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Cellular, Molecular, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Traumatic Brain Injury [Kõva köide]

Edited by , Edited by (Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kings College Hospital, London, UK; Emeritus Profes), Edited by (Consultant, Medical Protocol Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 612 pages, kõrgus x laius: 276x216 mm, kaal: 1860 g, Approx. 125 illustrations (125 in full color); Illustrations, Contains 1 Hardback and 1 Digital (delivered electronically)
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Sep-2022
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0128230363
  • ISBN-13: 9780128230367
Teised raamatud teemal:
Cellular, Molecular, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Traumatic Brain InjurySuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 612 pages, kõrgus x laius: 276x216 mm, kaal: 1860 g, Approx. 125 illustrations (125 in full color); Illustrations, Contains 1 Hardback and 1 Digital (delivered electronically)
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Sep-2022
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0128230363
  • ISBN-13: 9780128230367
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780128230367.html
Märksõnad:

Traumatic brain injury has complex etiology and may arise as a consequence of physical abuse, violence, war, vehicle collisions, working in the construction industry, and sports. Cellular, Molecular, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Traumatic Brain Injury will improve readers’ understanding of the detailed processes arising from traumatic brain injury. Featuring chapters on neuroinflammation, metabolism, and psychology, this volume discusses the impact of these injuries on neurological and body systems to better understand underlying pathways. This book will be relevant for neuroscientists, neurologists, clinicians, and anyone working to better understand traumatic brain injury.

  • Summarizes the neuroscience of traumatic brain injury, including cellular and molecular biology
  • Contains chapter abstracts, key facts, dictionary, and summary points to aid in understanding
  • Features chapters on signaling and hormonal events
  • Includes plasticity and gene expression
  • Examines health and stress behaviors after traumatic brain injury
Contributors xxi
Preface xxvii
Section A Setting the scene: The spectrum of traumatic brain injuries
1 Fall-related traumatic brain injuries in older adults: The role of the neck
Tobia Zanotto
Jacob J. Sosnoff
Introduction
3(2)
Role of neck muscles in TBI prevention
5(1)
Effects of aging on neck muscles
6(1)
Potential rehabilitation strategies
7(1)
Conclusions
8(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
9(1)
Key facts of fall-related traumatic brain injuries
9(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
9(1)
Summary points
10(1)
References
10(3)
2 The implications of sex and gender in traumatic brain injury
Tatyana Mollayeva
Shirin Mollayeva
Angela Colantonio
Introduction
13(1)
Conceptual considerations
13(3)
Sex and gender
14(1)
Methodological consideration
14(1)
Sex/gender difference in the nervous system
15(1)
Basic science and preclinical research
16(3)
Neuroprotection: Sex hormones
16(2)
Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration
18(1)
Emotional regulation and cognitive outcomes
18(1)
Physical performance
18(1)
Clinical and population-based research
19(3)
Research involvement
20(1)
Sleep and wakefulness pathology
21(1)
Stress and coping
21(1)
Defense and aggression
21(1)
Social cognition
22(1)
Population-based research
22(2)
Exposure to TBI of specific mechanisms
22(1)
Mechanism of injury and comorbidity
23(1)
Violence and social inequity
23(1)
Functional outcomes
23(1)
Implications for translational research and medicine
24(1)
Application to other areas of neuroscience
24(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
25(1)
Key facts of sex/gender influences in traumatic brain injury
25(1)
Summary points
25(1)
References
25(4)
3 Sport-related concussion: The role of repetitive head impact exposure
Brian D. Stemper
Sport-related concussion
29(2)
Monitoring head impact exposure in contact sports
31(1)
Concussion and head impact exposure in soccer
32(2)
Concussion and head impact exposure in ice hockey
34(1)
Concussion and head impact exposure in American football
35(1)
Summary
36(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
36(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
37(1)
Key facts of sport-related concussion: The role of repetitive head impact exposure
37(1)
Summary points
37(1)
References
38(2)
Further reading
40(1)
4 Traumatic brain injury and molecular biology: A new narrative
Asma Akbar Ladak
Sarosh Irfan Madhani
Fatima Gauhar
Kiran Aftab
Fatima Mubarak
Syed Ather Enam
Introduction
41(1)
Excitatory mechanisms post TBI
42(1)
Clutamate excitotoxicity
42(1)
Calcium homeostasis
42(1)
Na+-K+-2CI-(NKCC) co-transporter
43(1)
Neuroinflammation
43(1)
The role of microglia
43(1)
The consequences of increased inflammatory mediators
43(1)
Mitochondrial injury post TBI
44(2)
Calcium mediated production of reactive oxygen species
