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xxiii | |
Preface |
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xxvii | |
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PART I VACATING COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION AWARDS |
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1 Introduction: Intersection of Courts and Arbitration |
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3 | (9) |
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1 Jurisdiction of Arbitral Panels and Judicial Intervention |
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4 | (2) |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2 Principle of Separability and Kompetenz-Kompetenz |
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5 | (1) |
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1.3 Judicial Intervention |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (2) |
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2.1 Roles of Courts and Governments |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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2.3 Misconduct during Arbitral Proceedings |
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6 | (1) |
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2.4 Role of Public Policy: Due Process |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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2.6 Enforcement of Arbitral Awards |
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7 | (1) |
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2.7 Industry-Specific Arbitration |
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7 | (1) |
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2.8 Drafting and Interpretation of Arbitration Clauses |
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7 | (1) |
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2.9 Comparative Analysis: Country Reports |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (4) |
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2 Independence and Impartiality of Arbitrators |
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12 | (17) |
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12 | (1) |
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2 Independence and Impartiality |
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13 | (5) |
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13 | (3) |
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16 | (1) |
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2.3 Reflections from Legal Theory |
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17 | (1) |
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3 National Arbitration Laws and Rules |
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18 | (3) |
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3.1 National Arbitration Laws |
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18 | (1) |
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3.2 ICSID Convention and Rules |
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19 | (1) |
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3.3 UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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4 Standards for Assessing Independence and Impartiality |
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21 | (1) |
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5 Complementary Element: Duty of Disclosure |
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22 | (1) |
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6 Efforts to Systematize Regulations |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (4) |
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7.1 Scope of Possible Relationships |
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25 | (2) |
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27 | (1) |
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8 Criteria to Challenge an Arbitrator |
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28 | (1) |
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3 Exploring the Parameters of Conflicts of Interest |
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29 | (25) |
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29 | (6) |
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29 | (1) |
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1.2 Soft Law to Regulate Independence and Impartiality |
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30 | (2) |
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1.3 Disclosures under the IBA Guidelines and Consequences of Breach of Duty to Disclose |
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32 | (3) |
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2 English Courts' Perspective |
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35 | (10) |
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3 French Courts' Perspective |
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45 | (4) |
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4 Duty of Disclosure for Third-Party Funding |
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49 | (3) |
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52 | (2) |
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4 Procedural Irregularities and Arbitrator Misconduct during Proceedings |
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54 | (17) |
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54 | (1) |
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2 Procedural Irregularities and Arbitrator Misconduct: Remedies |
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54 | (6) |
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54 | (2) |
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2.2 ICC and LCIA Challenges against Arbitrators during the Proceedings |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Ex-Parte Communication |
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59 | (1) |
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2.2.4 Language of Animosity |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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3 Setting Aside and Preventing Enforcement |
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60 | (3) |
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3.1 Contracting Out of Challenging an Arbitral Award? |
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60 | (1) |
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3.2 Grounds for Setting Aside Awards and Resisting Enforcement under the New York Convention |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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3.4 Are the Differences in Grounds Important? |
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62 | (1) |
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4 Violation of Due Process |
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63 | (4) |
