Preface |
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xiii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xv | |
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1 | (30) |
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2 | (4) |
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3 | (3) |
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6 | (6) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (6) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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Conducting a Research Review |
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18 | (5) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (3) |
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23 | (6) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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2 The Scientific Approach |
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31 | (28) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (9) |
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33 | (3) |
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How Can We Tell Which Theory Is Better? |
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36 | (2) |
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How Can We Put What We Know Into Practice? |
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38 | (1) |
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Why Do We Do It the Way We Do? |
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39 | (2) |
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Science and Nonscience Compared |
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41 | (5) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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Ethics of Consuming Research |
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46 | (9) |
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Ethical Principles of Research |
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47 | (8) |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (2) |
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3 Reading a Research Report |
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59 | (20) |
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59 | (2) |
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Research Report Organization |
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61 | (15) |
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63 | (3) |
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66 | (3) |
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69 | (4) |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (2) |
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4 Conceptual Overview of Statistical Analyses |
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79 | (26) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (4) |
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Appropriate Questions for Exploratory Research |
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81 | (1) |
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Appropriate Statistics for Exploratory Research |
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81 | (4) |
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85 | (11) |
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Appropriate Questions for Descriptive Research |
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85 | (1) |
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Appropriate Statistics for Descriptive Research |
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85 | (11) |
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96 | (5) |
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Appropriate Questions for Predictive Research |
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97 | (1) |
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Prerequisites for Predictive Research |
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98 | (1) |
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Statistics for Predictive Research |
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98 | (3) |
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101 | (1) |
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Appropriate Questions for Explanatory Research |
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101 | (1) |
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Appropriate Statistics for Explanatory Research |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (22) |
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106 | (2) |
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108 | (8) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (5) |
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116 | (1) |
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Systematic Random Sampling |
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116 | (2) |
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Stratified Random Sampling |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (3) |
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121 | (3) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (34) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (5) |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (6) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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Alternate-Forms Reliability |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (4) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (2) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (12) |
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146 | (2) |
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148 | (3) |
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151 | (6) |
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157 | (2) |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (36) |
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161 | (1) |
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Causal Analysis in Experimental Research |
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162 | (3) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (1) |
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Demonstration Versus Demography |
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165 | (2) |
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Alternative Explanations for Research Results |
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167 | (11) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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Statistical Regression Effects |
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171 | (2) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (15) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (2) |
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The Solomon Four-Group Design |
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183 | (2) |
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185 | (4) |
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189 | (3) |
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Participant Characteristics |
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192 | (1) |
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Demonstration Versus Demography Again |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (2) |
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8 Quasi-Experimental Research |
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197 | (20) |
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197 | (2) |
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199 | (5) |
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Interrupted Time-Series Design |
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200 | (3) |
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Multiple Time-Series Design |
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203 | (1) |
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Regression-Discontinuity Designs |
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204 | (3) |
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Nonequivalent Groups Basic Pretest Designs |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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Single-Participant Designs |
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209 | (4) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (2) |
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215 | (2) |
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217 | (30) |
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218 | (2) |
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220 | (2) |
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222 | (6) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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Arrangement of Survey Items |
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226 | (1) |
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Pretesting Survey Instruments |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (9) |
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229 | (2) |
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231 | (2) |
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233 | (1) |
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Comparisons Among Administration Methods |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (2) |
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Data Analysis in Survey Research |
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237 | (8) |
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237 | (2) |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (5) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (26) |
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247 | (2) |
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Validity of Field Research |
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249 | (2) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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Intrusion in Field Research |
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251 | (2) |
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Intrusion Into Observations of Behaviors |
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251 | (1) |
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Intrusiveness of Settings |