44(1)
Mitochondrial permeability transition pore--The point of no return
44(1)
Lipid peroxidation
45(1)
Cell death mechanisms post TBI
46(1)
Necrotic cell death
46(1)
Caspase-dependent apoptosis
46(1)
Caspase-independent apoptosis
46(1)
Autophagy and necroptosis
47(1)
Long-term sequelae of TBI
48(1)
Post-TBI contributors to neurodegeneration
48(1)
Clinical implications of understanding the molecular mechanisms of TBI
49(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
49(2)
Mini-dictionary of terms
51(1)
Key facts of pCaMKII
52(1)
Summary points
52(1)
References
52(3)
5 Features of decompressive craniectomy in traumatic brain injury: History, effects, management, and new trends
Simone Olei
Mario De Robertis
Andrea Franzini
Federico Pessina
Franco Servadei
Zefferino Rossini
Introduction
55(1)
History of decompressive craniectomy
56(1)
Effect of decompressive craniectomy on intra-cranial pressure and brain perfusion
57(1)
Decompressive craniectomy: Surgical techniques
58(2)
Evidences on decompressive craniectomy for management of intra-cranial hypertension in TBI. The randomized controlled trials
60(2)
New trends in management of posttraumatic intra-cranial hypertension: Hinge/floating craniotomy and cisternostomy
62(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
63(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
63(1)
Key facts of decompressive craniectomy
64(1)
Summary points
64(1)
References
65(2)
6 Management of traumatic brain injury in accordance with contemporary guidelines: Treatment, monitoring, and thresholds
Buse Sarigul
Gregory W. Hawryluk
Introduction
67(2)
Decompressive craniectomy
69(1)
Prophylactic hypothermia
70(1)
Hyperosmolar therapy
70(1)
Cerebrospinal fluid drainage
71(1)
Thresholds and monitoring in TBI
72(2)
Blood pressure
72(1)
Intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure
72(2)
Cerebral oxygenation
74(1)
Brain tissue partial oxygen pressure (Pbt02)
74(1)
Jugular bulb monitoring of arteriovenous oxygen content difference (AVDO2)
75(1)
Cerebral microdialysis
75(1)
Conclusion
76(1)
Mini-dictionary
76(1)
Summary points
76(1)
References
76(2)
Further reading
78(4)
Section B Cellular and molecular aspects of traumatic brain injury
7 Insights into the pathological role of neuroinflammatory responses in traumatic brain injury
J. Narayanan
T. Tamilanban
V. Chitra
M.K. Kathiravan
Introduction
82(1)
Secondary cellular injury
82(2)
Excitotoxicity
82(1)
Oxidative stress
82(1)
Mitochondrial dysfunction
82(1)
Neuroinflammation
82(1)
Microglia cells
83(1)
Astrocytes
84(1)
Acute neuroinflammation
85(2)
Role of inflammatory mediators in neuroinflammation
87(4)
Interleukin-1
87(1)
Tumor necrosis factor
87(1)
Interferon-y
87(1)
Chemokines
87(1)
Interleukin-10: Anti-inflammatory cytokine
87(1)
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-AandVEGF-B)
88(1)
Platelet-activating factor (PAF)
88(1)
Role of complement system
88(1)
Active upregulators
89(2)
Future direction of anti-inflammation as a therapy for traumatic brain injury
91(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
91(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
91(1)
Key facts
92(1)
Key facts of oxidative stress
92(1)
Summary points
92(1)
References
92(3)
8 Seizures in traumatic brain injury: A focus on cellular aspects
Thara Tunthanathip
Introduction
95(1)
Incidence of seizure following TBI
96(1)
Pathogenesis of seizure following TBI
96(1)
Acute phase
96(3)
Blood-brain barrier disruption
97(1)
Inflammatory responses in the acute phase
97(1)
Microglial activation
98(1)
Glutamate excitotoxicity
99(1)
Oxidative stress in the acute phase
99(1)
Sub-acute phase
99(1)
Inflammatory responses in the sub-acute phase
99(1)
Tau aggregation
100(1)
Chronic/latent phase
100(2)
Neuro circuit reorganization
100(2)
Chronic microglial activation and inflammatory
102(1)
Oxidative stress in chronic phase
102(1)
Gene expression and epigenetic changes
102(1)
Conclusion
102(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
102(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
102(1)
Key facts of seizure in traumatic brain injury
103(1)
Summary points
103(1)
References
103(4)
9 Linking traumatic brain injury, neural stem, and progenitor cells
Zachary Finkel
Li Cai
Introduction
107(2)
Description and significance of clinical TBI
107(1)
Pathophysiology of TBI
108(1)
NSPC activity
108(1)
Neural stem and progenitor cells and neurogenesis in development
109(1)
Adult neurogenesis and TBI
109(5)
Discovery of adult neurogenesis
109(1)
Adult NSPCs and TBI
109(1)
Intrinsic and extrinsic factors affect neurogenesis
110(3)
Functional implications of changes in neurogenesis
113(1)
Development of therapeutics: Standard care, challenges and prospective treatments
114(1)
Current standard of care and challenges of TBI
114(1)
NSPC-based therapy
115(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
115(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
116(1)
Key facts of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs)
116(1)
Summary points
116(1)
References
116(5)
10 Microglia in traumatic brain injury
Ramesh Raghupathi
Dana Lengel
Jimmy W. Huh
Introduction
121(1)
Microglia-resident immune cells in the brain with various morphologies