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4.1 Departure from Rule of Procedure |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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4.4 Occidental Case: Partial Annulment |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (4) |
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PART II ENFORCING COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION AWARDS |
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5 Arbitrator Independence in Three Dimensions: Inter-arbitration Association Conflict |
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71 | (13) |
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71 | (1) |
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2 Classical Two-Dimensional Framework for Conflicts of Interest |
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71 | (5) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (3) |
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76 | (5) |
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76 | (1) |
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3.2 Major Commodity Trading Associations |
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77 | (1) |
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3.3 Commodity Arbitrations Are Similar but Different |
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78 | (1) |
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3.3.1 Procedural Peculiarities |
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78 | (2) |
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3.3.2 Requirements for Arbitrators |
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80 | (1) |
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4 Conflicts between Rules |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (2) |
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6 Interdimensional Conflicts |
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83 | (1) |
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6 Requirements for the Enforceability of Arbitral Awards: A Comparative Overview |
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84 | (15) |
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84 | (2) |
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1.1 The Rationale for the Enforceability of Arbitral Awards and the Legal Challenges It Faces |
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84 | (1) |
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1.2 Relevant Legal Sources and Their Interaction |
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85 | (1) |
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1.3 Scope and the Outline of the Chapter |
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86 | (1) |
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2 Fundamental Approaches Underlying National Rules on Enforceability of Arbitral Awards |
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86 | (4) |
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86 | (1) |
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2.2 Arbitral Awards as Expressions of an Autonomous Legal Order |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (1) |
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3 Requirements for the Enforceability of Arbitral Awards in the Light of the Various Approaches to the Problem: Selected Aspects |
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90 | (4) |
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3.1 Need for Exequatur versus Direct Enforcement |
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90 | (2) |
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3.2 Enforceability versus Non-enforceability of Foreign Annulled Awards |
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92 | (1) |
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3.3 Domestic versus International or Transnational Public Policy |
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93 | (1) |
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4 Conclusion: A Perennial Problem? |
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94 | (5) |
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PART III SCOPE AND INTERPRETATION OF ARBITRATION CLAUSES |
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7 (udicial Interpretation of Standard Clauses |
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99 | (20) |
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99 | (2) |
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2 Overview of Standard Clauses |
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101 | (3) |
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3 Interpreting Standard Clauses |
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104 | (1) |
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4 Comparative Analysis of Court Interpretations of Standard Clauses |
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105 | (12) |
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4.1 Interpretation of Standard Arbitration Clauses in France |
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105 | (2) |
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4.2 Interpretation of Standard Arbitration Clauses in the United States |
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107 | (3) |
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4.3 Interpretation of Standard Arbitration Clauses in Hong Kong, SAR and China |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (4) |
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4.3.3 Interpretation of Standard Arbitration Clauses in Argentina |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (2) |
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8 Industry-Specific Clauses and Their Interpretation |
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119 | (11) |
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Alexandra-Luiza Ionescu (Mares) |
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119 | (3) |
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1.1 Dispute Resolution in the Energy Sector |
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119 | (1) |
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1.2 Governing Law and Dispute Resolution Clauses |
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120 | (1) |
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1.2.1 Governing Law Clause |
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120 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Dispute Resolution Clause |
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121 | (1) |
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2 Arbitration in the Energy Sector: Overview |
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122 | (3) |
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122 | (1) |
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2.2 Type of Arbitration: Ad Hoc versus Institutional |
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122 | (1) |
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2.3 Drafting a Suitable Arbitration Agreement |
