|
|
xiii | |
Acknowledgements |
|
xv | |
|
|
xvii | |
Conventions used in transcription and glossing |
|
xviii | |
Conventions used to indicate source of data |
|
xviii | |
|
|
1 | (54) |
|
|
1 | (3) |
|
1.2 Previous work on Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
4 | (2) |
|
1.3 Overview of this volume |
|
|
6 | (5) |
|
1.4 An overview of the origins and structure of Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
11 | (10) |
|
1.4.1 The origins and use of Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
1.4.2 The structural sources of Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
1.4.2.1 The structure of Gurindji |
|
|
13 | (2) |
|
1.4.2.2 The structure of Kriol |
|
|
15 | (3) |
|
1.4.2.3 The structure of Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
18 | (3) |
|
1.5 The form and function of case morphology in Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
21 | (14) |
|
1.5.1 Ergative case suffix |
|
|
23 | (2) |
|
|
25 | (4) |
|
1.5.3 Locative case suffix |
|
|
29 | (2) |
|
1.5.4 Allative case suffix |
|
|
31 | (2) |
|
1.5.5 Ablative case suffix |
|
|
33 | (2) |
|
1.6 The classification of Gurindji Kriol as a mixed language |
|
|
35 | (11) |
|
1.6.1 Gurindji Kriol in relation to other mixed languages |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
1.6.1.1 Socio-historical origins and features of mixed languages |
|
|
36 | (3) |
|
1.6.1.2 Structural origins and features of mixed languages |
|
|
39 | (2) |
|
1.6.2 Gurindji Kriol: An autonomous language system or code-switching? |
|
|
41 | (5) |
|
1.7 Participants, data and methodology |
|
|
46 | (9) |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
1.7.2 Data and methodology |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
1.7.3 The Gurindji Kriol data |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
1.7.3.1 The Gurindji Kriol corpus |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
1.7.3.1.1 Conversation data |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
1.7.3.1.2 Picture-prompt narrative data |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
1.7.3.1.3 Peer clause elicitation |
|
|
51 | (4) |
|
Chapter 2 The socio-political origins and setting of Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
55 | (30) |
|
2.1 Situating Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
55 | (3) |
|
2.2 The language ecology of Kalkaringi |
|
|
58 | (12) |
|
|
59 | (4) |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
2.2.6 Language mixing in Kalkaringi |
|
|
67 | (3) |
|
2.3 A brief socio-political and linguistic history of the Gurindji people |
|
|
70 | (8) |
|
2.3.1 Pre-contact history and language use |
|
|
71 | (2) |
|
2.3.2 The European invasion |
|
|
73 | (5) |
|
2.4 The Gurindji people today |
|
|
78 | (1) |
|
2.5 The contribution of social factors to the formation of Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
79 | (4) |
|
|
83 | (2) |
|
Chapter 3 The effect of language contact on inflectional morphology |
|
|
85 | (24) |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
3.2 Borrowing and inflectional morphology |
|
|
86 | (6) |
|
3.2.1 What can be borrowed? Descriptive approaches |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
3.2.2 Explanatory models of borrowing: Structural constraints approaches |
|
|
87 | (2) |
|
3.2.3 Explanatory models of borrowing: Social factors affecting borrowing |
|
|
89 | (3) |
|
3.3 Code-switching and inflectional morphology |
|
|
92 | (3) |
|
3.4 Pidgins, Creoles and inflectional morphology |
|
|
95 | (4) |
|
3.5 Language obsolescence and inflectional morphology |
|
|
99 | (3) |
|
3.6 Mixed languages and inflectional morphology |
|
|
102 | (4) |
|
|
106 | (3) |
|
Chapter 4 Code-switching origins: The source of case-marking in Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
109 | (20) |
|
|
109 | (3) |
|
4.2 Code-switching as a predecessor to Gurindji Kriol in |
|
|
|
4.3 A descriptive overview of Gurindji-Kriol code-switching |
|
|
112 | (10) |
|
4.3.1 Identifying the matrix language |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
4.3.2 Gurindji case-marking in 1970s code-switching |
|
|
114 | (5) |
|
4.3.3 Gurindji case-marked nominals in modern code-switching data |
|
|
119 | (3) |
|
4.4 Motivations for Gurindji-Kriol code-switching patterns |
|
|
122 | (5) |
|
4.4.1 Gurindji-Kriol code-switching and constraints approaches |
|
|
123 | (2) |
|
4.4.2 Gurindji-Kriol code-switching and categorial congruence |
|
|
125 | (2) |
|
|
127 | (2) |
|
Chapter 5 The Transition from code-switching to a mixed language |
|
|
129 | (26) |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
5.2 The typology of code-switching and mixed languages |
|
|
130 | (12) |
|
5.2.1 Insertional and alternational strategies in Gurindji-Kriol code-switching |
|
|
131 | (4) |
|
5.2.2 Typological comparisons between code-switching and mixed languages |
|
|
135 | (2) |
|
5.2.3 Insertional and alternational patterns in Gurindji Kriol, the mixed language |
|
|
137 | (5) |
|
5.3 The transition from code-switching to mixed languages |
|
|
142 | (5) |
|
5.3.1 Transitional models of mixed language genesis |