121(2)
Microglial polarization (M1-like vs M2-like)
123(1)
Heterogeneity of M1-like and M2-like polarization following TBI
124(1)
Potential implications of microglia-mediated chronic neuroinflammation following TBI
125(1)
Post-traumatic epilepsy
126(1)
Chronic neurodegeneration
126(1)
Psychosocial problems
127(1)
Microglial priming after TBI
127(1)
Areas for future investigation
128(2)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
130(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
130(1)
Key facts of microglia in TBI
130(1)
Summary points
130(1)
References
130(5)
11 Dendritic spine plasticity and traumatic brain injury
Ye Xiong
Asim Mahmood
Michael Chopp
Introduction
135(1)
Synapse structure and function
136(3)
Electrical synaptic changes in TBI
136(1)
Dendritic spine degeneration and loss after TBI
137(1)
Dendritic spine changes in mild TBI
138(1)
Dendritic spine changes in moderate/severe TBI
139(1)
Potential mechanisms underlying dendritic spine damage after TBI
139(1)
Treatments for dendritic spine dysfunction after TBI
139(5)
Future directions of research for treatment of TBI
144(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
144(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
144(1)
Key facts of dendritic spine plasticity and traumatic brain injury
145(1)
Summary points
145(1)
References
145(4)
12 Aging, the immune response, and traumatic brain injury
Mujun Sun
Sandy R. Shultz
Introduction
149(1)
The burden of TBI in geriatric populations
149(1)
How aging affects the central nervous system
150(1)
Aging influences the immune system
151(1)
Microglia priming
151(1)
Morphology alterations of microglia
152(1)
Immunosenescence beyond the CNS
152(1)
Vascular aging and inflammation
152(1)
Neuroinflammation is an influential secondary injury mechanism in TBI
153(1)
Microglia are central mediators of neuroinflammation
153(1)
Astrocytes participate in neuroinflammation
154(1)
Periphery immune factors participate in neuroinflammation
154(1)
Aging affects TBI through neuroinflammation
154(2)
Aged microglia are primed and dysregulated
154(1)
The influence from the circulating system
155(1)
Immune system changes and affects TBI across whole lifespan
156(1)
Aging may influence TBI through other mechanisms
156(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
156(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
157(1)
Key facts of immunosenescence
157(1)
Summary points
157(1)
References
157(5)
13 The adaptive immune system in traumatic brain injury: A focus on T and B lymphocytes
Maria Daglas
Robert Lindsay Medcalf
Maithili Sashindranath
Introduction
162(1)
Innate and adaptive immunity
163(1)
Acute and chronic lymphocytic response in TBI
163(4)
Consequence of a persistent adaptive immune response after injury
167(2)
B cells and antibodies
167(1)
CD4 T helper subsets
167(2)
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
169(1)
Therapeutic avenues
169(1)
Systemic immunosuppression in TBI
169(1)
Auto-reactivity following CNS injury
170(1)
Conclusion
170(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
171(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
171(1)
Key facts of the adaptive immune system in traumatic brain injury
171(1)
Key facts of TBI
171(1)
Key facts of adaptive immunity in TBI
172(1)
Summary points
172(1)
References
172(3)
14 The role of regulatory T cells in traumatic brain injury
Michael K.E. Schafer
Introduction
175(1)
The number of Tregs correlates with clinical outcome of TBI
176(1)
Frequency and regulation of Tregs in animal models of TBI
176(1)
Tregs attenuate immune responses in the acute phase of experimental TBI
176(2)
Cell therapeutic approaches for increasing Tregs in experimental TBI
178(1)
Pharmacological approaches for increasing Tregs in experimental TBI
178(2)
Clinical studies evaluating effects of EPO and atorvastatin in TBI
180(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
180(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
181(1)
Key facts of "The role of regulatory T cells in traumatic brain injury"
181(1)
Key facts of T cells
181(1)
Key facts of Tregs
181(1)
Key facts of cytokines
181(1)
Summary points
181(1)
References
182(3)
15 The role of the chemokine prokineticin 2 in traumatic brain injury
Marimelia A. Porcionatto
Introduction
185(1)
PK2 is upregulated after traumatic brain injury
186(2)
Enhanced expression of PK2 is part of the response to traumatic brain injury
188(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
189(2)
Mini-dictionary of terms
191(1)
Key facts of traumatic brain injury (TBI)
191(1)
Summary points
191(1)
References
192(3)
16 The role of Na+,K+-ATPase on TBI-induced physiopathology
Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
Michele Rechia Fighera
Ana Flavia Furian
M.S. Oliveira
Leonardo Magno Rambo
Alexandre Seixas Nascimento
Introduction
195(1)
Structural characteristics of Na+,K+-ATPase in the central nervous system
196(2)
Structural features
196(2)
Role of Na+,K+-ATPase in the mobility and synaptic transmission
198(1)
Interaction with neurotransmitter receptors
198(1)
TBI progress and Na\K+-ATPase activity
199(2)
Concluding remarks and perspectives
201(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
