|
|
1 | (10) |
|
1.1 The Concept Behind This Book |
|
|
1 | (2) |
|
1.2 Survey of Typical Applications of BMR |
|
|
3 | (2) |
|
1.2.1 Electrical Components Characterization: Testing and Localization of Faults |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
1.2.2 Measurements on Soil for Agricultural and Geotechnical Purposes |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
1.2.3 Civil Engineering and Infrastructural Monitoring |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
1.2.4 Dielectric Spectroscopy Measurements |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
1.2.5 Applications in Industrial Monitoring |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
1.3 Organization and Content of the Book |
|
|
5 | (2) |
|
|
7 | (4) |
|
2 Basic Physical Principles |
|
|
11 | (14) |
|
2.1 Transmission Line Basics |
|
|
11 | (4) |
|
2.1.1 Coaxial Transmission Line |
|
|
12 | (2) |
|
2.1.2 Bifilar Transmission Line |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
2.3 Characteristic Parameters of Electrical Networks |
|
|
16 | (3) |
|
2.4 Reflectometry Measurements for Dielectric Spectroscopy |
|
|
19 | (4) |
|
2.4.1 Dielectric Relaxation Models |
|
|
20 | (3) |
|
|
23 | (2) |
|
3 Broadband Reflectometry: Theoretical Background |
|
|
25 | (26) |
|
3.1 Broadband Microwave Reflectometry: Theoretical Background |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
3.2 Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) |
|
|
26 | (7) |
|
3.2.1 Typical TDR Measurements |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
3.2.2 Typical TDR Instrumentation |
|
|
30 | (3) |
|
3.3 Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR) |
|
|
33 | (2) |
|
3.4 TD/FD Combined Approach |
|
|
35 | (2) |
|
3.4.1 Preserving Measurement Accuracy in the TDR/FDR Transformation |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
|
37 | (4) |
|
3.6 Strategies for Enhancing Accuracy in BMR Measurements |
|
|
41 | (6) |
|
3.6.1 Calibration Procedure in Time Domain |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
3.6.2 Calibration Procedure in Frequency Domain |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
3.6.3 Time-gated Frequency Domain Approach |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
3.6.4 Transmission Line Modeling and Inverse Modeling |
|
|
44 | (3) |
|
|
47 | (4) |
|
4 Quantitative and Qualitative Characterization of Liquid Materials |
|
|
51 | (34) |
|
|
51 | (2) |
|
4.2 Estimation of Levels and Permittivities of Industrial Liquids Directly from TDR |
|
|
53 | (7) |
|
4.2.1 Probe Design and Realization |
|
|
54 | (2) |
|
4.2.2 Sources of Errors and Compensation Strategies in TD |
|
|
56 | (2) |
|
4.2.3 Validation of the Method on Dielectric Liquids |
|
|
58 | (2) |
|
4.3 Estimation of Levels and Permittivities of Industrial Liquids Using the TD/FD Approach |
|
|
60 | (11) |
|
4.3.1 Transmission Line Modeling of the Measurement Cell |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
4.3.2 Measurement Setup and Enhanced Probe Design |
|
|
62 | (2) |
|
4.3.3 Experimental Validation of the Method |
|
|
64 | (7) |
|
4.4 Dielectric Spectroscopy of Edible Liquids: The Vegetable Oils Case-Study |
|
|
71 | (11) |
|
4.4.1 Design of the Measurement Cell and Transmission Line Modeling |
|
|
72 | (5) |
|
4.4.2 Experimental Results for Vegetable Oils |
|
|
77 | (5) |
|
|
82 | (3) |
|
5 Qualitative Characterization of Granular Materials and Moisture Measurements |
|
|
85 | (48) |
|
|
85 | (2) |
|
5.2 Dielectric Models for the Estimation of Water Content |
|
|
87 | (2) |
|
5.3 Evaluation of Moisture Content Directly from TDR |
|
|
89 | (8) |
|
5.3.1 Details on the Experimental Procedure |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
5.3.2 Uncertainty Evaluation for Apparent Dielectric Permittivity Measurement and Individuation of the Calibration Curves |
|
|
91 | (2) |
|
5.3.3 Measurement Results and Instrumental Performance Comparison |
|
|
93 | (4) |
|
5.4 Moisture Content Measurements through TD/FD Combined Approach and TL Modeling |
|
|
97 | (10) |
|
5.4.1 Moisture Content Measurements through Dielectric Mixing Model |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
5.4.2 Triple-Short Calibration Procedure |
|
|
98 | (9) |
|
5.5 Enhancements of TDR-Based Static Electrical Conductivity Measurement |
|
|
107 | (12) |
|
5.5.1 Traditional TDR-Based Static Electrical Conductivity Measurement |
|
|
108 | (2) |
|
5.5.2 Innovative Calibration Strategies: The TLM and the ICM Methods |
|
|
110 | (5) |
|
5.5.3 Validation of the Methods |
|
|
115 | (4) |
|
5.5.4 Practical Considerations |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
5.6 Noninvasive Moisture Content Measurements |
|
|
119 | (9) |
|
5.6.1 Basic Theory of Microstrip Antennas |
|
|
120 | (2) |
|
5.6.2 Experimental Validation of the Method: Measurements on Moistened Sand Samples |
|
|
122 | (6) |
|
|
128 | (5) |
|
6 BMR Characterization of Antennas through the Combined TD/FD Approach |
|
|
133 | |
|
|
133 | (1) |
|
6.2 Measurement Setup for the Validation of the Method |
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
6.3 Acquisition in Time Domain |
|
|
135 | (2) |
|
|
137 | (8) |
|
6.4.1 Practical Guidelines for Retrieving Accurate Measurements |
|
|
138 | (7) |
|
6.5 Biconical Antenna Results |
|
|
145 | (2) |
|
|
147 | |