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123 | (1) |
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2.3.1 Scope of Express Agreement to Arbitrate |
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123 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Seat of Arbitration |
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124 | (1) |
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2.3.3 Language of the Arbitration |
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124 | (1) |
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2.3.4 Composition of Arbitration |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (2) |
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3.1 How Pathological Can an Arbitration Clause Be? |
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125 | (1) |
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3.2 SIAC's Insigma v. Alstom |
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125 | (2) |
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4 Mediation Clauses in Energy Contracts |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (1) |
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9 Drafting, Interpretation, and Enforcement of Commercial Arbitration Clauses: A Practitioner's Perspective |
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130 | (21) |
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130 | (1) |
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2 Drafting an Arbitration Agreement |
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131 | (8) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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2.2.1 New York Convention |
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131 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Article II(i) of the New York Convention |
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132 | (1) |
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2.2.2.1 Agreement in Writing |
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132 | (1) |
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2.2.2.2 Existing or Future Disputes |
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133 | (1) |
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2.2.2.3 Defined Legal Relationship |
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133 | (1) |
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2.2.2.4 Subject Matter Capable of Settlement by Arbitration |
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133 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Article V(i)(a) of the New York Convention |
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134 | (1) |
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2.2.3.1 Parties' Legal Capacity |
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134 | (1) |
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2.2.3.2 Validity of the Arbitration Agreement |
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134 | (1) |
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2.3 Practical Requirements |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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2.3.1.1 Express Reference to Arbitration |
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135 | (1) |
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2.3.1.2 Seat of Arbitration |
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135 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Recommended Elements |
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136 | (1) |
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2.3.2.1 Number of Arbitrators |
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136 | (1) |
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2.3.2.2 Institutional versus Ad Hoc Arbitration |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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2.3.2.5 Exclusion of a Court Remedy |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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2.3.3.1 Appointment of Arbitrators |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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3 Interpreting an Arbitration Agreement |
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139 | (4) |
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3.1 Existence, Validity and Scope of the Arbitration Agreement |
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139 | (2) |
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3.2 The Role of the Arbitrator |
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141 | (1) |
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3.2.1 Exclusivity of Arbitration Agreements |
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141 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Competence-Competence |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (1) |
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4 Enforcement of an Arbitration Agreement |
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143 | (4) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (4) |
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PART IV JUDICIAL CONTROL OF ARBITRAL AWARDS: COUNTRY REPORTS |
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10 Judicial Control of Arbitral Awards in Argentina |
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151 | (24) |
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151 | (1) |
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2 Background on Argentinean Arbitration Law |
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152 | (2) |
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2.1 Evolution of Argentinean Law of Arbitration |
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152 | (1) |
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2.2 Judicial and Governmental Attitudes towards Arbitration |
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153 | (1) |
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2.3 Arbitration-Related International Treaties Ratified by Argentina |
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154 | (1) |
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2.4 Recent Reforms to Argentinean Arbitration Law |
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154 | (1) |
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3 Impact of Recent Reforms |
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154 | (3) |
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3.1 2015 Reform: Modernisation of the Rules of Arbitration |
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154 | (1) |
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3.2 2018 Reform: New Federal Law on International Arbitration |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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3.2.2 ALIA and Judicial Control of Arbitration |
