The book highlights the current practices and future trends in structural characterization of impurities and degradants. It begins with an overview of mass spectrometry techniques as related to the analysis of impurities and degradants, followed by studies involving characterization of process related impurities (including potential genotoxic impurities), and excipient related impurities in formulated products. Both general practitioners in pharmaceutical research and specialists in analytical chemistry field will benefit from this book that will detail step-by-step approaches and new strategies to solve challenging problems related to pharmaceutical research.
Arvustused
"It will be valuable for scientists working in industrial, academic, and healthcare-related fields who use mass spectrometry to investigate impurities and degradants." (Doody's, 16 September 2011)
PREFACE. CONTRIBUTORS. ACRONYMS. PART I METHODOLOGY. 1
Introduction to Mass Spectrometry ( Scott A. Smith, Ruth Waddell Smith, Yu
Xia, and Zheng Ouyang ). 1.1 History. 1.2 Ionization Methods. 1.3 Mass
Spectrometer Types. 1.4 Tandem Mass Spectrometry. 1.5 Separation Techniques
Coupled to Mass Spectrometry. 1.6 Prospects for Mass Spectrometry.
References. 2 LC Method Development and Strategies ( Gang Xue and Yining
Zhao ). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Column, pH and Solvent Screening. 2.3 Gradient
and Temperature Optimization. 2.4 Orthogonal Screening. 2.5 High-Efficiency
Separation. 2.6 Conclusions. References. 3 Rapid Analysis of Drug-Related
Substances using Desorption Electrospray Ionization and Direct Analysis in
Real Time Ionization Mass Spectrometry ( Hao Chen and Jiwen Li ). 3.1
Introduction. 3.2 Ionization Apparatus, Mechanisms and General Performance.
3.3 Drug Analysis in Biological Matrices using DESI and DART. 3.4
High-Throughput Analysis. 3.5 Chemical Imaging and Profiling. 3.6 Future
Perspectives. References. 4 Orbitrap High-Resolution Applications ( Robert
J. Strife ). 4.1 Historical Anecdote. 4.2 General Description of Orbitrap
Operating Principles. 4.3 The Orbitrap is a "Fourier Transform" Device. 4.4
Performing Experiments in Trapping Devices. 4.5 Determining Elemental
Compositions of "Unknowns" Using an Orbitrap. 4.6 Orbitrap Figures of Merit
in Mass Measurement. 4.7 HPLC Orbitrap MS: Accurate Mass Demonstration and
Differentiation of Small Molecule Formulas Very Proximate in Mass/Charge
Ratio Space. 4.8 Determination of Trace Contaminant Compositions by Simple
Screening HPLC-MS and Infusion Orbitrap MS. 4.9 Determining Substructures:
Orbitrap Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS n ). 4.10 Multianalyzer (Hybridized)
System: The Linear Ion Trap/Orbitrap for MS/MS and Higher-Order MS n , n
>2. 4.11 Mass Mapping to Discover Impurities. 4.12 The Current Practice of
Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. 4.13 Conclusion. References. 5 Structural
Characterization of Impurities and Degradation Products in Pharmaceuticals
Using High-Resolution LC-MS and Online Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass
Spectrometry ( Guodong Chen and Birendra N. Pramanik ). 5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Characterization of Impurities. 5.3 Characterization of Degradation
Products. 5.4 Conclusions. References. 6 Isotope Patten Recognition on
Molecular Formula Determination for Structural Identification of Impurities
( Ming Gu ). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Three Basic Approaches to Isotope Pattern
Recognition. 6.3 The Importance of Lineshape Calibration. 6.4 Spectral
Accuracy. 6.5 Formula Determination with Quadrupole MS. 6.6 Formula
Determination with High-Resolution MS. 6.7 Conclusions and Future Directions.
References. PART II APPLICATION. 7 Practical Application of Very
High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Across the Pharmaceutical
Development-Manufacturing Continuum ( Brent Kleintop and Qinggang Wang ).
7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Theory and Benefits of VHPLC. 7.3 VHPLC Method
Development. 7.4 Other Practical Considerations. 7.5 VHPLC Method Validation.
7.6 Summary. References. 8 Impurity Identification for Drug Substances (
David W. Berberich, Tao Jiang, Joseph McClurg, Frank Moser, and R. Randy
Wilhelm ). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Case Studies. 8.3 Conclusions. References.
9 Impurity Identification in Process Chemistry by Mass Spectrometry ( David
Q. Liu, Mingjiang Sun, and Lianming Wu ). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2
Experimentation. 9.3 Applications. 9.4 Concluding Remarks. Acknowledgments.
References. 10 Structure Elucidation of Pharmaceutical Impurities and
Degradants in Drug Formulation Development ( Changkang Pan, Frances Liu, and
Michael Motto ). 10.1 Importance of Drug Degradation Studies in Drug
Development. 10.2 Drug Degradation Studies in Formulation Development. 10.3
Complexity of Impurity Identification in Drug Development. 10.4 Strategy for
Structure Elucidation of Unknowns. 10.5 Hyphenated Analytical Techniques Used
in Drug Development. 10.6 Case Studies. Acknowledgment. References. 11
Investigation of Degradation Products and Extractables in Developing Topical
OTC (Over the Counter) and NCE (New Chemical Entity) Consumer Healthcare
Medication Products ( Fa Zhang ). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Oxidatively
Induced Coupling of Miconazole Nitrate with Butylated Hydroxytoluene in a
Topical Ointment. 11.3 Extractables from Rubber Closures of a Prefilled
Semisolid Drug Applicator. 11.4 New Degradation Products and Pathways of
Vitamin D and Its Analogs. 11.5 Reductive Degradation of a
1,2,4-Thiadiazolium Derivative. 11.6 Conclusions. References.
12.
Characterization of Impurities and Degradants in Protein Therapeutics by Mass
Spectrometry ( Li Tao, Michael Ackerman, Wei Wu, Peiran Liu, and Reb Russell
). 12.1 Introduction to Therapeutic Proteins. 12.2 Recent Advances in Mass
Spectrometry. 12.3 Impurities. 12.4 Degradation Products. 12.5 Conclusions.
References. 13 Identification and Quantification of Degradants and
Impurities in Antibodies ( David M. Hambly and Himanshu S. Gadgil ). 13.1
Introduction to Antibodies and Protein Drugs. 13.2 Overview of Degradations
and Impurities in Protein Drugs and Antibodies. 13.3 Methods to Identify and
Quantitate Degradations and Impurities. 13.4 Conclusions. Appendix.
References. INDEX.
BIRENDRA N. PRAMANIK is a Distinguished Fellow at Merck Research Laboratories, where he directs spectroscopy programs covering mass spectrometry and NMR efforts. He was previously a distinguished fellow at Schering-Plough Research Institute. He received his PhD in organic chemistry under the late Professor Ajay K. Bose from Stevens Institute of Technology in 1977. MIKE S. LEE is President of Milestone Development Services, a provider of consulting services specializing in pharmaceutical analysis and accelerated drug discovery and development strategies in Newtown, Pennsylvania. He previously directed program research at Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research Institute in New Brunswick, New Jersey. GUODONG CHEN is Principal Scientist in Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences at Bristol-Myers Squibb in Princeton, New Jersey. He heads a mass spectrometry group in support of drug discovery as well as development programs in small molecule pharmaceuticals and biologics. He received his PhD in analytical chemistry from Purdue University under the direction of Professor R. Graham Cooks.