|
|
142 | (3) |
|
5.3.2 Gurindji-Kriol mixing in the 1980s |
|
|
145 | (2) |
|
5.4 The predictability of code-switching and mixed languages |
|
|
147 | (3) |
|
5.5 Gurindji Kriol as the product of insertional and alternational code-switching |
|
|
150 | (2) |
|
|
152 | (3) |
|
Chapter 6 Attributive possessive constructions in Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
155 | (20) |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
6.2 An overview of possessive constructions in Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
156 | (2) |
|
6.3 Attributive possessive constructions in Gurindji Kriol's source languages |
|
|
158 | (5) |
|
|
158 | (3) |
|
|
161 | (2) |
|
6.4 Attributive possessive constructions and alienability in Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
163 | (10) |
|
6.4.1 The range of attributive possessive constructions |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
6.4.1.1 Prepositional constructions (E1) |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
6.4.1.2 NP-dat NP (A1) versus NP NP (B1) constructions |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
6.4.1.3 ProDy4rNP (A2) versus Pro4CCNP (B2) constructions |
|
|
166 | (2) |
|
6.4.2 Marking alienability in Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
168 | (3) |
|
6.4.3 Alienability and possession in other contact situations |
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
6.4.4 Marking neim `name' in Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
|
173 | (2) |
|
Chapter 7 Topological relations in Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
175 | (14) |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
7.2 An overview of topological relations in Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
7.3 Topological relations in Gurindji Kriol's source languages |
|
|
177 | (2) |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
7.4 Topological relations in Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
179 | (8) |
|
7.4.1 Marking topological relations in Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
179 | (2) |
|
7.4.2 What affects the use of langa in Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
181 | (6) |
|
|
187 | (2) |
|
Chapter 8 Goal constructions in Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
189 | (20) |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
8.2 An overview of goal marking in locomotion events in Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
190 | (3) |
|
8.3 Goal marking in locomotion events in Gurindji Kriol's source languages |
|
|
193 | (5) |
|
|
193 | (2) |
|
|
195 | (3) |
|
8.4 Goal marking in Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
198 | (7) |
|
8.4.1 The range of goal marking in locomotion events in Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
198 | (3) |
|
8.4.2 Convergence in goal marking in Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
8.4.2.1 Animate goal marking and the dative preposition |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
8.4.2.2 The use of the locative case-suffix |
|
|
203 | (2) |
|
8.5 The extension oflocal case markers in other Australian contact languages |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
|
206 | (3) |
|
Chapter 9 Argument marking in Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
209 | (32) |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
9.2 An overview of optional ergative marking in Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
9.3 Argument marking in Gurindji Kriol's source languages |
|
|
211 | (2) |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
9.4 Argument marking in Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
213 | (5) |
|
9.5 Factors motivating the appearance of the ergative marker in Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
218 | (10) |
|
9.5.1 Sociolinguistic, register and lexical variables |
|
|
219 | (2) |
|
9.5.2 Transitivity variables |
|
|
221 | (5) |
|
|
226 | (2) |
|
9.6 The ergative marker and information structure |
|
|
228 | (9) |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
9.6.4 Right-dislocated A nominals |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
9.6.5 Emphatic subject chains |
|
|
235 | (2) |
|
9.7 Optional ergativity in Australian languages |
|
|
237 | (2) |
|
|
239 | (2) |
|
Chapter 10 Conclusion: Contact and competition between Gurindji case marking and Kriol functional equivalents |
|
|
241 | (18) |
|
|
241 | (2) |
|
10.2 Functional and structural equivalence in language competition |
|
|
243 | (4) |
|
10.3 Outcomes of language contact and competition in Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
247 | (3) |
|
10.4 Language variation in Gurindji Kriol |
|
|
250 | (7) |
|
|
257 | (2) |
|
|
259 | (4) |
|
Appendix 2 Consistency in the expression of an event |
|
|
263 | (2) |
|
Appendix 3 Sample of glossed Gurindji Kriol texts |
|
|
265 | (22) |
|
|
266 | (4) |
|
|
270 | (3) |
|
|
273 | (2) |
|
|
275 | (3) |
|
|
278 | (3) |
|
|
281 | (6) |
|
Appendix 4 Statistical output |
|
|
287 | (4) |
References |
|
291 | (16) |
Index |
|
307 | |