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252 | (1) |
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Intrusiveness of Treatments |
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252 | (1) |
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Systematic Observation in Field Research |
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253 | (8) |
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253 | (3) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (6) |
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261 | (2) |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (2) |
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266 | (1) |
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Interpreting Observations |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (2) |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (2) |
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273 | (24) |
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273 | (2) |
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275 | (7) |
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Who---The Source of Messages |
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276 | (2) |
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Says What---The Content of Messages |
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278 | (1) |
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To Whom---The Audience of Messages |
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279 | (1) |
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How---Communication Techniques in Messages |
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280 | (1) |
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With What Effect---The Effect of Messages |
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281 | (1) |
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Why---The Reasons for Communications |
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282 | (1) |
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Methodological Issues in Content Analysis |
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282 | (6) |
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Quantification in Content Analysis |
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285 | (3) |
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288 | (5) |
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Applications of Existing Data Analysis |
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289 | (4) |
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Methodological Issues in Existing Data Analysis |
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293 | (2) |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | |
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298 | (1) |
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Summative and Formative Evaluation |
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299 | (1) |
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Consumers of Evaluation Research |
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300 | (1) |
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The Hartford Project: An Example of Evaluation Research |
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300 | (7) |
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300 | (1) |
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Similarity to Basic Research |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (2) |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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The Controversy Over the Use of Experiments in Evaluation Research |
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307 | (3) |
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Difficulties With Experiments in Evaluation Research |
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307 | (1) |
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Qualitative Information in Evaluation Research |
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308 | (1) |
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Innovation in Evaluation Research |
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309 | (1) |
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Ethics in Evaluation Research |
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310 | (1) |
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Ethical Considerations in Evaluation Research |
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310 | (4) |
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Formulation and Negotiation |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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Data Collection and Preparation |
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312 | (1) |
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Data Analysis and Interpretation |
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313 | (1) |
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Communication and Disclosure |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | |
Epilogue |
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317 | (2) |
Glossary |
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319 | (20) |
References |
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339 | (14) |
Author Index |
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353 | (4) |
Subject Index |
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357 | (14) |
About the Author |
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371 | |
Preface |
|
xiii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xv | |
About the Author |
|
xvii | |
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1 Reviewing the Literature: Why? For Whom? How? |
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1 | (54) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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What Is a Research Literature Review? Why Do One? |
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3 | (10) |
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Write Proposals for Funding |
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6 | (1) |
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Write Proposals for Academic Degrees |
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7 | (1) |
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Describe and Explain Current Knowledge to Guide Professional Practice |
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8 | (1) |
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Identify Effective Research and Development Methods |
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9 | (1) |
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Identify Experts to Help Interpret Existing Literature and Identify Unpublished Sources of Information |
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9 | (1) |
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Identify Funding Sources and Works in Progress |
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10 | (1) |
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Satisfy Personal Curiosity |
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10 | (3) |
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Gaining Control: Experiments and Observations |
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13 | (2) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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Systematic, Explicit, Comprehensive, and Reproducible: Four Key Words |
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15 | (1) |
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Choosing an Online Bibliographic Database |
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16 | (12) |
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Public and Private Online Bibliographic Databases |
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16 | (4) |
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What Exactly Do You Need to Find? |
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20 | (1) |
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How Do You Search for What You Want to Find? Key Words, Descriptors, Identifiers, and the Thesaurus |
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21 | (7) |
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How Do You Ask for Information? Searching With Boolean Operators |
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28 | (5) |
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Three Examples of Boolean Logic |
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28 | (5) |
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Using the Web of Science: A Case Study |
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33 | (2) |
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Pausing During the Search |
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35 | (1) |
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Changing the Course of the Search |
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35 | (1) |
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Changing the Course of a Literature Review Search: Expanding the Scope |
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36 | (1) |
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Supplementing the Online Search |
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36 | (7) |
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Reasons to Supplement Electronic Searches |
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36 | (1) |
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Reviewing References in High-Quality Studies |
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37 | (1) |
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Is Everything Worthwhile Published? |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (2) |
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Cautiously Approach the Web |
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41 | (2) |
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Organizing the Research Literature: Building a Virtual Filing Cabinet |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (4) |
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49 | (2) |
