| About the Authors |
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xi | |
| Preface |
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xiii | |
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1 | (26) |
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1.1 Background of Nuclear Waste Problem |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Nuclear Industry Facilities |
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2 | (8) |
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2 | (6) |
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1.2.2 Radioisotope Production and Application |
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8 | (2) |
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1.3 Nuclear Waste Sources and Classification |
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10 | (3) |
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1.4 Nuclear Waste Management |
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13 | (10) |
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1.4.1 Development of Policy Principles, Strategy and Legal Framework |
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14 | (2) |
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1.4.2 Technical Options for a Waste Management System |
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16 | (6) |
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1.4.3 Technical Factors that Affect Technology Selection |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (4) |
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25 | (2) |
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2 Cements: Portland Cement |
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27 | (26) |
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27 | (1) |
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2.2 Portland Cement: Manufacture, Mineral Composition, Properties |
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28 | (2) |
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2.3 Phase and Mineral Composition of Ordinary Portland Cement |
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30 | (1) |
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2.4 Properties of Portland Cement |
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31 | (1) |
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2.5 Hydration of Portland Cement |
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32 | (12) |
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2.5.1 Hydration and Hydraulic Activity of Clinker Phases and Portland Cement |
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32 | (3) |
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2.5.2 Process Chemistry, Products and Hydration Stages |
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35 | (5) |
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2.5.3 Microstructure, Phases and Properties of Fresh and Hardened Cement Paste |
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40 | (4) |
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2.6 Interaction of Portland Cements with Water and Soil |
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44 | (9) |
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2.6.1 Ground Waters and Their Interaction with Cement Hydration Products |
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44 | (4) |
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2.6.2 Soil and Its Interaction with Cement Hydration Products |
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48 | (3) |
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51 | (2) |
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3 Portland Cements with Mineral and Chemical Admixtures |
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53 | (26) |
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3.1 Chemical Admixtures to Control the Structure and Properties of Portland Cements |
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53 | (8) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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3.1.3 Plasticizers, Super-Plasticizers and Hyperplasticizers |
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57 | (4) |
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3.2 Mineral Admixtures in the Control of the Composition, Structure and Properties of Cements |
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61 | (18) |
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3.2.1 Classification of Mineral Admixtures for Cements |
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62 | (4) |
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3.2.2 Portland Cements with Mineral Admixtures from Natural Rocks and Minerals |
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66 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Portland Cements with Mineral Admixtures from Wastes of Various Industries |
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67 | (2) |
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3.2.4 Portland Cements with Synthetic Mineral Admixtures |
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69 | (1) |
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3.2.5 Portland Cements with Hybrid Mineral and Organic-Mineral Admixtures |
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70 | (4) |
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74 | (5) |
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79 | (26) |
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4.1 Calcium Aluminate Cements |
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80 | (3) |
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4.1.1 Chemical and Mineralogical Composition of CACs |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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4.2 Calcium Sulphoaluminate Cements |
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83 | (4) |
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4.2.1 Chemical and Mineralogical Composition of CSACs |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (2) |
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4.2.3 Properties of CSACs |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (5) |
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4.3.1 Properties of Phosphate Cements |
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89 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Magnesium Phosphate Cements |
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90 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Calcium Phosphate Cements |
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90 | (2) |
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4.4 Alkali-Activated Cements |
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92 | (13) |
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99 | (6) |
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5 Cement Properties, Characterization and Testing |
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105 | (22) |
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5.1 Water/Cement Ratio, Water Requirement, Workability and Water Retention |
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105 | (4) |
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109 | (2) |
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5.3 Specific Surface Area and Particle Size Distribution |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (5) |
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5.6 Freeze---Thaw Resistance |
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119 | (2) |
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5.7 Microstructure and Analysis |
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121 | (6) |
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124 | (3) |
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6 Radioactive Waste Cementation |
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127 | (32) |
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6.1 Radioactive Waste Streams for Cementation |
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127 | (3) |
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130 | (8) |
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6.2.1 Organic Liquid Waste for Cementation |
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130 | (2) |
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6.2.2 Aqueous Waste for Cementation |
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132 | (6) |
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6.3 Bulk Solid Radioactive Wastes |
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138 | (5) |
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6.3.1 Bulk Metallic Wastes |
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138 | (2) |
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6.3.2 Bulk Concrete Wastes |
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140 | (2) |
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142 | (1) |
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6.3.4 Bulk Hazardous Wastes |
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143 | (1) |
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6.4 Fragmented (Dispersed) Solid Wastes |
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143 | (4) |
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6.4.1 Compactable, Combustible Wastes |
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144 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Non-compactable, Non-combustible Wastes |
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145 | (2) |
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6.5 Additives for Radioactive Waste Cementation |
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147 | (5) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (3) |
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6.6 Cement-Based Composite Materials |
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152 | (1) |
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6.7 Cement-Based Wasteform Optimization |
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153 | (6) |
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154 | (5) |
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7 Waste Cementation Technology |
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159 | (18) |
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7.1 Methods of Liquid Waste Cementation |
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159 | (9) |
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7.1.1 Regular Mixer Technology |
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161 | (2) |
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7.1.2 Disposable Stirrer Technology |
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163 | (4) |
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7.1.3 Slant Mixer Technology |
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167 | (1) |
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7.1.4 High Energy and High Shear Mixer Technology |
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168 | (1) |
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7.1.5 In-line Mixing Technology |
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168 | (1) |
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7.2 Methods for Cementation of Fragmented (Dispersed) Solid Waste |
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168 | (5) |
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7.3 Methods for Cementation of Bulk Solid Waste |
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173 | (1) |
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7.4 Quality Control of Technological Processes and Materials Obtained |
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174 | (3) |
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175 | (2) |
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8 Cementitious Wasteform Durability |
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177 | (24) |
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8.1 Wasteform Durability Requirements |
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177 | (4) |
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8.2 Role of Material Performance |
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181 | (1) |
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8.3 Expected Performance of Cements |
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182 | (3) |
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8.4 Wasteform Leaching Parameters |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (2) |
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8.6 Long-Term Field Tests |
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188 | (7) |
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8.6.1 Mound Type Repository Field Tests |
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189 | (5) |
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8.6.2 Vault Repository Field Tests |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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8.9 Role of Filling Materials |
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197 | (4) |
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198 | (3) |
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201 | (20) |
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9.1 Historical Disposal Practice |
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202 | (2) |
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9.2 Disposal Facility Design |
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204 | (6) |
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9.2.1 Shallow Land Disposal Options |
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206 | (2) |
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9.2.2 Underground Disposal Option |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (2) |
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9.4 Performance Assessment |
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212 | (4) |
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216 | (5) |
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217 | (4) |
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10 Future Trends and Concluding Remarks |
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221 | (6) |
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10.1 Role of Cementitious Materials |
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221 | (1) |
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10.2 Novel Cementitious Materials |
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222 | (2) |
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224 | (3) |
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225 | (2) |
| Index |
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227 | |