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156 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Principles of Courts' Minimal Intervention under ALIA |
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157 | (1) |
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4 Judicial Control of Arbitration Agreement and Arbitral Proceedings |
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157 | (6) |
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4.1 Interpretation of Arbitration Agreements |
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158 | (2) |
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4.2 Arbitrator Disqualification: Conflict of Interest |
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160 | (1) |
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4.3 Anti-arbitration Injunctions |
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161 | (1) |
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4.3.1 Court's Order to Stay the Arbitral Proceedings while the Court Deals with the Terms of Reference |
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162 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Court's Order to Stay the Arbitral Proceedings while the Court Deals with the Challenge of an Arbitrator |
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163 | (1) |
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5 Judicial Control of Arbitral Awards |
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163 | (10) |
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5.1 Annulment of Arbitral Awards Rendered in Argentina |
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164 | (1) |
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5.1.1 General Grounds for Annulment |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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5.1.3 Public Policy Violation |
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165 | (1) |
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5.1.3.1 Definition of Public Policy |
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165 | (1) |
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5.1.3.2 Assimilation of the Doctrine of Arbitrary Judgment |
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166 | (1) |
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5.1.3.3 The Cartellone Case |
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167 | (1) |
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5.1.3.4 Case Law Inspired by the Cartellone Case |
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168 | (1) |
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5.1.3.5 Supreme Court's Restrictive View of the Grounds for Annulment of Awards |
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169 | (2) |
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5.1.3.6 Future of the Doctrine of Arbitrary Judgments in International Cases |
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171 | (1) |
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5.2 Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards |
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172 | (1) |
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6 Attractiveness of a Country as Arbitration Venue |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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11 Judicial Control of Arbitral Awards in Australia |
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175 | (23) |
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175 | (3) |
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178 | (2) |
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180 | (1) |
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4 Procedural Inegularities and Arbitrator Misconduct during Proceedings |
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180 | (3) |
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4.1 Evidence and Hearings |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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5 Objective Arbitrability |
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183 | (7) |
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5.1 Competition Law Issues |
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184 | (1) |
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5.2 Consumer Transactions |
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185 | (1) |
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5.2.1 Misleading and Deceptive Conduct |
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186 | (2) |
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5.2.2 Consumer Guarantees |
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188 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Unfair Contract Terms |
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188 | (1) |
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5.3 Other Arbitrability Issues |
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189 | (1) |
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5.4 Statutory Limitations on Objective Arbitrability |
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190 | (1) |
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6 Subjective Arbitrability: Judicial Interpretation of Arbitration Clauses |
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190 | (3) |
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7 Requirements for Enforcing Awards: Public Policy as a Ground for Refusal |
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193 | (4) |
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197 | (1) |
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12 Judicial Control of Arbitral Awards in Bulgaria |
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198 | (12) |
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198 | (6) |
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199 | (1) |
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1.2 International Conventions Concluded by Bulgaria |
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199 | (1) |
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1.3 ICAA Scope and Structure |
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200 | (1) |
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1.4 Arbitrability under Bulgarian Law |
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200 | (1) |
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1.5 Arbitration Agreement |
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201 | (1) |
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1.6 Mandatory Principles Applicable to the Arbitral Proceedings |
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202 | (1) |
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1.7 Intervention by State Courts |
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203 | (1) |
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1.8 Local Arbitration Institutions |
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203 | (1) |
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1.9 Trends or Statistics Relating to Arbitration |