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Online Literature Reviews |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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2 Searching and Screening: The Practical Screen and Methodological Quality (Part 1---Research Design and Sampling) |
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55 | (54) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (3) |
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Search Screen 1 The Practical Screen |
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59 | (3) |
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Including and Excluding Studies: Typical Practical Screening Criteria for Literature Review Searches |
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59 | (2) |
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Practical Screening Criteria: Using Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria |
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61 | (1) |
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Search Screen 2 Methodological Quality Screening Criteria, Part 1---Research Design and Sampling |
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62 | (12) |
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Criterion for Quality: Research Design |
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63 | (3) |
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Random Selection and Random Assignment: Two Examples |
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66 | (3) |
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Concurrent Controls but No Random Assignment |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (2) |
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Historical Controls or Existing Data |
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73 | (1) |
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Observational Designs in Brief |
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74 | (6) |
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74 | (4) |
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78 | (2) |
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A Note on Other Designs and Studies: Cross-Sectional Surveys and Consensus Statements |
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80 | (8) |
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80 | (4) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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Internal and External Validity |
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84 | (4) |
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Criterion for Quality: Sampling |
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88 | (6) |
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88 | (1) |
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Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria or Eligibility of Subjects |
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89 | (2) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (4) |
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Nonresponse: Subjects and Items |
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96 | (3) |
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99 | (4) |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (3) |
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3 Searching and Screening: Methodological Quality (Part 2---Collection, Interventions, Analysis, Results, and Conclusions) |
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109 | (52) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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Data Collection and Data Sources: Methods and Measures |
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110 | (10) |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (4) |
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Interventions and Programs: Reviewing the Research Literature to Find Out What Works |
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120 | (3) |
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Two Versions of a Program Description |
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121 | (2) |
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Information Analysis: Statistical Methods in the Research Literature |
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123 | (28) |
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Statistical Methods and What to Look For: An Overview |
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123 | (1) |
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Independent and Dependent Variables |
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124 | (2) |
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Measurement Scales and Their Data |
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126 | (2) |
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Statistical and Practical Significance |
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128 | (3) |
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131 | (2) |
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Which Analytic Method Is Best? |
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133 | (6) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (3) |
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Using Formal Systems to Evaluate Research |
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143 | (1) |
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Reviewing Qualitative Research: A Special Note |
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144 | (7) |
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151 | (3) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (4) |
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4 Doing the Review: A Reader's Guide Chapter |
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161 | (32) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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Types of Information: Methods and Content |
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162 | (3) |
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Eligibility and Actuality |
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165 | (7) |
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Reliable and Valid Reviews |
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172 | (2) |
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Measuring Reliability: The Kappa Statistic |
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172 | (2) |
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Uniform Data Collection: The Literature Review Survey Questionnaire |
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174 | (7) |
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Uniform Data Collection: Definitions and More |
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181 | (3) |
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182 | (2) |
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Pilot Testing the Review Process |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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Collecting Data From the Literature: A Checklist |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (4) |
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5 What Did You Find? Synthesizing Results |
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193 | |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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Now That You Have Done It, What Do You Do With It? |
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194 | (12) |
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Reviews Describe Current Knowledge |
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196 | (2) |
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Reviews Support the Need for and Significance of New Research |
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198 | (1) |
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Reviews Explain Research Findings |
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199 | (1) |
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Reviews Describe the Quality of Current Research |
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200 | (6) |
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Descriptive Syntheses or Reviews |
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206 | (3) |
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Examples of Descriptive Literature Reviews |
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206 | (3) |
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209 | (16) |
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What to Look for in a Meta-Analysis: The Seven Steps |
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210 | (11) |
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Fixed Versus Random Effects |
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221 | (2) |
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223 | (1) |
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Large Studies Versus Meta-Analysis of Smaller Trials: Comparing Results |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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Displaying Meta-Analysis Results |
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225 | (1) |
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Meta-Analyses in Practice: Examples |
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225 | (8) |
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230 | (3) |
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Descriptive Review Versus Meta-Analysis |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (3) |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (2) |
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|
241 | |
Author Index |
|
242 | (4) |
Subject Index |
|
246 | |
Analytic Contents of Research Techniques |
|
xv | |
Preface |
|
xix | |
Purpose |
|
xix | |
Audience |
|
xix | |
Format |
|
xx | |
Outline of Chapters |
|
xxii | |
Acknowledgments |
|
xxvii | |
About the Author |
|
xxix | |
|
Part I Preliminary Considerations |
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1 | (94) |
|
1 The Selection of a Research Design |
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3 | (20) |
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The Three Types of Designs |