201(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
202(1)
Key facts of Na+,K+-ATPase
202(1)
Summary points
202(1)
References
203(5)
17 Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, metabolic enzymes, and energy derangement in traumatic brain injury
Ciacomo Lazzarino
Patrick O'Halloran
Valentina Di Pietro
Renata Mangione
Barbara Tavazzi
Angela Maria Amorini
Giuseppe Lazzarino
Stefano Signoretti
Introduction
208(1)
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: Structure, function and regulation
208(1)
PDHC in human pathologies
209(1)
PDHC in TBI
210(1)
Changes in gene and protein expressions of PDHC, PDP, PDK and TCA cycle enzymes after graded TBI
211(1)
Post-traumatic dynamics of cellular energetics
212(1)
Clinical implications and therapeutic targeting
213(1)
Concluding remarks
213(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
214(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
214(2)
Key facts of "pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, metabolic enzymes and energy derangement in traumatic brain injury"
216(1)
Summary points
216(1)
References
216(3)
18 Angiopoietin-1/Tie-2 signaling in traumatic brain injury
Shotaro Michinaga
Yutaka Koyama
Introduction
219(1)
Ang-1 and Tie-2 in the vascular system
220(2)
Overview
220(1)
Regulation of Angiopoietin expression
221(1)
Role of Ang-1/Tie-2 signaling in the brain
222(2)
Expression of Ang-1 and Tie-2 in the brain
222(1)
Neuroprotection and neurogenesis
223(1)
Protective effects on BBB function
224(1)
Roles of Ang-1ATie-2 signaling in TBI
224(1)
Candidate drugs for TBI that activate the Ang-1/Tie-2 signaling pathway in the brain
224(2)
Conclusion
226(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
226(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
226(1)
Key facts of Angiopoietin
227(1)
Key facts of Tie-2
227(1)
Key facts of the blood-brain barrier
227(1)
Summary points
227(1)
Acknowledgment
227(1)
References
228(3)
19 Brain microdialysis and applications to drug therapy in severe traumatic brain injury
Naomi Ketharanathan
Ursula K. Rohlwink
Anthony A. Figaji
Enno D. Wildschut
Dick Tibboel
Elizabeth C.M. de Lange
Introduction
231(1)
Main text
232(7)
The central nervous system compartments and barriers
232(1)
Transportation across brain barriers
232(2)
Pharmacokinetics
234(1)
Brain microdialysis
235(1)
Application of brain microdialysis in CNS drug therapy
236(1)
Pharmacokinetic modeling
236(2)
Pharmacodynamics
238(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
239(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
240(1)
Key facts of brain microdialysis and applications to drug therapy in traumatic brain injury
240(1)
Summary points
240(1)
References
241(2)
20 Comparing radiation and traumatic brain injuries: New insights
Steven Kornguth
J. Neal Rutledge
Introduction
243(3)
Different subsections of the main text
246(1)
Structural changes in brain parenchyma resulting from TBI and radiation-induced brain injury
246(1)
Structural changes in the vascular endothelium resulting from TBI or RBI
247(1)
Activation of inflammatory responses following TBI and RBI
247(1)
Inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response
248(1)
Renin-angiotensin system, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors ACE I, and angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers
248(1)
Diagnostics for TBI and RBI: Neural proteins released into blood compartment following brain injuries
249(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
250(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
251(1)
Summary points
252(1)
References
252(5)
21 Sodium dysregulation in traumatic brain injury
Hemal Grover
Yongxian Qian
Fernando Boada
Yvonne W. Lui
Introduction
257(1)
Review of axon structure
257(2)
Cellular models of axon stretch injury and sodium handling
259(1)
Sodium interaction with cellular-level calcium
259(1)
Voltage-gated sodium channels and spectrin
260(1)
Longer term ionic effects of injury: Altered Nav expression and distribution in TBI
261(1)
Multiple injuries and the effects on sodium
261(1)
Interaction with and role of potassium
262(1)
In vivo evidence of sodium derangement from sodium magnetic resonance imaging in human TBI subjects
262(1)
Conclusion
263(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
263(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
263(1)
Key facts of sodium dysregulation in traumatic brain injury
264(1)
Summary points
264(1)
Funding
264(1)
References
265(2)
22 WNT genes and their roles in traumatic brain injury
Min-Zong Liang
Chu-Yuan Chang
Linyi Chen
Introduction
267(5)
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
267(1)
Role of the WNT signaling in the regeneration of injured CNS neurons
268(4)
The epigenome during regeneration of the nervous system
272(2)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
274(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
274(1)
Key facts of transcription
275(1)
Summary points
275(1)
References
275(6)
Section C Physiological and metabolic effects
23 Circuit reorganization after diffuse axonal injury: Utility of the whisker barrel circuit
Gokul Krishna
Caitlin E. Bromberg
Theresa Currier Thomas
