Table of Cases |
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xxxi | |
Table of UK Legislation |
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lxxv | |
Table of European and International Legislation |
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xcv | |
Codes of Practice and Practice Directions |
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xcvii | |
List of Abbreviations |
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xcix | |
Part A Tribunal Procedure |
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1 Jurisdiction and Constitution |
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3 | (12) |
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B Membership and Composition of Employment Tribunals |
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Judge sitting with one lay member |
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Legal officers and caseworkers |
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15 | (7) |
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C Presentation of the Claim Form |
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F Filling in the Claim Form |
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Section 2 'Respondent's details' and Section 13 'Details of additional respondents' |
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Section 3 'Multiple cases' and Section 4 'Cases where the respondent was not your employer' |
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Section 5 'Employment details' and Section 6 'Earnings and Benefits' |
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Section 7 'If your employment with the respondent has ended what has happened since?' |
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Section 8 'Type and details of claim' |
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Section 9 'What do you want if your claim is successful' |
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Section 10 'Information to regulators in protected disclosure cases' |
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Section 11 'Your representative' |
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Section 13 'Details of additional respondents' |
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Section 15 'Additional information' |
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Diversity monitoring questionnaire |
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H Claims Brought on Behalf of Deceased Persons |
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I Claims by and against Bankrupt and Insolvent Parties |
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22 | (17) |
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B When Time Starts to Run-Generally |
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Written particulars and itemized pay |
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Deduction of wages claims ERA 1996, s 23 |
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D ACAS Early Conciliation Process |
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E Presentation of Complaint: Specific Problems |
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Expiry of time outside office hours |
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Not reasonably practicable |
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Extension of time on a just and equitable basis |
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39 | (5) |
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C Contents of the Response |
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Boxes 1 to 3 'Claimant's name', 'Respondent's details', and 'ACAS early conciliation details' |
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Boxes 4 and 5 'Employment details' and 'Earnings and benefits' |
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Box 7 'Employer's contract claim' |
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Box 8 'Your representative' |
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D Reconsideration of Rejection |
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F Consequences of Failing to Enter a Response, Rejection of Response, or Uncontested Applications |
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5 Conciliation and Settlement |
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44 | (38) |
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Conciliation once a claim has been issued |
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'Endeavour to promote a settlement' |
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C The ACAS Arbitration Scheme |
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Role of private meetings or caucuses |
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E Private Negotiations between the Parties |
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F Statutory Restrictions on Settlement of Claims |
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G Construction of the Contract |
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H Statutory Requirements for Settlement Agreements |
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Claims which may be covered by a settlement agreement |
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I ACAS Conciliated Settlements |
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Effect of ACAS facilitated settlement |
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J Effect of an Agreement Where the Statutory Requirements Have Not Been Met |
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K Enforcement of a Settlement Agreement or Conciliated Settlement |
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N Authority of Representatives to Compromise |
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P Sample Settlement Agreement |
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Q Drafting Notes for a Settlement Agreement |
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Termination date and reason |
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Tax treatment of the repayment provision |
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Practical arrangements, payment, and benefits |
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Post-termination restrictions |
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Full and final settlement |
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Company law considerations |
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82 | (23) |
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A Preliminary Case Management and the Sift |
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B Case Management and Preliminary Hearings |
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C Applying for Orders and Directions at a Preliminary Hearing |
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D Varying or Setting Aside Orders |
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E Common Orders and Directions |
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Grounds to withhold disclosure |
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F Sanctions for Non-compliance |
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7 Interim Applications: Striking Out and Other Preliminary Issues |
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105 | (8) |
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B Determination of Preliminary Issues |
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Scandalous or vexatious claim or response |
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No reasonable prospect of success |
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Scandalous, unreasonable, or vexatious conduct |