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3 | (2) |
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Three Components Involved in a Design |
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5 | (11) |
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5 | (1) |
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The Postpositivist Worldview |
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6 | (2) |
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The Social Constructivist Worldview |
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8 | (1) |
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The Advocacy and Participatory Worldview |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (2) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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Research Designs as Worldviews, Strategies, and Methods |
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16 | (2) |
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Criteria for Selecting a Research Design |
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18 | (2) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (3) |
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2 Review of the Literature |
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23 | (26) |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (20) |
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The Use of the Literature |
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26 | (3) |
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29 | (1) |
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Steps in Conducting a Literature Review |
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29 | (1) |
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Searching Computerized Databases |
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30 | (2) |
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A Priority for Selecting Literature Material |
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32 | (1) |
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A Literature Map of the Research |
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33 | (3) |
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36 | (1) |
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Example 2.1 Literature Review in a Quantitative Study |
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37 | (1) |
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Example 2.2 Literature Review in a Study Advancing a Typology |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (3) |
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Example 2.3 Terms Defined in a Mixed Methods Dissertation |
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42 | (1) |
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Example 2.4 Terms Defined in an Independent Variables Section |
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43 | (1) |
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A Quantitative or Mixed Methods Literature Review |
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43 | (2) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (3) |
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49 | (24) |
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49 | (12) |
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Variables in Quantitative Research |
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49 | (2) |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (2) |
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Placement of Quantitative Theories |
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55 | (2) |
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Writing a Quantitative Theoretical Perspective |
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57 | (2) |
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Example 3.1 A Quantitative Theory Section |
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59 | (2) |
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61 | (5) |
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Variation in Theory Use in Qualitative Research |
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61 | (4) |
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Locating the Theory in Qualitative Research |
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65 | (1) |
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Example 3.2 A Theory Early in a Qualitative Study |
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65 | (1) |
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Example 3.3 A Theory at the End of a Qualitative Study |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (3) |
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Example 3.4 Theory in a Transformative-Emancipatory Mixed Methods Study |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
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4 Writing Strategies and Ethical Considerations |
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73 | (22) |
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73 | (6) |
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73 | (1) |
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Format for a Qualitative Proposal |
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74 | (1) |
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Example 4.1 A Qualitative Constructivist/Interpretivist Format |
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74 | (1) |
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Example 4.2 A Qualitative Advocacy/Participatory Format |
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75 | (1) |
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Format for a Quantitative Proposal |
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76 | (1) |
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Example 4.3 A Quantitative Format |
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76 | (1) |
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Format for a Mixed Methods Proposal |
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77 | (1) |
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Example 4.4 A Mixed Methods Format |
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77 | (1) |
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Designing the Sections of a Proposal |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (8) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (2) |
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Readability of the Manuscript |
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82 | (2) |
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Example 4.5 An Illustration of the Hook-and-Eye Technique |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (2) |
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Ethical Issues to Anticipate |
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87 | (6) |
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Ethical Issues in the Research Problem |
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88 | (1) |
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Ethical Issues in the Purpose and Questions |
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88 | (1) |
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Ethical Issues in Data Collection |
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89 | (2) |
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Ethical Issues in Data Analysis and Interpretation |
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91 | (1) |
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Ethical Issues in Writing and Disseminating the Research |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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Part II Designing Research |
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95 | (132) |
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97 | (14) |
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The Importance of Introductions |
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97 | (1) |
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Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Introductions |
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98 | (2) |
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A Model for an Introduction |
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100 | (8) |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (2) |
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Studies Addressing the Problem |
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104 | (2) |
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Deficiencies in Past Literature |
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106 | (1) |
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Example 5.1 Deficiencies in the Literature---Needed Studies |
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106 | (1) |
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Example 5.2 Deficiencies in the Literature---Few Studies |
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107 | (1) |
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Significance of a Study for Audiences |
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107 | (1) |
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Example 5.3 Significance of the Study Stated in an Introduction to a Quantitative Study |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (18) |
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Significance and Meaning of a Purpose Statement |
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111 | (14) |
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A Qualitative Purpose Statement |
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112 | (2) |
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Example 6.1 A Purpose Statement in a Qualitative Phenomenology Study |
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114 | (1) |
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Example 6.2 A Purpose Statement in a Case Study |
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115 | (1) |
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Example 6.3 A Purpose Statement in an Ethnography |
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115 | (1) |
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Example 6.4 A Purpose Statement in a Grounded Theory Study |