Introduction
281(1)
Circuit damage and recovery: Adaptive and maladaptive responses
282(1)
Neuroplasticity
283(1)
Whisker barrel circuit (WBC)
284(1)
Chronic post-traumatic morbidity in the WBC
285(3)
Rehabilitation and recovery
288(1)
Conclusions, outlook, and challenges
288(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
288(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
289(1)
Key facts of brain injury circuit reorganization
289(1)
Summary points
289(1)
Acknowledgments
290(1)
Competing interests
290(1)
References
290(3)
24 Neuroendocrine abnormalities following traumatic brain injury
Benjamin Green
Jehane H. Dagher
Introduction
293(1)
Pituitary gland physiology
294(1)
Pathophysiology
294(2)
Prevalence
296(2)
Risk factors
298(1)
Associations
298(1)
Clinical course
298(1)
Signs and symptoms
299(1)
Corticotropin deficiency
300(1)
Thyrotropin deficiency
300(1)
Gonadotropin deficiency
300(1)
Hyperprolactinemia
300(1)
Growth hormone deficiency
300(1)
Dl and SIADH
300(1)
Neuroimaging
300(1)
Conclusion
301(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
301(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
301(1)
Key facts of confounding symptoms in traumatic brain injury with posttraumatic hypopituitarism
301(1)
Summary points
302(1)
References
302(3)
25 Thyroid hormone actions in traumatic brain injury
Adomas Bunevicius
Introduction
305(1)
Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and the brain
306(1)
Thyroid hormone metabolism in the brain
306(1)
Thyroid hormones and brain functioning
307(1)
Neuroprotective actions of thyroid hormones in TBI
307(1)
Thyroid hormones in TBI patients
308(3)
Mechanisms of thyroid hormone impairment in TBI patients
308(1)
Acute phase of TBI
308(3)
Remote phase
311(1)
Diagnosis of endocrine dysfunction in TBI patients
311(1)
Future perspectives
312(1)
Should thyroid hormone replacement be considered in TBI patients?
312(1)
Genetic polymorphisms of deiodinase genes
312(1)
Conclusions
312(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
313(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
313(1)
Key facts of thyroid hormone actions in the setting of traumatic brain injury
313(1)
Key facts of thyroid hormones in TBI
313(1)
Summary points
314(1)
References
314(3)
26 Testosterone: Features and role in treating traumatic brain injury
Nathan Ryzewski Strogulski
Randhall B. Carteri
Eduardo Kalinine
Luis V. Portela
Introduction
317(1)
Traumatic brain injury: From epidemiology to pituitary dysfunction
318(1)
Testosterone synthesis, metabolism and signal transduction
318(2)
Testosterone implications for brain trauma
320(1)
Conclusion
321(1)
Testosterone applications to other areas of neuroscience
321(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
322(1)
Key facts of testosterone use in traumatic brain injury
322(1)
Summary points
322(1)
References
323(2)
27 The rate of empty sella (ES) in traumatic brain injury: Links with endocrine profiles
Fausto Fama'
Alessandro Sindoni
Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen
Salvatore Benvenga
Marianne Klose
Introduction
325(1)
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced hypopituitarism
326(1)
Empty sella syndrome secondary to TBI and associated hypopituitarism
327(3)
Treatment
330(4)
Conclusion
334(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
334(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
334(1)
Key facts of "The rate of empty sella (ES) in traumatic brain injury: Links with endocrine profiles"
335(1)
Key facts of empty sella
335(1)
Key facts of post-traumatic hypopituitarism
335(1)
Summary points
335(1)
References
336(5)
28 Traumatic brain injury: Interrelationship with sleep
Tabitha R.F. Green
J. Bryce Ortiz
Rachel K. Rowe
Introduction
341(1)
Sleep physiology
341(1)
Types of sleep disturbance associated with TBI
342(1)
TBI-induced damage to sleep associated brain regions
342(2)
TBI-induced inflammation can affect sleep
344(1)
Severity and circumstance of injury can affect the patient's sleep
345(1)
Conclusion/future directions
346(1)
Application to other areas of neuroscience
346(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
347(1)
Key facts
347(1)
Summary points
347(1)
References
347(4)
29 Puberty and traumatic brain injury
J. Bryce Ortiz
Tabitha R.F. Green
Giri Rampal
Rachel K. Rowe
Introduction
351(1)
Endocrine disruptions in juveniles following TBI
352(1)
Puberty
353(1)
Delayed puberty
353(1)
Precocious puberty
354(1)
HPG axis
354(1)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and kisspeptin
354(2)
Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
356(1)
Testosterone and estrogen
356(1)
Growth hormone
356(1)
Timing of brain injury on puberty
357(1)
Possible mechanisms of TBI-induced damage leading to pubertal dysfunction
358(1)
Conclusions
358(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
358(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
359(1)
Key facts of puberty and traumatic brain injury
359(1)
Summary points
359(1)
References
359(5)
30 Role of endocannabinoids in the escalation of alcohol use following traumatic brain injury
Patricia E. Molina
Zachary F. Stielper
Scott Edwards
Nicholas W. Gilpin
Introduction
364(1)
