Muutke küpsiste eelistusi

Cavitation and Associated Phenomena [Kõva köide]

, , (Moscow Power Engineering Institute)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 380 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 821 g, 184 Line drawings, black and white; 46 Halftones, black and white; 230 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 06-May-2022
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0367425289
  • ISBN-13: 9780367425289
Teised raamatud teemal:
Cavitation and Associated PhenomenaSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 380 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 821 g, 184 Line drawings, black and white; 46 Halftones, black and white; 230 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 06-May-2022
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0367425289
  • ISBN-13: 9780367425289
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780367425289.html
Märksõnad:
Cavitation is a dangerous process which destroys objects in a fluid. Scientific description of this multifaceted phenomenon is based on almost every area of physics, and many interesting effects are connected with cavitation. The most intriguing of them is sonoluminescence the light emitted from a cavitating fluid.

This book presents a full-scale description of cavitation: from the basic thermodynamic principles to special phenomena associated with this complex process, from the dynamics of a single gas cavity to the catastrophic macroscopic manifestations, from the domestic observations to the nuances of X-ray spectroscopic research.
Preface iii
1 Morphology of Cavitation
1(42)
1.1 Cavitation vs. boiling
1(9)
1.1.1 Inside a vessel
1(1)
1.1.2 Inside a thermodynamic diagram
2(4)
1.1.3 The dynamic of phase transition
6(2)
1.1.4 What pressure is required for cavitation?
8(1)
1.1.5 Final comparison between boiling and cavitation
9(1)
1.2 Cavitation in domestic conditions
10(11)
1.2.1 Cavitation in a syringe
10(6)
1.2.2 Cavitation in a bottle
16(2)
1.2.3 Fishing
18(3)
1.3 Cavitation in technological devices
21(3)
1.3.1 The origin of cavitation
21(1)
1.3.2 The process of cavitation
22(1)
1.3.3 Results of cavitation
23(1)
1.4 The destructive force of cavitation
24(7)
1.4.1 Types of destruction
24(1)
1.4.2 Surface damage
25(2)
1.4.3 The general mechanism of the impact of cavitation on a surface
27(1)
1.4.4 Erosion
27(1)
1.4.5 The Sayano-Shushenskaya accident
28(3)
1.5 Where can cavitation be used?
31(5)
1.5.1 Useful features of cavitation
31(1)
1.5.2 Cleaning
32(1)
1.5.3 Cavitation mills
33(1)
1.5.4 Ultrasonic medicine and cosmetology
34(1)
1.5.5 Hydrofoil boats
35(1)
1.6 Physical problems in cavitation
36(5)
1.6.1 What does an ordinary human expect from a scientist?
36(1)
1.6.2 Complexity of cavitation
37(1)
1.6.3 Bubble dynamics
38(1)
1.6.4 Hydrodynamics of cavitation
39(1)
1.6.5 Hydraulic shock
39(1)
1.6.6 Negative pressure
39(1)
1.6.7 Electrization
40(1)
1.6.8 Light emission
40(1)
1.6.9 Practical problems
40(1)
Conclusion
41(1)
References
42(1)
2 Cavitation in Engineering
43(24)
2.1 Cavitation in pipes
43(6)
2.1.1 Cavitation number: General approach
43(3)
2.1.2 The pressure loss in pipes
46(1)
2.1.3 Flow in a throttle
47(1)
2.1.4 Final thoughts on the cavitation number
48(1)
2.2 Cavitation on wings
49(6)
2.2.1 How wings work
49(1)
2.2.2 Qualitative analysis of cavitation on a wing
50(1)
2.2.3 Physical description of cavitation on a wing
51(3)
2.2.4 Cavitation on rotating wheels
54(1)
2.3 Cavitation in pumps
55(5)
2.3.1 Centrifugal pumps
55(1)
2.3.2 Pressure head at a suction line
55(3)
2.3.3 Net positive suction head
58(1)
2.3.4 Pump cavitation
59(1)
2.3.5 Thoma's cavitation factor
60(1)
2.4 Cavitation effects
60(5)
2.4.1 Erosion vs. evaporation
60(1)
2.4.2 Schemes of cavitation erosion treatments
61(2)
2.4.3 Mechanisms of impact
63(1)
2.4.4 Increase in hydrodynamic resistance
63(1)
2.4.5 Abnormal modes of operation
64(1)
Conclusion
65(1)
References
66(1)
3 Pressure: Positive and Negative
67(28)