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204 | (1) |
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2 Developments with Respect to the Scope of Arbitration in Bulgaria |
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204 | (3) |
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2.1 Non-arbitrability of Consumer Disputes |
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205 | (1) |
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2.2 Adaptation of Contracts |
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206 | (1) |
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3 Public Policy and Set Aside of Awards |
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207 | (1) |
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4 Other Recent Amendments in Relation to Arbitration |
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208 | (1) |
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4.1 Control of Arbitral Institutions |
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208 | (1) |
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4.2 Conditions and Qualifications for Arbitrators |
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208 | (1) |
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4.3 Obligation to Ensure Online Access to the Case File |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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13 Judicial Control of Arbitral Awards in Mainland China |
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210 | (16) |
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210 | (1) |
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2 Statutory Framework of Chinese Arbitration |
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210 | (2) |
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2.1 Dual-Track System and Its Legal Basis |
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210 | (1) |
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2.2 Institutional and Ad Hoc Arbitration |
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211 | (1) |
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2.3 Prior Reporting System |
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211 | (1) |
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3 Empirical Study on Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards |
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212 | (5) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (3) |
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4 Case Analysis of Nonenforcement in Chinese Judicial Practice |
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217 | (8) |
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4.1 Validity of Arbitral Agreement |
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217 | (2) |
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4.2 Denial of Opportunity to Present Case |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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4.4 Defects in the Composition or Authority of Arbitral Tribunal |
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221 | (1) |
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4.5 Defects on the Binding Force of Arbitral Award |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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4.7 Public Policy Exception |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (1) |
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14 Certain Aspects of Judicial Control of Arbitral Awards in France |
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226 | (17) |
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1 History and French Arbitration Law |
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226 | (2) |
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228 | (3) |
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231 | (4) |
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235 | (7) |
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236 | (2) |
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238 | (1) |
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4.3 Grounds for Setting Aside Awards |
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239 | (1) |
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4.3.1 Arbitral Tribunal Was Improperly Constituted |
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240 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Arbitral Tribunal Ruling Did Not Comply with Conferred Mission |
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240 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Violation of Principle of Due Process |
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241 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Enforcement of Award Contrary to International Public Policy |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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15 Commercial Arbitration in Germany |
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243 | (14) |
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243 | (1) |
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2 Arbitrator's Independence and Impartiality |
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244 | (7) |
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2.1 General Considerations |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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2.1.3 General Requirements |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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2.1.3.2 Objective Threshold for Challenges |
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246 | (1) |
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2.1.3.3 IBA Rules on Conflicts of Interest |
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246 | (1) |
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2.1.4 2018 DIS Arbitration Rules: Impartiality and Independence |
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246 | (1) |
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2.2 Application of Standards to Determine Arbitrator's Bias |
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246 | (1) |
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2.2.1 Challenges Due to Prior Statements or Opinions |
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247 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Arbitrator's Conduct in Promotion of Settlements and Preliminary Assessments |
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248 | (1) |
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2.3 Consequences of a Lack of Impartiality or Independence |
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249 | (2) |
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3 Arbitrability and Enforceability |
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251 | (4) |
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3.1 Scope and Judicial Interpretation of Arbitration Agreements |