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The claim has not been actively pursued |
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Fair hearing not possible |
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Failure to comply with an order |
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Other sanctions for non-compliance with an order |
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113 | (7) |
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B Conditions for a Contract Claim |
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Contract connected with employment |
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Jurisdiction of the courts of England and Wales |
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Arising or outstanding on the termination of employment |
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Claims in respect of personal injuries |
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Claims excluded by Article 5 |
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D Commencement and Time Limits |
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E Hearing of a Contract Claim |
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F Compensation Limits and Relationship with the Civil Courts |
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120 | (40) |
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B Listing and Notice of Hearing |
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C Preparation for the Hearing |
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Witnesses and witness statements |
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Chronology, skeleton, and authorities |
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D Adjournment and Postponement |
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Proceedings pending in another forum |
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Inability of party, witness, or representative to attend |
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Cases where interim relief is available |
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Appeals against adjournment decisions |
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E Non-attendance by a Party |
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F Written Representations |
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Opening and preliminary matters |
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Submission of no case to answer |
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I Restrictions on Publicity and Disclosure |
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Restrictions on publicity |
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Restricted reporting orders |
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10 Bias and Improper Conduct of the Hearing |
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160 | (22) |
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Appearance of bias: presumed bias |
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Appearance of bias: other cases |
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Apparent bias: particular examples |
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C Improper Conduct and Procedural Irregularities |
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Interventions by the tribunal |
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Reliance on matters not canvassed at the hearing |
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New evidence raised late in the hearing |
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Reliance by the tribunal on authorities not canvassed with the parties |
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Reliance by tribunal on information given by a third party |
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Use by members of industrial experience |
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D Raising an Allegation of Bias or Procedural Impropriety |
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The tribunal's power to recuse itself |
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Disclosure by the tribunal and waiver by the parties |
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Dangers of inappropriate recusal |
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11 Judgments, Decisions, and Orders |
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182 | (21) |
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A Classification of Judgments and Orders |
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B Procedural Requirements for Judgments and Orders |
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Form and content of judgments and orders |
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Delay in giving judgment or reasons |
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Procedure for giving reasons |
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The content of the reasons: general principles |
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Particular aspects of the duty to give reasons |
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Amplification of the reasons |
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D Anonymization of Judgments and Tribunal Records |
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F Res Judicata, Issue Estoppel, and Abuse of Process |
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Application of principles of estoppel to tribunal decisions |
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Cause of action and issue estoppel |
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The principle in Henderson v Henderson |
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Relaxation of the strictness of the rule |
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Other instances of abuse of process |
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203 | (11) |
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E When Orders Must be Made |
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No reasonable prospect of success |
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Collateral or improper purposes |
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H Costs against Respondents |
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M Preparation Time Orders |
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The amount of a preparation time order |
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When can wasted costs orders be made? |
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13 Reconsideration of Judgments |
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214 | (7) |
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B Decisions that May be Reconsidered |
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Decisions to reject a claim form or response |
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C Grounds for Reconsideration |
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D Procedure for Reconsideration |
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Reconsideration by the tribunal on its own initiative |
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Hearing or paper only determination |
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E Corrections under the Slip Rule |
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14 Enforcement of Tribunal Awards |
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221 | (3) |
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D Enforcement in the Case of Death |
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E Fines for Failure to Pay Tribunal Awards |