Initial pathophysiology of TBI: Mechanical injury exacerbated by neuroinflammation
365(1)
TBI-induced synaptic hyperexcitability
365(1)
TBI and alcohol consumption
366(1)
Possible mechanisms of post-TBI escalation of alcohol drinking
366(2)
Neuroinflammation
366(1)
Activation of brain stress systems including the amygdala
367(1)
Targeting the endocannabinoid system to treat the biobehavioral consequences of TBI
368(3)
Endocannabinoid system pharmacology
368(1)
Endocannabinoid system physiology and plasticity in CNS injury
369(1)
The endocannabinoid system in psychiatric disorders
369(1)
Regulation of the endocannabinoid system by alcohol
369(1)
Anti-inflammatory actions of endocannabinoids in the context of TBI
370(1)
Reduction of synaptic hyperexcitability via eCBs following TBI
370(1)
Conclusions
371(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
371(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
371(1)
Key facts
372(1)
Key facts of traumatic brain injury
372(1)
Key facts of cannabis and the endogenous cannabinoid system
372(1)
Summary points
372(1)
References
373(6)
31 Imaging connectivity and functional brain networks in mild traumatic brain injury
Maria M. D'Souza
Mukesh Kumar
Jeanne Maria Dsouza
Prabhjot Kaur
Pawan Kumar
Introduction
379(1)
Resting state fMRI--The basics
379(1)
Data acquisition and processing
380(1)
Analytical approaches to functional connectivity through rsfMRI
381(3)
Seed-based analyses
381(1)
Independent component analysis
381(1)
Clustering algorithms
382(1)
Graph methods
383(1)
RsfMRI changes in early phase of injury
384(3)
Changes in default mode network
384(1)
Changes in other networks
385(1)
RsfMRI changes in sub-acute phase of injury
386(1)
RsfMRI changes in chronic phase of injury
386(1)
Challenges related to rsfMRI evaluation of TBI data
387(1)
Future prospects
388(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
388(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
388(1)
Key facts
389(1)
Summary points
389(1)
References
389(5)
32 Multi-shell diffusion MR imaging and brain microstructure after mild traumatic brain injury: A focus on working memory
Sohae Chung
Els Fieremans
Joseph F. Rath
Yvonne W. Lui
Introduction
394(1)
Dmri and MTBI
394(4)
Single-shell dMRI and MTBI
394(2)
Multi-shell diffusion MRI and MTBI
396(2)
Working memory and dMRI
398(2)
Working memory and dMRI in healthy subjects
399(1)
Working memory and dMRI in MTBI
400(1)
Summary
400(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
400(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
400(1)
Key facts of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI)
400(1)
Summary points
400(1)
Funding
401(1)
References
401(5)
33 Monitoring real-time changes in physiology: Multi-modality neurologic monitoring for pediatric traumatic brain injury
Brian Appavu
Introduction
406(1)
Neuromonitoring techniques
406(3)
Intracranial pressure
406(1)
Brain tissue oxygenation
406(2)
Cerebral blood flow
408(1)
Cerebral metabolism
408(1)
Electroencephalography
408(1)
Pupillometry
409(1)
Pediatric TBI guidelines
409(1)
Data integration
409(1)
Integration and visualization of multimodal neurologic monitoring systems
409(3)
Clinical decision support
412(2)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
414(2)
Mini-dictionary of terms
416(1)
Key facts of monitoring real-time changes in physiology: Multi-modality neurologic monitoring for pediatric traumatic brain injury
416(1)
Summary points of monitoring real-time changes in physiology: Multi-modality neurologic monitoring for pediatric traumatic brain injury
417(1)
References
417(4)
34 Blood gas, arterial, and end-tidal carbon dioxide in traumatic brain injury
Jen-Ting Yang
Chun-Yu Wu
David R. Wright
Introduction
421(1)
The importance of carbon dioxide (CO2) in cerebral blood flow regulation
422(1)
Clinical concerns related to hypocapnia
422(1)
Basics of capnography
423(1)
Current recommendations of ventilation therapies from Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines for sever TBI management
424(1)
Capnography monitoring in adult severe TBI care
425(1)
Utility and reliability of capnography monitoring in pre-hospital TBI care
426(1)
Capnography monitoring in pediatric TBI care
427(1)
Reliability of EtCO2 as a surrogate for PaCO2 in PICU
427(1)
Agreement between PaCO2 and EtCO2 in hospitalized pediatric TBI
427(1)
Future direction: Role of transcutaneous PCO2 to estimate PaCO2
428(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
429(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
429(1)
Key facts of how CO2 change brain blood flow and how we measure it
429(1)
Summary points
430(1)
References
430(3)
35 Disturbances of cerebral microcirculation in traumatic brain injury: The role of changes in microcirculatory biomarkers
Alexey O. Trofimov
Anatoly Y. Sheludyakov
Andrew Y. Abashkin
Darya I. Agarkova
Artem A. Kopylov
Michael Dobrzeniecki
Xenia A. Trofimova
Dmitry Martynov
Denis E. Bragin
Introduction
433(1)
Blood viscosity impairment
434(1)
Glia-mediated edema and capillary compression
435(1)
Pericyte dysfunction
435(1)
Vasoactive blood derivatives
435(1)
Neurovascular coupling disorder
436(1)
Intracranial hypertension and vascular wall tonus