3.1 What is pressure?
67(8)
3.1.1 Pressure at first glance
67(1)
3.1.2 The stress tensor
68(1)
3.1.3 Saturation pressure
68(1)
3.1.4 Pressure at microlevel
69(1)
3.1.5 Negative pressure as it is
70(1)
3.1.6 Metastable states
71(2)
3.1.7 How to reach negative pressure
73(2)
3.2 The Laplace condition
75(7)
3.2.1 Surface tension
75(2)
3.2.2 The Laplace equation in hydrodynamics
77(1)
3.2.3 The Laplace equation in mechanics
78(2)
3.2.4 Some notes on surface tension
80(2)
3.3 Rupture of liquid
82(10)
3.3.1 Hard rupture
82(2)
3.3.2 Soft rupture: The role of nucleation
84(2)
3.3.3 Thermodynamics of rupture
86(3)
3.3.4 Numerical experiment: Theory
89(2)
3.3.5 Numerical simulation results
91(1)
Conclusion
92(1)
References
93(2)
4 Hydrodynamics of Cavitation
95(54)
4.1 The hydrodynamic description of irrotational flow
95(10)
4.1.1 Potentials
95(2)
4.1.2 Notes about complex numbers
97(1)
4.1.3 The hodograph of velocity
97(1)
4.1.4 Electro-hydrodynamic analogy
98(3)
4.1.5 The dynamics of the cavitation cavern: What we have to deal with
101(1)
4.1.6 Example: The collapse of a cavity near a solid wall
102(3)
4.2 The problem of a flow past a body
105(4)
4.2.1 Physical formulations
105(1)
4.2.2 Mathematical apparatus
106(1)
4.2.3 The simplest consideration: A non-cavitating flow
106(3)
4.3 The cavitating flow around a body
109(14)
4.3.1 Initial assumptions
109(1)
4.3.2 Boundary conditions
110(1)
4.3.3 The flow past a plate
111(6)
4.3.4 The model forms of the cavitation cavern
117(2)
4.3.5 The integral methods
119(2)
4.3.6 The partial cavitation
121(1)
4.3.7 The modem trends
122(1)
4.4 Cavitation diagrams: Theory of reconstruction
123(5)
4.4.1 General principles
123(1)
4.4.2 Hydrofoil design
124(3)
4.4.3 The cavitation functions
127(1)
4.5 Waves and instabilities at a liquid-gas interface
128(18)
4.5.1 Stationarity
128(1)
4.5.2 Stability
129(3)
4.5.3 Turbulence
132(1)
4.5.4 Long gravitational waves in a shallow fluid
133(2)
4.5.5 Gravitational-capillary waves
135(2)
4.5.6 Solitons
137(2)
4.5.7 The Helmholtz--Kelvin instability
139(3)
4.5.8 Common case. The Rayleigh--Taylor instability
142(4)
Conclusion
146(1)
References
147(2)
5 Hydraulic Shocks
149(42)
5.1 What is a hydraulic shock?
149(8)
5.1.1 Common physical nature of hydraulic shock
149(1)
5.1.2 Hydraulic shock in pipes
149(4)
5.1.3 Water hammer from the technical point of view
153(2)
5.1.4 Cavitation during water hammer
155(1)
5.1.5 Hydraulic shock from a jet
155(2)
5.2 Shock waves in a liquid
157(16)
5.2.1 Shock wave: Definition
157(2)
5.2.2 Two views on the adiabatic exponent
159(2)
5.2.3 Two views on the speed of sound
161(3)
5.2.4 Shock wave in a perfect gas
164(2)
5.2.5 Shock wave of decompression
166(1)
5.2.6 Shock wave in a condensed medium
167(5)
5.2.7 Cavitation in a droplet
172(1)
5.3 Rheology
173(6)
5.3.1 Among models
173(1)
5.3.2 The mechanics of continuous media
174(1)
5.3.3 Fluidity and elasticity: The traditional way
175(1)
5.3.4 The fractional derivative
176(1)
5.3.5 The solidity of a fluid
177(1)
5.3.6 The fluidity of a solid
178(1)
5.4 The effects of a fluid on a solid surface
179(8)
5.4.1 Overview
179(2)
