How to use this book |
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How to use the Online Resource Centre |
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xvi | |
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1 Visualizing and presenting data |
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1 | (57) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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1.1 The different types of data variable |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (18) |
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1.2.1 What a table looks like |
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4 | (2) |
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1.2.2 Creating a frequency distribution |
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6 | (4) |
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10 | (1) |
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1.2.4 Creating a table using Excel PivotTable |
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11 | (10) |
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1.2.5 Principles of table construction |
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21 | (1) |
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1.3 Graphical representation of data |
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21 | (37) |
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22 | (5) |
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27 | (4) |
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31 | (9) |
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1.3.4 Histograms with unequal class intervals |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (5) |
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1.3.6 Scatter and time series plots |
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47 | (4) |
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1.3.7 Superimposing two sets of data onto one graph |
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51 | (3) |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (49) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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2.1 Measures of central tendency |
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59 | (21) |
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2.1.1 Mean, median, and mode |
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59 | (4) |
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2.1.2 Percentiles and quartiles |
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63 | (4) |
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2.1.3 Averages from frequency distributions |
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67 | (10) |
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77 | (3) |
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2.2 Measures of dispersion |
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80 | (14) |
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82 | (1) |
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2.2.2 The interquartile range and semi-interquartile range (SIQR) |
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82 | (1) |
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2.2.3 The standard deviation and variance |
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83 | (5) |
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2.2.4 The coefficient of variation |
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88 | (1) |
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2.2.5 Measures of skewness and kurtosis |
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89 | (5) |
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2.3 Exploratory data analysis |
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94 | (13) |
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2.3.1 Five-number summary |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (4) |
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2.3.3 Using the Excel ToolPak add-in |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (2) |
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3 Introduction to probability |
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107 | (28) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (3) |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (1) |
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3.5 The general addition law |
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115 | (2) |
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3.6 Conditional probability |
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117 | (3) |
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3.7 Statistical independence |
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120 | (3) |
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3.8 Probability tree diagrams |
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123 | (1) |
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3.9 Introduction to probability distributions |
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124 | (3) |
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3.10 Expectation and variance for a probability distribution |
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127 | (8) |
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131 | (2) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (2) |
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4 Probability distributions |
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135 | (50) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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4.1 Continuous probability distributions |
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136 | (19) |
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136 | (1) |
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4.1.2 The normal distribution |
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136 | (4) |
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4.1.3 The standard normal distribution (Z distribution) |
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140 | (9) |
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4.1.4 Checking for normality |
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149 | (4) |
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4.1.5 Other continuous probability distributions |
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153 | (1) |
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4.1.6 Probability density function and cumulative distribution function |
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154 | (1) |
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4.2 Discrete probability distributions |
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155 | (30) |
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155 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Binomial probability distribution |
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155 | (10) |
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4.2.3 Poisson probability distribution |
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165 | (8) |
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4.2.4 Poisson approximation to the binomial distribution |
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173 | (2) |
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4.2.5 Normal approximation to the binomial distribution |
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175 | (5) |
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4.2.6 Normal approximation to the Poisson distribution |
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180 | (2) |
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4.2.7 Other discrete probability distributions |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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5 Sampling distributions and estimating |
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185 | (58) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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5.1 Introduction to the concept of a sample |
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186 | (7) |
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186 | (1) |
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5.1.2 Sampling terminology |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (4) |
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192 | (1) |
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5.2 Sampling from a population |
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193 | (24) |
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193 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Population versus sample |
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194 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Sampling distributions |
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194 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Sampling distribution of the mean |
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194 | (4) |
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5.2.5 Sampling from a normal population |
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198 | (6) |
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5.2.6 Sampling from a non-normal population |
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204 | (6) |
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5.2.7 Sampling distribution of the proportion |
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210 | (2) |
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5.2.8 Using Excel to generate a sample from a sampling probability distribution |
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212 | (5) |
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5.3 Population point estimates |
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217 | (8) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Criteria of a good estimator |
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218 | (1) |
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5.3.4 Point estimate of the population mean and variance |
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218 | (4) |
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5.3.5 Point estimate for the population proportion and variance |
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222 | (2) |
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224 | (1) |
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5.4 Population confidence intervals |
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225 | (12) |
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225 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Confidence interval estimate of the population mean, μ (σknown) |
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226 | (2) |
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5.4.3 Confidence interval estimate of the population mean, μ (σunknown, n < 30) |
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228 | (4) |
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5.4.4 Confidence interval estimate of the population mean, μ (σtunknown, n ≥ 30) |
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232 | (3) |
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5.4.5 Confidence interval estimate of a population proportion |
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235 | (2) |
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5.5 Calculating sample size |
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237 | (6) |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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6 Introduction to parametric hypothesis testing |
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243 | (53) |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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6.1 Hypothesis testing rationale |
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244 | (9) |
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6.1.1 Hypothesis statements H0 and H1 |
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244 | (2) |
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6.1.2 Parametric versus non-parametric tests of difference |
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246 | (1) |
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6.1.3 One and two sample tests |
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246 | (1) |