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251 | (2) |
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3.2 Arbitrability and Enforceability |
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253 | (2) |
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255 | (2) |
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16 Judicial Control of Arbitral Awards in Italy |
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257 | (18) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (4) |
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261 | (2) |
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4 The Scope of Arbitration |
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263 | (2) |
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5 Vacating Arbitral Awards |
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265 | (6) |
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6 Enforcement of Arbitral Awards |
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271 | (3) |
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274 | (1) |
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17 Judicial Control of Arbitral Awards in Nigeria |
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275 | (17) |
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275 | (2) |
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2 Role of Court before Commencement of Arbitration |
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277 | (3) |
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2.1 Arbitration Agreement |
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277 | (1) |
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2.1.1 Doctrine of Separability |
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277 | (1) |
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2.1.2 Arbitrability and Public Policy |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (2) |
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3 Role of Judiciary during Arbitration |
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280 | (2) |
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3.1 Procedural Irregularities and Arbitrator Misconduct during the Proceedings |
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280 | (1) |
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3.2 Determining Arbitrator Bias and Parameters of Conflict of Interest |
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281 | (1) |
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4 Role of Court after Arbitration: Recognition of Awards and Requirements for Enforceability |
|
|
282 | (9) |
|
4.1 Grounds for Refusal to Enforce |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
4.2 Enforcement of Domestic Arbitral Awards |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
4.3 Enforcement of International Awards |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
4.3.1 Setting Aside of Award |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
4.3.3 Grounds to Set Aside Award |
|
|
286 | (2) |
|
4.3.4 Setting Aside an International Arbitral Award |
|
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288 | (1) |
|
4.3.5 Public Policy Cround |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
4.4 How Far Can the Court Intervene? |
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289 | (2) |
|
4.5 Delay to Decide Annulment |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
18 Judicial Control of Arbitral Awards in Poland |
|
|
292 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
2 Arbitrability of Disputes |
|
|
292 | (2) |
|
2.1 Equality of the Parties to an Arbitration Agreement |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
2.2 Law Applicable to an Arbitration Agreement |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
3 Nature and Formal Requirements of an Arbitration Agreement |
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|
294 | (3) |
|
3.1 Legal Nature of the Arbitration Agreement |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
3.2 Content of Arbitration Agreement |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
3.3 Arbitration Agreement and Third Parties |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
3.4 Legal Effects of an Arbitration Agreement |
|
|
296 | (1) |
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|
297 | (4) |
|
4.1 Substantive Law Governing the Merits of the Dispute |
|
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297 | (1) |
|
4.2 Selection of Arbitrators and the Composition of the Arbitral Tribunal |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
4.3 Impartiality of Arbitrators |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
4.4 Proceedings before the Arbitral Tribunal |
|
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299 | (1) |
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|
300 | (1) |
|
4.6 Requirements of Enforceability of Arbitral Awards |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
5 Setting Aside an Arbitral Award |
|
|
301 | (4) |
|
5.1 Limits of Judicial Review of Arbitral Awards |
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|
303 | (1) |
|
5.2 Substantive Violations of Public Policy |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
5.3 Procedural Violations of Public Policy |
|
|
305 | (1) |
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|
305 | (1) |
|
19 Judicial Control of Arbitral Awards in Russia |
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306 | (14) |
|
|
1 Introduction: Structure of Arbitration Law in Russia |
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306 | (1) |
|
2 State Courts and Arbitration: Issues of Assistance and Control |
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307 | (3) |
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308 | (1) |
|
2.2 Competence-Competence Principle |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
2.3 Courts' Referring Parties to Arbitration |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
310 | (2) |
|
4 Vacating Arbitral Awards Issued in Russia |
|
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312 | (2) |
|
4.1 Refusal from Challenging the Award |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
4.2 Grounds for Vacation of Arbitral Awards |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
5 Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards |
|
|
314 | (5) |
|
5.1 Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards and Grounds for Refusal |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
5.2 Public Policy Exception |
|
|
315 | (4) |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
20 Judicial Control of Arbitral Awards in Spain |
|
|
320 | (16) |
|
Teresa Rodriguez de Ias Heras Ballell |
|
|
1 Spanish Arbitration Act in Context |
|
|
320 | (4) |
|
1.1 Evolution and Main Features |
|
|
320 | (2) |
|
1.2 Numbers and Statistics: Arbitration in Spain |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