437(2)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
439(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
440(1)
Key facts of cerebral microcirculation
441(1)
Key facts of human blood
441(1)
Summary points
442(1)
References
442(5)
Section D Behavioral and psychological aspects
36 Social cognition in traumatic brain injury
Alicia Garzon Heredia
Claire Vallat-Azouvi
Philippe Allain
Introduction
447(1)
Theoretical model of Cassel et al. (2016)
447(1)
Social cognition components
448(6)
Empathy
448(2)
Theory of mind
450(1)
Emotion perception
451(2)
Emotional self-awareness and self-regulation
453(1)
Conclusion
454(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
455(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
456(1)
Key facts
456(1)
References
456(5)
37 Physical exercise: Effects on cognitive function after traumatic brain injury
Margalida Coll-Andreu
Laura Amoros-Aguilar
David Costa-Miserachs
Isabel Portell-Cortes
Meritxell Torras-Garcia
Introduction
461(1)
Effects of physical exercise on the brain after a traumatic brain injury
462(1)
Traumatic brain injury induces primary and secondary injuries
462(1)
Traumatic brain injury triggers endogenous compensation mechanisms
462(1)
Exercise has neuroprotective and neuroreparative effects
462(1)
Traumatic brain injury, physical exercise and cognition: Lessons from animal research
463(2)
Physical exercise after traumatic brain injury: Influence of parameters of application
464(1)
Physical exercise prior to injury: Can it protect against post-TBI cognitive deficits?
465(1)
Cognitive effects of physical exercise after traumatic brain injury: Clinical studies
465(4)
Can specific exercise recommendations be prescribed for the cognitive rehabilitation of patients?
468(1)
How to improve effective crosstalk between animal research and the clinical setting?
469(1)
Final remark
469(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
469(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
470(1)
Key facts
470(1)
Key facts of cognitive sequelae of traumatic brain injury
470(1)
Key facts of exercise effects on the brain and cognition after traumatic brain injury
470(1)
Summary points
471(1)
References
471(5)
38 Traumatic axonal injury as a key driver of the relationship between traumatic brain injury, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia
Lyndsey E. Collins-Praino
Defining traumatic brain injury: Severity and type of precipitating injury
476(1)
Detecting traumatic axonal injury
476(1)
Mechanisms of injury in TAI: Primary versus secondary axotomy
477(2)
Degenerative changes in axons persist long-term following injury
479(1)
TAI and cognitive dysfunction
479(1)
Increased dementia risk following TBI: The role of TAI
479(1)
Accumulation of amyloid beta within axons following TAI
480(1)
Accumulation of tau within axons following TAI
480(2)
Conclusion
482(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
482(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
482(1)
Key facts about traumatic axonal injury
483(1)
Summary points
483(1)
References
483(4)
39 Neuropsychological functioning of children and youth after traumatic brain injury
Paula Karina Perez-Delgadillo
Daniela Ramos-Usuga
Nini Lucia Muhoz-Perez
Juan Carlos Arango-Lasprilla
Introduction
487(1)
Definition and epidemiology
487(1)
Pathophysiology and classification
488(1)
Cognitive functioning after pediatric TBI
488(4)
Intellectual ability
488(1)
Attention
489(1)
Processing speed
490(1)
Memory
490(1)
Executive functions
490(1)
Language
491(1)
Visuospatial abilities
491(1)
Motor
491(1)
Emotional and behavioral functioning after pediatric TBI
492(1)
Behavioral functioning
492(1)
Emotional functioning
493(1)
Adaptive functioning
493(1)
Long-term sequelae of pediatric TBI
493(1)
Current limitations of existing research
494(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
495(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
495(1)
Key facts of neuropsychological functioning of children and youth after traumatic brain injury
496(1)
Summary points
496(1)
References
496(5)
40 Behavioral effects of traumatic brain injury: Use of guanosine
Rogerio R. Gerbatin
Aline Alves Courtes
Felix A.A. Soares
Fernando Dobrachinski
Introduction
501(1)
Guanosine as a potential therapy on traumatic brain injury
502(5)
TBI pathophysiology
502(2)
Guanosine effects on acute neurochemical changes and early behavior impairments following TBI
504(2)
Guanosine effects on the long-term behavior, molecular, and morphological changes following TBI
506(1)
Cellular targets in neuroprotection of guanosine
507(2)
Modulation of glutamatergic system
507(1)
Involvement of purinergic system as target of guanosine
508(1)
Perspectives and conclusions
509(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
510(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
510(1)
Key facts of behavioral effects of traumatic brain injury: Use of guanosine
510(1)
Key facts of purinergic system
510(1)
Summary points
511(1)
References
511(4)
41 Recognizing emotions and effects of traumatic brain injury
Ylenia Camassa Nahi
Blanca Tasso
Olga Dal Monte
Alessia Celeghin
Introduction
515(1)
Emotion perception in TBI
515(1)
Emotion recognition: Different stimuli and tasks