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6.1.4 Choosing an appropriate statisitcal test |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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6.1.6 Sampling distributions |
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248 | (1) |
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6.1.7 One and two tail tests |
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249 | (1) |
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6.1.8 Check t-test model assumptions |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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6.1.11 Critical test statistic |
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252 | (1) |
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6.2 One sample z-test for the population mean |
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253 | (4) |
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6.3 One sample t-test for the population mean |
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257 | (4) |
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6.4 Two sample z-test for the population mean |
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261 | (5) |
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6.5 Two sample z-test for the population proportion |
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266 | (3) |
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6.6 Two sample t-test for population mean (independent samples, equal variances) |
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269 | (5) |
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6.7 Two sample tests for population mean (independent samples, unequal variances) |
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274 | (5) |
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6.7.1 Two sample tests for independent samples (unequal variances) |
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274 | (5) |
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6.7.2 Equivalent non-parametric test: Mann-Whitney U test |
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279 | (1) |
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6.8 Two sample tests for population mean (dependent or paired samples) |
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279 | (6) |
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6.8.1 Two sample tests for dependent samples |
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279 | (4) |
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6.8.2 Equivalent non-parametric test: Wilcoxon matched pairs test |
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283 | (2) |
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6.9 F test for two population variances (variance ratio test) |
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285 | (5) |
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6.10 Calculating the size of the type II error and the statistical power |
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290 | (6) |
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292 | (2) |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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7 Chi-square and non-parametric hypothesis testing |
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296 | (47) |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (21) |
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7.1.1 Chi-square test of association |
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298 | (5) |
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7.1.2 Chi-square test for independent samples |
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303 | (4) |
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7.1.3 McNemar's test for matched (or dependent) pairs |
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307 | (5) |
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7.1.4 Chi-square goodness-of-fit test |
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312 | (6) |
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7.2 Non-parametric (or distribution-free) tests |
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318 | (25) |
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318 | (6) |
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7.2.2 Wilcoxon signed rank sum test for dependent samples (or matched pairs) |
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324 | (7) |
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7.2.3 Mann-Whitney U test for two independent samples |
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331 | (7) |
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338 | (2) |
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340 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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341 | (2) |
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8 Linear correlation and regression analysis |
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343 | (63) |
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343 | (1) |
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343 | (1) |
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8.1 Linear correlation analysis |
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344 | (18) |
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344 | (3) |
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347 | (1) |
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8.1.3 Pearson's correlation coefficient, r |
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348 | (5) |
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8.1.4 Testing the significance of linear correlation between the two variables |
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353 | (3) |
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8.1.5 Spearman's rank correlation coefficient |
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356 | (2) |
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8.1.6 Testing the significance of Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, rs |
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358 | (4) |
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8.2 Linear regression analysis |
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362 | (28) |
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8.2.1 Construct scatter plot to identify model |
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364 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Fit line to sample data |
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364 | (5) |
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8.2.3 Sum of squares defined |
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369 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Regression assumptions |
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370 | (2) |
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8.2.5 Test model reliability |
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372 | (2) |
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8.2.6 The use of t-test to test whether the predictor variable is a significant contributor |
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374 | (4) |
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8.2.7 The use of F test to test whether the predictor variable is a significant contributor |
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378 | (4) |
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8.2.8 Confidence interval estimate for slope β1 |
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382 | (1) |
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8.2.9 Prediction interval for an estimate of Y |
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383 | (2) |
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8.2.10 Excel data analysis regression solution |
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385 | (5) |
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8.3 Some advanced topics in regression analysis |
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390 | (16) |
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8.3.1 Introduction to non-linear regression |
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390 | (7) |
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8.3.2 Introduction to multiple regression analysis |
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397 | (4) |
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401 | (3) |
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404 | (1) |
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405 | (1) |
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405 | (1) |
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9 Time series data and analysis |
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406 | (62) |
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406 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
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9.1 Introduction to time series data |
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407 | (4) |
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9.1.1 Stationary and non-stationary time series |
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407 | (2) |
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9.1.2 Seasonal time series |
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409 | (1) |
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9.1.3 Univariate and multivariate methods |
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409 | (1) |
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9.1.4 Scaling the time series |
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410 | (1) |
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411 | (8) |
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412 | (3) |
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415 | (1) |
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416 | (3) |
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419 | (11) |
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420 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Fitting a trend to a time series |
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420 | (3) |
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423 | (1) |
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9.3.4 Using a trend chart function to forecast time series |
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424 | (2) |
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9.3.5 Trend parameters and calculations |
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426 | (4) |
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9.4 Moving averages and time series smoothing |
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430 | (15) |
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9.4.1 Forecasting with moving averages |
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431 | (5) |
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9.4.2 Exponential smoothing concept |
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436 | (2) |
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9.4.3 Forecasting with exponential smoothing |
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438 | (7) |
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9.5 Forecasting seasonal series with exponential smoothing |
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445 | (5) |
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450 | (8) |
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450 | (3) |
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453 | (2) |
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9.6.3 Interpreting errors |
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455 | (1) |
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456 | (2) |
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458 | (10) |
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9.7.1 Population and sample standard errors |
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458 | (1) |
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9.7.2 Standard errors in time series |
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459 | (4) |
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463 | (2) |
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465 | (1) |
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466 | (1) |
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466 | (2) |
Glossary |
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468 | (9) |
Index |
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477 | |