1.3 Essence of Arbitration: Constitutionality and Sphere of Arbitrability |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
2 Annulment of Arbitral Awards: Perimeter and Grounds |
|
|
324 | (7) |
|
2.1 Grounds for Setting Aside Arbitral Awards |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
2.2 Interpretation and Application by Courts |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
2.2.1 Arbitration Agreement |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
2.2.1.1 Existence of a Clear, Unequivocal, and Observable Consent |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
2.2.1.2 Validity of Hybrid Clauses |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
2.2.1.3 Rules of Interpretation and the Scope of the Arbitration Agreement |
|
|
327 | (2) |
|
2.2.2 Impartiality and Independence of Arbitrators |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
2.2.3 Procedural Irregularities |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
2.3 Waiver of the Action for Setting Aside the Arbitral Award |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
3 Public Policy as Grounds for Setting Aside: Use and Abuse |
|
|
331 | (2) |
|
3.1 Concept and Scope of Public Policy: Exception in Arbitration |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
3.2 Notion of "Economic Public Policy" as an Inflexion Point: Extent, Relevance, and Prospects |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
4 Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
5 Assessment and Expectations |
|
|
334 | (2) |
|
21 Judicial Control of Arbitral Awards in Switzerland |
|
|
336 | (16) |
|
|
1 General Comments on International Arbitration Law in Switzerland |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
2 Judicial Interpretation of Scope of Arbitration Clauses |
|
|
337 | (4) |
|
3 Requirements for Enforceability of Awards |
|
|
341 | (2) |
|
|
343 | (2) |
|
5 Procedural Irregularities and Arbitrators' Misconduct during Proceedings |
|
|
345 | (3) |
|
6 Anti-arbitration Law and Public Policy |
|
|
348 | (3) |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
22 Judicial Control of Arbitral Awards in Ukraine |
|
|
352 | (21) |
|
|
|
|
352 | (2) |
|
2 Grounds for Vacating Arbitral Awards Due to Arbitrator Bias |
|
|
354 | (2) |
|
3 Impartiality and Conflict of Interest |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
4 Procedural Irregularities and Misconduct during Proceedings |
|
|
357 | (4) |
|
5 Anti-arbitration Law and Public Policy |
|
|
361 | (3) |
|
6 Requirements for Enforcing Foreign Arbitral Awards |
|
|
364 | (5) |
|
7 Interpretation of Arbitration Clauses by Courts |
|
|
369 | (2) |
|
|
371 | (2) |
|
23 Judicial Control of Arbitral Awards in the United Kingdom |
|
|
373 | (24) |
|
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
2 Vacating Commercial Arbitration Awards |
|
|
373 | (8) |
|
2.1 Independence and Impartiality of International Arbitrators |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
2.2 Parameters of Conflict of Interest |
|
|
374 | (2) |
|
2.3 Procedural Irregularity and Misconduct of Arbitrators during Proceedings |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
2.3.1 Appeal on a Point of Law |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
2.3.2 Substantive Jurisdiction |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
2.3.3 Serious Irregularity |
|
|
378 | (3) |
|
3 Enforcing Commercial Arbitration Awards |
|
|
381 | (13) |
|
3.1 Anti-arbitration Law and Public Policy |
|
|
381 | (4) |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
3.4 Requirements for Enforceability of Awards |
|
|
387 | (7) |
|
4 Judicial Interpretation of Commercial Arbitration Clauses |
|
|
394 | (3) |
|
24 Judicial Control of Arbitral Awards in the United States |
|
|
397 | (20) |
|
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
2 Principles of Separability and Kompetenz-Kompetenz in American Law |
|
|
398 | (2) |
|
3 Structure of Arbitration Law in the United States |
|
|
400 | (3) |
|
3.1 Federal Arbitration Act |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
3.2 Grounds for Vacating Arbitral Awards: A Comparative Analysis |
|
|
401 | (2) |
|
3.3 Grounds for Judicial Modification of Arbitral Awards |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
4 Recent Narrowing in Standing in Arbitration |
|
|
403 | (2) |
|
4.1 Class Action Arbitration |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
5 Scope of Arbitration's Jurisdiction |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
6 Enforcement and Vacation of Arbitral Awards |
|
|
406 | (5) |
|
6.1 Enforceability of Arbitral Awards |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
6.2 Nonstatutory Grounds for Vacation of Awards: "Manifest Disregard Doctrine" |
|
|
408 | (2) |
|
6.3 Public Policy Exception |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
7 Arbitrator Disqualification |
|
|
411 | (2) |
|
7.1 Impartiality and Conflict of Interest |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
7.2 Fair Hearing Requirement |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
7.3 Claims against Arbitral Institutions |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
413 | (4) |
|
PART V SUMMARY AND FINDINGS |
|
|
|
25 Divergence, Themes, and Trends in National Arbitration Laws |
|
|
417 | (26) |
|
|
|
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
2 Setting Aside and Enforceability of Arbitral Awards |
|
|
418 | (9) |
|
|
419 | (3) |
|
2.2 Setting Aside of Domestic and International Awards |
|
|
422 | (3) |
|
2.3 Enforcement and Recognition of Foreign Arbitral Awards |
|
|
425 | (2) |
|
3 Arbitrator Bias and Conflict of Interest |
|
|
427 | (4) |
|
|
427 | (2) |
|
|
429 | (2) |
|
|
431 | (3) |
|
5 Arbitration Clauses: Interpretation and Scope |
|
|
434 | (3) |
|
6 Anti-arbitration Policy |
|
|
437 | (4) |
|
|
441 | (2) |
|
26 The Shared Control of Arbitral Awards |
|
|
443 | |
|
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
443 | (3) |
|
2.1 Limitations of Post-award Review |
|
|
443 | (3) |
|
2.2 Expansions of Post-award Review |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
|
446 | (3) |
|
3.1 No Deference to Arbitral Determinations |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
3.2 Deference to Arbitral Determinations |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
3.3 Intermediary Positions |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
449 | (2) |
|
4.1 Deference to Determinations Made by Arbitral Institutions |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
4.2 No Deference to Determinations Made by Arbitral Institutions |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
451 | (4) |
|
5.1 Deference to Negative Decisions of Courts at the Seat |
|
|
451 | (2) |
|
5.2 Deference to Positive Decisions of Courts at the Seat |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
5.3 Deference and the Need to Initiate Set-Aside Proceedings at the Seat |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
6 Courts at the Place of Enforcement |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
|
456 | |