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224 | (4) |
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Witness orders and disclosure of documents |
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Reasons in national security proceedings |
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Correction of written reasons |
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B Employment Tribunal Levy Assessment Appeals |
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C Appeals against Health and Safety Improvement and Prohibition Notices |
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D Appeals against Unlawful Act Notices |
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228 | (6) |
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A Claims under the Human Rights Ac 1998 |
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Article 6 and the employer's procedure |
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Article 6 and the employment tribunal |
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Article 8: private and family life |
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Article 9: religious freedom |
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Article 11: freedom of association |
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234 | (6) |
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B Group Litigation Orders in the Civil Courts |
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Characteristics of a group litigation order |
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C Management of Group Litigation in Employment Tribunals |
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D Fees for Group Litigation in the Employment Tribunal |
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18 Employment Appeal Tribunal |
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240 | (47) |
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B Constitution and Procedural Rules |
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Original jurisdiction of the Employment Appeal Tribunal |
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Allegations of bias or procedural impropriety |
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E Restrictions on the Scope of Appeal |
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Points of law which were not argued in the employment tribunal |
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G Appeals against Interim Orders |
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No fee payable for commencing an appeal |
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Time limits for commencing an appeal |
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Application for an extension of time to lodge the notice of appeal |
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I The Sift and the Setting of Directions |
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Case management and directions |
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J Respondent's Answer and Cross-appeals |
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K Amendments to the Notice of Appeal or Respondent's Answer |
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The bundle of papers for use at the hearing |
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Q Restricted Reporting Orders |
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R National Security Appeals |
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T Orders of the Employment Appeal Tribunal |
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W Review of the Employment Appeal Tribunal's Judgment or Order |
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Circumstances in which costs may be awarded |
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19 Tribunal Procedure and Appeals in Scotland |
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287 | (10) |
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Use of documents at hearing |
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Staying or sisting proceedings |
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'Without prejudice' documents |
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Part B Procedure In Other Jurisdictions |
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20 Employment Litigation in the Civil Courts |
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297 | (24) |
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B Jurisdiction of the Courts and the Employment Tribunals |
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Claims in the employment tribunal |
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Claims in the civil courts |
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D Proceedings in the Civil Courts |
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Commencement of proceedings |
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Strike-out of statement of case |
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Checklist of Steps up to Completion of Statements of Case |
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Checklist of Matters for Consideration at CMC |
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321 | (3) |
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B Special Features about Employment Appeals |
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22 European Union Law and References to the European Court of Justice |
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324 | (8) |
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General principles of Community law |
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Other international instruments |
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C EU Law in the Employment Tribunal |
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Does the tribunal have jurisdiction? |
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D References to the Court of Justice of the EU |
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23 Collective Labour Law Institutions-The Central Arbitration Committee and Certification Officer |
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332 | (9) |
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D Proceedings other than under Schedule Al |
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E Recognition Proceedings |
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I The Certification Officer |
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Part C The Substantive Law |
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341 | (52) |
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Wrongful dismissal damages |
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Court jurisdiction in wrongful dismissal cases |
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C Application for Interim Relief |
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Time for assessing the reason for dismissal in unfair dismissal cases |
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Subsequently discovered conduct |
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Burden and standard of proof |
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Automatically unfair grounds |
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Special provisions relating to retirement dismissals |
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Written reasons for dismissal |
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H Other Reasons for Dismissal |
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Some other substantial reason |
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I Disciplinary Procedure for all Dismissals |
