| 1 Introduction |
|
1 | (26) |
|
|
|
|
|
15 | (5) |
|
1.2 Notes on terminology and conventions |
|
|
20 | (7) |
|
|
|
20 | (2) |
|
|
|
22 | (2) |
|
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
|
|
25 | (2) |
| 2 History of theoretical research on biscriptality |
|
27 | (24) |
|
|
|
2.1 The context: Sociolinguistics of writing |
|
|
27 | (3) |
|
2.2 Concepts of biscriptality before the advent of sociolinguistics |
|
|
30 | (6) |
|
2.2.1 Biscriptal documents |
|
|
30 | (5) |
|
2.2.1.1 Greek philology: digraphic |
|
|
30 | (2) |
|
2.2.1.2 Numismatics: biscriptu(r)al |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
2.2.1.3 Ancient American and Asian studies: bigraphic |
|
|
33 | (2) |
|
2.2.2 Biscriptal languages |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
2.3 Sociolinguistic concepts of biscriptality |
|
|
36 | (15) |
|
2.3.1 Concepts modelled on diglossia |
|
|
36 | (10) |
|
2.3.2 Concepts independent of diglossia |
|
|
46 | (3) |
|
2.3.3 Rare meetings of both traditions |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
2.3.4 The state of the art |
|
|
50 | (1) |
| 3 A heuristic model for typology |
|
51 | (22) |
|
|
|
3.1 Definition of biscriptality |
|
|
51 | (3) |
|
3.2 The sociolinguistic axis: opposition type |
|
|
54 | (9) |
|
3.2.1 Privative opposition |
|
|
56 | (3) |
|
3.2.2 Equipollent opposition |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
3.2.3 Diasituative variation |
|
|
60 | (2) |
|
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
3.3 The graphematic axis: system level |
|
|
63 | (3) |
|
|
|
66 | (2) |
|
3.5 Adjacent phenomena excluded from the model |
|
|
68 | (6) |
|
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
3.5.2 Complex writing systems and graphic code-switching |
|
|
69 | (4) |
| 4 Case studies |
|
73 | (248) |
|
|
|
74 | (28) |
|
|
|
4.1.1 Medieval Scandinavia: diamesic digraphia |
|
|
74 | (2) |
|
4.1.2 Early medieval Ireland: medial digraphia |
|
|
76 | (2) |
|
4.1.3 Luvian: medial, diaphasic and/or diastratic digraphia |
|
|
78 | (4) |
|
4.1.4 Poljica: diaphasic digraphia |
|
|
82 | (6) |
|
4.1.5 Xiangnan Tuhua: gender-based digraphia? |
|
|
88 | (4) |
|
4.1.6 Chinese: emerging digraphia? |
|
|
92 | (4) |
|
4.1.7 Other cases of digraphia |
|
|
96 | (6) |
|
|
|
102 | (27) |
|
4.2.1 Russian diaphasic diglyphia |
|
|
102 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.2.1.1 The introduction of civil type |
|
|
102 | (5) |
|
4.2.1.2 The distribution of Old Cyrillic and civil type |
|
|
107 | (9) |
|
4.2.1.3 The development in handwriting |
|
|
116 | (2) |
|
4.2.1.4 Orthographic differences between Old Cyrillic and civil type |
|
|
118 | (4) |
|
4.2.2 Japanese men's and women's hands: diastratic diglyphia |
|
|
122 | (2) |
|
|
|
4.2.3 Other cases of diglyphia |
|
|
124 | (5) |
|
|
|
|
|
129 | (20) |
|
|
|
4.3.1 Thirteenth-century Novgorod: medial diorthographia |
|
|
129 | (11) |
|
4.3.1.1 Medieval Novgorod and its orthographies |
|
|
129 | (2) |
|
4.3.1.2 The two orthographies |
|
|
131 | (3) |
|
4.3.1.3 Chronology of the vernacular orthography |
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
4.3.1.4 The distribution of the two orthographies in the 13th century |
|
|
134 | (6) |
|
4.3.2 Czech (16th-18th centuries): diamesic diorthographia |
|
|
140 | (3) |
|
4.3.3 Other cases of diorthographia |
|
|
143 | (6) |
|
4.4 Scriptal pluricentricity |
|
|
149 | (49) |
|
|
|
149 | (8) |
|
|
|
4.4.1.1 Historical background |
|
|
149 | (5) |
|
4.4.1.2 Present situation |
|
|
154 | (3) |
|
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
4.4.2 Catholic and Orthodox Belarusian |
|
|
157 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
4.4.2.1 The Belarusian Latin alphabet before 1905 |
|
|
158 | |
|
4.4.2.2 Belarusian scriptal pluricentricity |
|
|
16 | (149) |
|
4.4.2.3 Biscriptality between 1941 and 1944 |
|
|
165 | (2) |
|
4.4.3 Serbo-Croatian as a scriptally pluricentric language |
|
|
167 | (13) |
|
|
|
4.4.3.1 Croatia from the 11th to the 19th century |
|
|
167 | (6) |
|
4.4.3.2 Bosnia and Herzegovina in the long 19th century |
|
|
173 | (4) |
|
4.4.3.3 Yugoslavia since 1918 |
|
|
177 | (3) |
|
4.4.4 Manding and other cases of Ajami literacy in Africa |
|
|
180 | (3) |
|
|
|
4.4.5 Late Egyptian during the 26th dynasty |
|
|
183 | (3) |
|
|
|
4.4.5.1 The development of demotic out of hieratic in its historical context |
|
|
183 | (2) |
|
4.4.5.2 The spread of demotic from north to south |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
4.4.6 Other cases of scriptal pluricentricity |
|
|
186 | (12) |
|
|
|
4.4.6.1 Confessional pluricentricity |
|
|
187 | (6) |
|
4.4.6.2 Diatopic pluricentricity |
|
|
193 | (5) |
|
4.5 Glyphic pluricentricity |
|
|
198 | (6) |
|
|
|
4.5.1 Orthodox, Muslim and Catholic Cyrillic in Bosnia |
