This Handbook is the first global comparative volume that examines the use of AI and digital technologies in courts. With contributions from over seventy academics, judges, and other professionals from over twenty-five countries, it provides an interdisciplinary and cross-jurisdictional perspective on how judicial institutions are responding to the opportunities and risks posed by AI. Covering judicial use of AI across domestic and regional jurisdictions in Europe, North and South America, Asia-Pacific and Africa, this Handbook begins with the premise that introducing AI into courts is not merely a technical upgrade but a constitutional reckoning and fresh call for judicial accountability. Each chapter examines not just what AI can do for courts, but what courts must do to ensure that AI tools enhance, rather than erode judicial values, justice and the rule of law.
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A global interdisciplinary Handbook examining how courts are using AI, balancing efficiency with protecting justice and the rule of law.
Foreword;
1. AI in Courtrooms Across the Globe Part I. Courts and AI:
Context and Normative Positions;
2. AI and Courts: Challenges and
Opportunities
3. The History and Developments of AI in Courts: A Legal
Informatics Perspective;
4. Judging and Limits on Legal Automation;
5. Chief
Justice Robots;
6. The Rule of AI and the Rule of Law;
7. Artificial
Intelligence in the Judiciary: A Threat to the Rule of Law?;
8. Anticipatory
Governance and AI in Courts; Part II. Courts and AI: Disciplinary
Perspectives;
9. The Internalisation and Externalisation of Judicial
Functions in the Age of AI;
10. AI Generated Evidence Used in European
Criminal Courtrooms;
11. Courts and AI: An Administrative Law Perspective;
12. Criminal Courts and AI: On the Role and Use of Algorithms at Sentencing;
13. AI in Criminal Justice: Against the Trade Secret Privilege;
14. Public
Perceptions of Judicial Use of AI: A Legal and Psychological Perspective;
Part III. AI and Tech Challenges to Judicial Values;
15. AI and Judicial
Transparency;
16. Judicial Independence: Impact of AI on Courts;
17. Judicial
Impartiality: AI in Courts;
18. Procedural Fairness, AI and Courts;
19. AI
and the Judicial Duty to State Reasons;
20. Balancing Legal Certainty and
Judicial Discretion in AI-Assisted Adjudication;
21. AI and the Efficiency of
Courts;
22. AI, Judicial Diversity, and Representativeness;
23. Judicial
Competence and AI;
24. AI and Judicial Accountability; Part IV. AI in Courts
Across the Globe: Jurisdictional Perspectives; International and Regional
Jurisdictions;
25. AI and Courts: An International Human Rights Perspective;
26. AI at the European Court of Human Rights;
27. The Right to a Fair Trial &
the 'AI-Equipped-Judges' of the Future;
28. EU AI Act and Courts;
29. AI
Literacy and the Judiciary under the EU AI Act; AI and Courts in Europe;
30.
Generative AI and Courts in the UK: A Candle in a Hurricane;
31. AI and the
Courts in Germany;
32. Digital Justice in Estonia;
33. AI in Courts in
Eastern Europe: Lithuania & Poland;
34. AI and Courts in Central Europe:
Croatia and Slovenia;
35. AI and Courts in Spain;
36. Courts and the Use of
Technologies and Artificial Intelligence in Türkiye; AI and Courts in the
Americas;
37. Generative AI and Courts in the United States;
38. The
Regulation of Judicial Use of Artificial Intelligence in Colombia from the
Perspective of Legal Field Theory;
39. Courting AI: How Brazilian Courts are
Using AI; AI and Courts in Other Parts of the World;
40. Application of
Technologies and AI in the Nigerian Court System: Challenges and Prospects;
41. AI and India's Judicial System: Lessons from POCSO;
42. Algorithmic
Justice: AI Sentencing Tools in Taiwan ;
43. AI and Courts in Japan;
44.
Courts and AI: A View from Australia and New Zealand;
45. The Future of
Courts and AI.
Monika Zalnieriute's is a co-editor of Money, Power and AI (2023) and The Cambridge Handbook of Facial Recognition in the Modern State (2024). Her research has influenced policy in international organisations such as the Council of Europe, World Bank, European Parliament and WHO, is translated into Mandarin, Russian and German, and has appeared in BBC and The Guardian. Agne Limante is a scholar at the Lithuanian Centre for Social Sciences. She specialises in human rights and emerging technologies. With over fifty publications and extensive editorial experience, since 2025, Agne has been serving at the European AI Office, where she contributes to shaping AI regulation and policy.