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Dismissal and disciplinary procedures |
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Procedure for all dismissals |
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Disciplinary meeting-general |
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K Stress Issues Prior to Investigatory/Disciplinary Meetings |
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Checklist of Issues for Tribunal Claims Connected with Dismissal |
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Unfair Dismissal: General Checklist |
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393 | (14) |
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A When is a Person Redundant? |
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B Selection of those Employees to be Made Redundant |
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E Calculation of Redundancy Payment |
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Checklist of Issues for Tribunal Claims Connected with Redundancy |
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407 | (41) |
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A The Scope of Discrimination Law in Employment Situations |
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B The Protected Characteristics |
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Civil partnership and marriage |
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Discrimination arising from a disability |
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Failure to make reasonable adjustments |
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D Vicarious Liability of Employers and Principals for Discriminatory Acts |
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E Defences to Discrimination Claims |
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The general genuine occupational requirement defence |
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The organized religion genuine occupational requirement |
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Other requirements relating to religion and belief |
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Benefits provided to the public |
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Discrimination in compliance with the law |
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Defences to age discrimination claims |
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F Discrimination Claims and Questions |
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G Territorial Jurisdiction |
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Checklist for Claims of Discrimination Based on Sex (To include Marital/Civil Partnership and Gender Reassignment), Race, Religion or Belief, and Sexual Orientation |
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Checklist for Disability Discrimination Checklist for Claims of Age Discrimination |
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27 Equal Pay: Law and Procedure |
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448 | (24) |
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A Introduction to the Law of Equal Pay |
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B The Scope of the Law of Equal Pay |
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The range of permissible comparators |
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D The Material Factor Defence |
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Justifying material factor defences |
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F The Operation of the Equality Clause |
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G The Procedure in an Equal Pay Claim and the Equal Value Rules |
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Stage 1 equal value hearing |
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Stage 2 equal value hearing |
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Equal pay claims and the civil courts |
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H Applications of the Law of Equal Pay |
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I Other Relevant Provisions of the Equality Act 2010 |
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Checklist for Equal Pay Claims |
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28 Unlawful Deductions from Wages |
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472 | (3) |
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A General Pay Obligations |
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Checklist for Unlawful Deduction Claims |
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29 Transfer of Undertakings |
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475 | (12) |
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A Definition of 'Transfer' and 'Undertaking' |
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E Duty to Inform and Consult |
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F Disclosure of 'Employee Liability Information' |
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Checklist for TUPE-related Claims |
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30 Contractual Employment Issues |
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487 | (7) |
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B Unpaid Wages and Remuneration |
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C Claims by Employers Arising out of the Course of Employment |
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D Claims Arising out of the Termination of Employment |
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Constructive dismissal or summary dismissal |
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E Post-termination Restraints |
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494 | (13) |
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Circumstances in which a qualifying disclosure is protected |
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D Prohibited Acts and Remedies |
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E Protected Disclosures and Contractual Duties |
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Part D Remedies |
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32 Remedies for Unfair Dismissal |
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507 | (49) |
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B Reinstatement and Re-engagement Orders |
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Enforcing a re-employment order |
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Defence of impracticability |
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D Compensation for Unfair Dismissal |
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Calculating the basic award |
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Part 1 Assessing the Loss |
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Calculating the period of loss |
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Part 2 The Duty to Mitigate and Future Loss |
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Part 3 Deductions and Reductions |
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'Just and equitable' reduction |
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Distinction between procedure and substance? |
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Some illustrations of category (b) cases |
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Impact of age discrimination legislation |
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Credit for payments received |
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Are state benefits deductible? |