|
|
198 | (2) |
|
|
|
200 | (2) |
|
4.5.3 Other cases of glyphic pluricentricity |
|
|
202 | (2) |
|
4.6 Orthographic pluricentricity |
|
|
204 | (27) |
|
4.6.1 Simplified and traditional Chinese |
|
|
204 | (5) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
204 | (2) |
|
4.6.1.2 Two orthographies or glyphic variation? |
|
|
206 | (3) |
|
4.6.2 Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian spelling |
|
|
209 | (6) |
|
|
|
4.6.2.1 Croatian orthographies before standardization |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
4.6.2.2 Modern Croatian and Serbian |
|
|
210 | (2) |
|
4.6.2.3 Bosnian and Montenegrin |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
4.6.2.4 Orthography and phonetics |
|
|
213 | (2) |
|
4.6.3 English orthographic pluricentricity |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
|
|
4.6.4 German orthographic pluricentricity |
|
|
216 | (3) |
|
|
|
4.6.5 Soviet and emigre Russian |
|
|
219 | (5) |
|
|
|
4.6.6 Catholic and Protestant Upper Sorbian |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
|
|
4.6.7 Two schools of Polish orthography |
|
|
225 | (2) |
|
|
|
4.6.8 Other cases of orthographic pluricentricity |
|
|
227 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
|
231 | (51) |
|
4.7.1 Serbo-Croatian/Serbian: Cyrillic and Latin |
|
|
231 | (15) |
|
|
|
4.7.1.1 Serbo-Croatian between 1945 and 1991 |
|
|
231 | (2) |
|
4.7.1.2 Serbian in Serbia and Montenegro after 1991 |
|
|
233 | (9) |
|
4.7.1.3 Bosnia and Herzegovina after 1995 |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
4.7.1.4 Excursus: Psycholinguistic consequences of bigraphism |
|
|
243 | (3) |
|
4.7.2 Rusyn: Minority bigraphism |
|
|
246 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
|
4.7.3 Bigraphism in Africa: Ajami and Latin |
|
|
250 | (4) |
|
|
|
4.7.4 Old Church Slavonic: Glagolitic and Cyrillic |
|
|
254 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
4.7.5 Egyptian (300o BCE to ca. 400 CE) |
|
|
256 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
4.7.5.1 Scripts and script variants used in ancient Egypt — hieroglyphs, hieratic and demotic |
|
|
256 | (4) |
|
4.7.5.2 Ancient Egyptian and classical terminology as indicators for the perception of factors of script choice |
|
|
260 | (5) |
|
4.7.5.3 Medial criteria — writing technique and writing surface |
|
|
265 | (4) |
|
|
|
269 | (5) |
|
4.7.5.5 Associations of certain scripts and script variants with text types or language stages |
|
|
274 | (2) |
|
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
4.7.6 Other cases of bigraphism |
|
|
276 | (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
282 | (26) |
|
4.8.1 German: blackletter and roman |
|
|
282 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
4.8.1.1 Blackletter vs. roman: formal differences and typological delimitations |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
4.8.1.2 History of the script variants and emergence of German biscriptality |
|
|
283 | (6) |
|
4.8.1.3 When does German biscriptality set in? |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
4.8.1.4 Protestantism and the emergence of glyphic ideology |
|
|
290 | (3) |
|
4.8.1.5 Biglyphism in German and nationalization of blackletter (1749-1941) |
|
|
293 | (7) |
|
4.8.2 Czech: blackletter and roman |
|
|
300 | (3) |
|
|
|
4.8.3 The Sorbian languages |
|
|
303 | (2) |
|
|
|
4.8.4 Other cases of biglyphism |
|
|
305 | (3) |
|
|
|
|
|
308 | (13) |
|
4.9.1 Occitan: 'classical' and 'Mistralian' spelling |
|
|
308 | (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
4.9.1.1 Occitan as a regional language |
|
|
308 | (2) |
|
4.9.1.2 The 'Mistralian' orthography |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
4.9.1.3 The 'classical' orthography |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
4.9.1.4 Factors for script choice |
|
|
312 | (2) |
|
4.9.2 Belarusian: Taragkevica and Narkamaiika |
|
|
314 | (3) |
|
|
|
4.9.3 Other cases of biorthographism |
|
|
317 | (4) |
|
|
| 5 Diachronic observations |
|
321 | (14) |
|
|
|
5.1 Biscriptality in the history of Serbo-Croatian |
|
|
321 | (3) |
|
5.2 Biscriptality in the history of Belarusian |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
5.3 Semiotic values ascribed to writing systems |
|
|
325 | (5) |
|
|
|
330 | (5) |
| 6 Conclusion |
|
335 | (8) |
|
|
|
6.1 Evaluation of the heuristic model |
|
|
335 | (2) |
|
6.2 Relative frequencies of the types of biscriptality |
|
|
337 | (2) |
|
6.3 The dynamics of the types of biscriptality |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
|
340 | (3) |
| Table of figures and their sources |
|
343 | (12) |
| Works cited |
|
355 | (48) |
| Indexes |
|
403 | |
|
|
|
403 | (4) |
|
|
|
407 | (6) |
|
|
|
413 | |