5.4.2 Cavitation erosion: What we see...
181(1)
5.4.3 And what we don't
181(1)
5.4.4 Mechanical sources of damage: Bubbles
182(1)
5.4.5 The effect of microjets
183(2)
5.4.6 Electrical discharges
185(1)
5.4.7 Positive feedback
186(1)
Conclusion
187(1)
References
188(3)
6 Acoustic Cavitation
191(35)
6.1 Acoustic waves
191(11)
6.1.1 A wave of sound
191(4)
6.1.2 Origin of sound: Transducers
195(4)
6.1.3 Sound reflection and focusing
199(3)
6.2 Experimental issues
202(4)
6.2.1 Cavitation of a single bubble
202(1)
6.2.2 Cavitation of many bubbles
203(3)
6.3 Cavitation of a single bubble
206(8)
6.3.1 Bubble oscillations: Overview
206(2)
6.3.2 Bubble oscillations: Certain experimental view
208(3)
6.3.3 Oscillations of bubble's shape
211(3)
6.4 Multibubble cavitation
214(5)
6.4.1 Common description
214(1)
6.4.2 Foam on a waveguide
214(3)
6.4.3 The Bjerknes effect: Observation
217(2)
6.4.4 Temperature of a liquid
219(1)
6.5 Acoustic chemistry
219(4)
6.5.1 Pressure and temperature
219(1)
6.5.2 Heterogeneous catalysis
220(1)
6.5.3 Free radicals
221(1)
6.5.4 Plasma
221(2)
6.5.5 Sonochemical efficiency
223(1)
Conclusion
223(1)
References
224(2)
7 Dynamics of a Cavitating Bubble
226(53)
7.1 The common problem of dynamics of a cavern in a liquid
226(6)
7.1.1 Dynamics of a void in a liquid
226(2)
7.1.2 Hydrodynamic description
228(2)
7.1.3 Boundary conditions
230(1)
7.1.4 Numerical simulation of a bubble in a liquid
231(1)
7.2 The Rayleigh equation
232(4)
7.2.1 Derivation from a simple consideration
232(2)
7.2.2 Derivation from hydrodynamics
234(1)
7.2.3 Modifications of the Rayleigh equation
235(1)
7.3 The boundary conditions for a bubble in a liquid
236(8)
7.3.1 Pressure and temperature inside a bubble
236(5)
7.3.2 Mass flux at the bubble surface
241(2)
7.3.3 Flows in a bubble and in a liquid
243(1)
7.4 Analytical solutions of the Rayleigh equation
244(24)
7.4.1 Simple scaling
244(2)
7.4.2 Exact analytical solution for adiabatic conditions (autonomous equation)
246(3)
7.4.3 Dynamics of a cavitating bubble: An example
249(5)
7.4.4 The generalized solution for arbitrary Δp(R)
254(1)
7.4.5 Isothermal growth of a bubble
254(4)
7.4.6 The bubble collapse
258(1)
7.4.7 The pressure around a collapsing bubble of vapor
259(2)
7.4.8 The effect of surface tension
261(1)
7.4.9 The pressure around an oscillating bubble of gas
262(2)
7.4.10 The Bjerknes effect: Explanation
264(2)
7.4.11 Addition: Notes about stable points on a plane
266(2)
7.5 Numerical solutions
268(7)
7.5.1 Non-autonomous systems
268(2)
7.5.2 Oscillations in an ultrasonic field
270(2)
7.5.3 Numerical solution technique
272(1)
7.5.4 The simulation
273(2)
7.5.5 Temperature variation in a collapsing bubble
275(1)
Conclusion
275(2)
References
277(2)
8 Electrization of Liquids
279(48)
8.1 Triboelectricity
279(11)
8.1.1 Feel like an ancient Greek
279(3)
8.1.2 The quantum mechanics formalism
282(2)
8.1.3 Electrons in a condensed medium
284(3)
8.1.4 Electrons beyond a condensed medium
287(2)
8.1.5 Contact phenomena
289(1)
8.2 Double layer
290(10)
8.2.1 The charge carriers in a gas inside a liquid
290(2)
8.2.2 Dynamics of charge carriers in the bulk of a medium
292(2)