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Power to adjust the award |
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Contractual redundancy payments |
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Statutory maximum, interest, and the power to reconsider |
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33 Remedies in Discrimination Cases |
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556 | (19) |
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B Compensation for Direct Discrimination and Victimization |
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Remedies are discretionary |
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Claim to be assessed 'as any other claim in tort' |
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Awards against individual respondents |
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C Compensation for Non-financial Loss |
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Relationship between non-pecuniary awards |
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Credit for payments received and ex gratia payments |
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Future handicap in the labour market |
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Dismissals which are both discriminatory and unfair |
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Power to adjust the award |
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E Compensation for Indirect Discrimination |
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Scope of the power to make recommendations |
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H Compensation for Part-time Workers and Fixed-term Employees |
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34 Recoupment of Benefits |
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575 | (5) |
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C The Working of the Scheme |
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D Explanation of Recoupment |
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E Notification to the Department for Work and Pensions |
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H Consequences of a Successful Appeal against the Original Judgment |
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35 Interest on Employment Tribunal Awards |
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|
580 | (3) |
|
A Interest on Awards Generally |
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B Interest on Discrimination Awards |
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The Employment Tribunals (Interest on Awards in Discrimination Cases) Regulations 1996 |
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'Serious injustice' discretion |
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Special investment account rate of interest |
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36 Tax and Termination Payments and Employment Tribunal Awards |
|
|
583 | (15) |
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|
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B The Structure of the Taxation of Employees |
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C Taxation of Sums Paid on Termination or under Settlement Agreements |
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Payment taxable as earnings |
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Payments in lieu of notice (PILON) |
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Benefits from employer-financed retirement benefit schemes |
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Payments in connection with death, disability, and personal injury |
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Repayment of expenses to the employer |
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D The Consequences for the Employer of the Application of section 401 |
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|
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E Taxation of Tribunal Awards |
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Unlawful deduction from wages |
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|
|
Wrongful dismissal claims |
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|
|
Awards in relation to discrimination |
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|
|
No termination discrimination |
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|
|
Compensation for failure to inform and consult under TUPE |
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|
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|
|
37 Insolvency and Employment Law |
|
|
598 | (9) |
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|
|
B Structure of Legislation |
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C The Impact on Legal Proceedings |
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D Insolvency and the Effect on Contracts of Employment |
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|
Regulation 8(6) and (7) TUPE |
|
|
Appendix 1 Selected Legislation: Rules |
|
607 | (58) |
|
Employment Appeal Tribunal Rules 1993 |
|
|
608 | (24) |
|
Employment Tribunals (Constitution and Rules of Procedure) Regulations 2013 |
|
|
632 | (33) |
Appendix 2 Practice Directions and Guidance |
|
665 | (48) |
|
Practice Direction (Employment Appeal Tribunal-Procedure) 2013 |
|
|
666 | (15) |
|
EAT Practice Statement: Notices of Appeal and Skeleton Arguments, June 2015 |
|
|
681 | (2) |
|
ET Presidential Practice Direction-Presentation of Claims (England and Wales), December 2016 |
|
|
683 | (2) |
|
ET Presidential Guidance (England and Wales)-General Case Management, March 2014 |
|
|
685 | (22) |
|
ET Presidential Guidance (England and Wales)-Rule 3 Protocol on Judicial Assessments, October 2016 |
|
|
707 | (6) |
Appendix 3 Codes of Practice |
|
713 | (28) |
|
ACAS Code of Practice 1: Disciplinary and Grievance Procedures (2015) |
|
|
714 | (5) |
|
Equality Act 2010: Guidance on Matters to be Taken into Account in Determining Questions Relating to the Definition of Disability |
|
|
719 | (18) |
|
ACAS Code of Practice on Settlement Agreements (under section 111A of the Employment Rights Act 1996) |
|
|
737 | (4) |
Appendix 4 Financial Information |
|
741 | (10) |
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
Personal Allowances and Reliefs |
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
Employees' Standard Rates |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
Employees' Class 2 Contributions |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
Main Social Security Benefits |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
Incapacity Benefit (before 1995 known as Sickness Benefit) |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
AA Motoring Costs Tables 2014 |
|
|
744 | (3) |
|
Extract from Judicial College, Guidelines for the Assessment of General Damages in Personal Injury Cases |
|
|
747 | (2) |
|
Redundancy Payment Calculator |
|
|
749 | (2) |
Appendix 5 Forms and Precedents |
|
751 | (24) |
|
|
752 | (17) |
|
|
752 | (9) |
|
|
761 | (8) |
|
Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAT) |
|
|
769 | (2) |
|
|
769 | (1) |
|
|
769 | (2) |
|
High Court and County Court |
|
|
771 | (4) |
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
|
772 | (3) |
Appendix 6 Tables |
|
775 | (14) |
|
Current and Recent Maximum Awards |
|
|
776 | (2) |
|
|
778 | (1) |
|
National Minimum Hourly Wage |
|
|
779 | (1) |
|
National Minimum Hourly Wage from 1 April 2019 to 31 March 2020 |
|
|
779 | (1) |
|
Past National Minimum Hourly Wages |
|
|
779 | (1) |
|
|
780 | (8) |
|
Qualifying Periods and Time Limits |
|
|
780 | (8) |
|
|
788 | (1) |
Index |
|
789 | |