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116 | (1) |
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A Quantitative Purpose Statement |
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116 | (2) |
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Example 6.5 A Purpose Statement in a Published Survey Study |
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118 | (1) |
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Example 6.6 A Purpose Statement in a Dissertation Survey Study |
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119 | (1) |
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Example 6.7 A Purpose Statement in an Experimental Study |
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120 | (1) |
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A Mixed Methods Purpose Statement |
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120 | (3) |
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Example 6.8 A Concurrent Mixed Methods Purpose Statement |
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123 | (1) |
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Example 6.9 A Sequential Mixed Methods Purpose Statement |
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124 | (1) |
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Example 6.10 A Transformative Concurrent Mixed Methods Purpose Statement |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (3) |
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7 Research Questions and Hypotheses |
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129 | (16) |
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Qualitative Research Questions |
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129 | (3) |
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Example 7.1 A Qualitative Central Question From an Ethnography |
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131 | (1) |
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Example 7.2 Qualitative Central Questions From a Case Study |
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132 | (1) |
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Quantitative Research Questions and Hypotheses |
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132 | (6) |
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Example 7.3 A Null Hypothesis |
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134 | (1) |
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Example 7.4 Directional Hypotheses |
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134 | (1) |
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Example 7.5 Nondirectional and Directional Hypotheses |
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135 | (1) |
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Example 7.6 Standard Use of Language in Hypotheses |
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136 | (1) |
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A Model for Descriptive Questions and Hypotheses |
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136 | (1) |
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Example 7.7 Descriptive and Inferential Questions |
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136 | (2) |
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Mixed Methods Research Questions and Hypotheses |
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138 | (3) |
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Example 7.8 Hypotheses and Research Questions in a Mixed Methods Study |
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139 | (2) |
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Example 7.9 A Mixed Methods Question Written in Terms of Mixing Procedures |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (3) |
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145 | (28) |
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Defining Surveys and Experiments |
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145 | (1) |
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Components of a Survey Method Plan |
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146 | (9) |
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146 | (1) |
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The Population and Sample |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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Data Analysis and Interpretation |
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151 | (3) |
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Example 8.1 A Survey Method Section |
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154 | (1) |
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Components of an Experimental Method Plan |
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155 | (14) |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (1) |
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Instrumentation and Materials |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (2) |
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Example 8.2 Pre-Experimental Designs |
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160 | (1) |
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Example 8.3 Quasi-Experimental Designs |
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160 | (1) |
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Example 8.4 True Experimental Designs |
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161 | (1) |
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Example 8.5 Single-Subject Designs |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (3) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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Example 8.6 An Experimental Method Section |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (3) |
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173 | (30) |
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The Characteristics of Qualitative Research |
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173 | (3) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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Data Collection Procedures |
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178 | (3) |
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Data Recording Procedures |
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181 | (2) |
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Data Analysis and Interpretation |
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183 | (7) |
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Reliability, Validity, and Generalizability |
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190 | (3) |
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193 | (8) |
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Example 9.1 Qualitative Procedures |
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194 | (7) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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10 Mixed Methods Procedures |
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203 | (24) |
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Components of Mixed Methods Procedures |
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203 | (1) |
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The Nature of Mixed Methods Research |
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204 | (2) |
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Types of Mixed Methods Strategies and Visual Models |
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206 | (11) |
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Planning Mixed Methods Procedures |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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Theorizing or Transforming Perspectives |
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208 | (1) |
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Alternative Strategies and Visual Models |
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208 | (3) |
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Sequential Explanatory Strategy |
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211 | (1) |
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Sequential Exploratory Strategy |
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211 | (1) |
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Sequential Transformative Strategy |
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212 | (1) |
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Concurrent Triangulation Strategy |
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213 | (1) |
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Concurrent Embedded Strategy |
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214 | (1) |
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Concurrent Transformative Strategy |
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215 | (1) |
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Choosing a Mixed Methods Strategy |
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216 | (1) |
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Data Collection Procedures |
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217 | (1) |
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Data Analysis and Validation Procedures |
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218 | (2) |
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Report Presentation Structure |
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220 | (1) |
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Examples of Mixed Methods Procedures |
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220 | (4) |
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Example 10.1 A Sequential Strategy of Inquiry |
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221 | (1) |
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Example 10.2 A Concurrent Strategy of Inquiry |
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221 | (2) |
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Example 10.3 A Transformative Strategy of Inquiry |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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|
225 | (2) |
Glossary |
|
227 | (10) |
References |
|
237 | (10) |
Author Index |
|
247 | (4) |
Subject Index |
|
251 | |