8.2.3 Charge carriers near a metal surface
294(1)
8.2.4 Formation of a double layer
295(1)
8.2.5 Electrostatic potential
296(3)
8.2.6 Double layer and triboelectricity
299(1)
8.3 Electrokinetic effects
300(3)
8.3.1 The list of effects
300(1)
8.3.2 Zeta-potential
301(1)
8.3.3 Interaction of charged macroparticles in a charged medium
302(1)
8.4 Cavitation accompanied by electrization
303(8)
8.4.1 Ultrasonic cavitation
303(4)
8.4.2 Flow in a narrow channel
307(4)
8.5 The bubble plasma
311(13)
8.5.1 Types of plasma
311(3)
8.5.2 Spectrometers
314(2)
8.5.3 Plasma spectrometry
316(4)
8.5.4 Plasma in bubbles
320(4)
Conclusion
324(1)
References
324(3)
9 Cavitation and Light Emission
327(35)
9.1 Sonoluminescence
327(6)
9.1.1 The mysterious light
327(2)
9.1.2 Single-bubble sonoluminescence
329(1)
9.1.3 Multi-bubble sonoluminescence
330(2)
9.1.4 Comparison between single- and multi-bubble sonoluminescence
332(1)
9.2 Hydroluminescence
333(8)
9.2.1 General line
333(1)
9.2.2 Hydrodynamic luminescence
334(1)
9.2.3 Glow of water and oil
335(3)
9.2.4 Glow of glycerol
338(1)
9.2.5 Comparison of sonoluminescence and hydroluminescence
339(2)
9.3 Other methods to produce light from a liquid
341(6)
9.3.1 A bullet in a liquid
341(1)
9.3.2 Cavitation mills
342(1)
9.3.3 Radiation emission from an external flow
342(1)
9.3.4 Some notes about radiation dosimetry
343(4)
9.4 Possible physical nature of light emission
347(10)
9.4.1 Common properties of particular theories
347(1)
9.4.2 Thermal radiation
347(3)
9.4.3 The Planck formula
350(2)
9.4.4 The electric hypothesis
352(3)
9.4.5 Exotic theories
355(1)
9.4.6 Final thoughts
356(1)
Conclusion
357(1)
References
358(4)
Conclusion 362(3)
Appendix A Thermodynamics in brief 365(8)
Appendix B Hydrodynamics in brief 373(6)
Index 379
All authors are from Thermophysics Department of Moscow Power Engineering Institute.

Dmitry A. Biryukov is the Assistant Professor. An experimenter. Extensive experience in designing experimental installations in various fields of science and technology. However, he finds experiments with cavitation the most interesting for himself. Experiments with cavitation are special: many nuances must be taken into account in order to obtain the effect and be able to observe it.

Denis N. Gerasimov is the Head of the Department. A theorist. For him, cavitation is an excellent example of a multidisciplinary phenomenon: there are no simple unexplained problems left to present day. Considering a natural effect requires extensive knowledge in different areas of physics and mathematics. Many items of Gerasimovs CV turned out to be useful in the treatment of cavitation: from thermodynamics to plasma physics and nonlinear dynamics.

Eugeny I. Yurin is the Assistant Professor. A specialist in numerical simulations. His journey to the world of science began from a task of determining the boundary conditions for a collapsing bubble. Months of calculations led to notable results but did not reveal all the mysteries of a simple bubble in water. Cavitation and related processes seem so ordinary and understandable that they can be pictured easily in our mind, but, in fact, they are extremely complex.