516(1)
Multiple sensory channels
517(1)
The valence's effect
517(1)
The physiological responsivity
518(1)
Neural correlates of facial recognition impairment in TBI patients
518(4)
The effects of emotion's perception deficit on social cognition
522(1)
Emotion perception deficits predict functional outcome
522(1)
Interaction between emotion recognition, social cognition, and non-social cognition
522(1)
Conclusion
523(1)
Application to other areas of neuroscience
523(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
523(1)
Key facts of emotion perception
524(1)
Summary points
524(1)
References
524(3)
42 Cognitive communication connections and higher-level language with traumatic brain-injured population
Judith R. Koebli
TBI and higher-level language introduction
527(1)
Figurative language skills, inferencing, proverbs, and TBI
527(2)
Framework and language deficits connections
529(2)
Prosody and TBI
531(1)
Working memory and traumatic brain injury
532(1)
Attention and TBI
532(2)
Working memory and language
534(1)
Conclusion
535(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
536(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
536(1)
Key facts of higher-level language
536(1)
Summary points
537(1)
References
537(2)
43 Self-awareness after severe traumatic brain injury: From impairment of self-awareness to psychological adjustment
Umberto Bivona
Susanna Lucatello
Alberto Costa
Introduction
539(1)
Theoretical frameworks and explanatory models of ISA
540(2)
Theoretical frameworks on ISA
540(1)
Explanatory models for ISA
541(1)
The assessment of ISA
542(2)
Clinical observation
542(1)
Structured/semi-structured interviews
542(1)
Comparison between patients' self-assessment and their performance on neuropsychological of functional tests
543(1)
Comparison between patient's self-report and clinician/relative's report
543(1)
Some critical issues related to the assessment of ISA
543(1)
The dual aspect of reporting a functional problem after sTBI: From ISA to denial
544(1)
The neuro-rehabilitation of ISA
545(4)
Preliminary issues
545(1)
From compensation to experience-based approach on ISA
545(4)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
549(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
549(1)
Key facts of impairment in self-awareness after severe traumatic brain injury
549(1)
Summary points
550(1)
References
550(3)
44 Disentangling antecedents from consequences of traumatic brain injury: The need for prospective longitudinal studies
Sheilagh Hodgins
Guido I. Guberman
Introduction
553(1)
Aggressive behavior and criminal offending observed in samples of TBI patients
554(1)
Comparing TBI patients and healthy individuals within birth or population cohorts
554(1)
TBIs in samples of criminal offenders
555(1)
The development of those who become criminals
555(1)
Do TBIs sustained in early childhood increase the risk of subsequent conduct problems?
556(1)
Childhood conduct problems and accidents
556(1)
Do conduct problems and inattention-hyperactivity in middle childhood increase the risk of subsequent TBIs?
557(1)
Why or how would childhood CP increase the risk of accidents and TBIs?
557(1)
Could treatments for CP and inattention reduce the risk of TBIs?
557(1)
Conclusions
558(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
558(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
558(1)
Key facts about TBIs
559(1)
Key facts about childhood conduct problems and inattention
559(1)
Summary points
559(1)
References
559(4)
45 The link between sleep and quality of life in childhood traumatic brain injury
Edith Botchway-Commey
Celia Godfrey
Nicholas P. Ryan
Nikita Tuli Sood
Joy Yumul
Vicki Anderson
Cathy Catroppa
Introduction
563(1)
Prevalence and assessment of sleep-wake disturbances in child TBI
563(1)
Proposed causes of SWD in child TBI
564(2)
Primary causes of SWD in child TBI
564(2)
Secondary causes of SWD in child TBI
566(1)
Sleep outcomes in childhood TBI
566(1)
Factors associated with SWD in child TBI
566(2)
Injury-related factors associated with SWD
566(1)
Demographic and psychosocial factors associated with SWD
567(1)
Quality of life in childhood TBI
568(1)
Sleep and QoL in childhood TBI: Gaps in the literature
568(1)
Conclusion
569(1)
Application to other areas of neuroscience
569(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
570(1)
Key facts about sleep and quality of life in children with TBI
570(1)
Summary points
571(1)
References
571(4)
Index 575
Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guys, Kings and St. Thomas Medical School, Kings College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects.

Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.



Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajendrams focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of Kings College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.

Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at Kings College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at Kings College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at Kings College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books. Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries.