| Chapter 1 Introduction |
|
1 | (24) |
|
Instructional Objectives for
Chapter 1 |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
Important Notation Introduced in This
Chapter |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
1.1 The Central Problems of Thermodynamics |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
|
|
5 | (2) |
|
1.3 The Equilibrium State |
|
|
7 | (3) |
|
1.4 Pressure, Temperature, and Equilibrium |
|
|
10 | (5) |
|
1.5 Heat, Work, and the Conservation of Energy |
|
|
15 | (3) |
|
1.6 Specification of the Equilibrium State; Intensive and Extensive Variables; Equations of State |
|
|
18 | (3) |
|
1.7 A Summary of Important Experimental Observations |
|
|
21 | (2) |
|
1.8 A Comment on the Development of Thermodynamics |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
|
|
23 | (2) |
| Chapter 2 Conservation Of Mass |
|
25 | (20) |
|
Instructional Objectives for
Chapter 2 |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
Important Notation Introduced in This
Chapter |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
2.1 A General Balance Equation and Conserved Quantities |
|
|
26 | (4) |
|
2.2 Conservation of Mass for a Pure Fluid |
|
|
30 | (5) |
|
2.3 The Mass Balance Equations for a Multicomponent System with a Chemical Reaction |
|
|
35 | (8) |
|
2.4 The Microscopic Mass Balance Equations in Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics (Optional - only on the website for this book) |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
|
|
44 | (1) |
| Chapter 3 Conservation Of Energy |
|
45 | (54) |
|
Instructional Objectives for
Chapter 3 |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
Notation Introduced in This
Chapter |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
3.1 Conservation of Energy |
|
|
47 | (7) |
|
3.2 Several Examples of Using the Energy Balance |
|
|
54 | (5) |
|
3.3 The Thermodynamic Properties of Matter |
|
|
59 | (10) |
|
3.4 Applications of the Mass and Energy Balances |
|
|
69 | (24) |
|
3.5 Conservation of Momentum |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
3.6 The Microscopic Energy Balance (Optional - only on website for this book) |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
|
|
93 | (6) |
| Chapter 4 Entropy: An Additional Balance Equation |
|
99 | (53) |
|
Instructional Objectives for
Chapter 4 |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
Notation Introduced in This
Chapter |
|
|
100 | (1) |
|
4.1 Entropy: A New Concept |
|
|
100 | (8) |
|
4.2 The Entropy Balance and Reversibility |
|
|
108 | (6) |
|
4.3 Heat, Work, Engines, and Entropy |
|
|
114 | (11) |
|
4.4 Entropy Changes of Matter |
|
|
125 | (3) |
|
4.5 Applications of the Entropy Balance |
|
|
128 | (12) |
|
4.6 Availability and the Maximum Useful Shaft Work that can be obtained In a Change of State |
|
|
140 | (5) |
|
4.7 The Microscopic Entropy Balance (Optional - only on website for this book) |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
|
|
145 | (7) |
| Chapter 5 Liquefaction, Power Cycles, And Explosions |
|
152 | (48) |
|
Instructional Objectives for
Chapter 5 |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
Notation Introduced in this
Chapter |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
|
|
153 | (5) |
|
5.2 Power Generation and Refrigeration Cycles |
|
|
158 | (23) |
|
5.3 Thermodynamic Efficiencies |
|
|
181 | (4) |
|
5.4 The Thermodynamics of Mechanical Explosions |
|
|
185 | (9) |
|
|
|
194 | (6) |
| Chapter 6 The Thermodynamic Properties Of Real Substances |
|
200 | (85) |
|
Instructional Objectives for
Chapter 6 |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
Notation Introduced in this
Chapter |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
6.1 Some Mathematical Preliminaries |
|
|
201 | (4) |
|
6.2 The Evaluation of Thermodynamic Partial Derivatives |
|
|
205 | (14) |
|
6.3 The Ideal Gas and Absolute Temperature Scales |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
6.4 The Evaluation of Changes in the Thermodynamic Properties of Real Substances Accompanying a Change of State |
|
|
220 | (25) |
|
6.5 An Example Involving the Change of State of a Real Gas |
|
|
245 | (5) |
|
6.6 The Principle of Corresponding States |
|
|
250 | (13) |
|
6.7 Generalized Equations of State |
|
|
263 | (4) |
|
6.8 The Third Law of Thermodynamics |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
6.9 Estimation Methods for Critical and Other Properties |
|
|
268 | (4) |
|
|
|
272 | (3) |
|
6.11 More About Thermodynamic Partial Derivatives (Optional - only on website for this book) |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
|
|
275 | (10) |
| Chapter 7 Equilibrium And Stability In One-Component Systems |
|
285 | (68) |
|
Instructional Objectives for
Chapter 7 |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Notation Introduced in This
Chapter |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
7.1 The Criteria for Equilibrium |
|
|
286 | (7) |
|
7.2 Stability of Thermodynamic Systems |
|
|
293 | (7) |
|
7.3 Phase Equilibria: Application of the Equilibrium and Stability Criteria to the Equation of State |
|
|
300 | (7) |
|
7.4 The Molar Gibbs Energy and Fugacity of a Pure Component |
|
|
307 | (15) |
|
7.5 The Calculation of Pure Fluid-Phase Equilibrium: The Computation of Vapor Pressure from an Equation of State |
|
|
322 | (8) |
|
7.6 Specification of the Equilibrium Thermodynamic State of a System of Several Phases: The Gibbs Phase Rule for a One-Component System |
|
|
330 | (4) |
|
7.7 Thermodynamic Properties of Phase Transitions |
|
|
334 | (7) |
|
7.8 Thermodynamic Properties of Small Systems, or Why Subcooling and Superheating Occur |
|
|
341 | (3) |
|
|
|
344 | (9) |
| Chapter 8 The Thermodynamics Of Multicomponent Mixtures |
|
353 | (63) |
|
Instructional Objectives for
Chapter 8 |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
Notation Introduced in This
Chapter |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
8.1 The Thermodynamic Description of Mixtures |
|
|
354 | (9) |
|
8.2 The Partial Molar Gibbs Energy and the Generalized Gibbs-Duhem Equation |
|
|
363 | (4) |
|
8.3 A Notation for Chemical Reactions |
|
|
367 | (3) |
|
8.4 The Equations of Change for a Multicomponent System |
|
|
370 | (8) |
|
8.5 The Heat of Reaction and a Convention for the Thermodynamic Properties of Reacting Mixtures |
|
|
378 | (7) |
|
8.6 The Experimental Determination of the Partial Molar Volume and Enthalpy |
|
|
385 | (11) |
|
8.7 Criteria for Phase Equilibrium in Multicomponent Systems |
|
|
396 | (3) |
|
8.8 Criteria for Chemical Equilibrium, and Combined Chemical and Phase Equilibrium |
|
|
399 | (5) |
|
8.9 Specification of the Equilibrium Thermodynamic State of a Multicomponent, Multiphase System; the Gibbs Phase Rule |
|
|
404 | (4) |
|
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
|
408 | (8) |
| Chapter 9 Estimation Of The Gibbs Energy And Fugacity Of A Component In A Mixture |
|
416 | (91) |
|
Instructional Objectives for
Chapter 9 |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
Notation Introduced in This
Chapter |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
9.1 The Ideal Gas Mixture |
|
|
417 | (4) |
|
9.2 The Partial Molar Gibbs Energy and Fugacity |
|
|
421 | (4) |
|
9.3 Ideal Mixture and Excess Mixture Properties |
|
|
425 | (11) |
|
9.4 Fugacity of Species in Gaseous, Liquid, and Solid Mixtures |
|
|
436 | (10) |
|
9.5 Several Correlative Liquid Mixture Activity Coefficient Models |
|
|
446 | (14) |
|
9.6 Two Predictive Activity Coefficient Models |
|
|
460 | (8) |
|
9.7 Fugacity of Species in Nonsimple Mixtures |
|
|
468 | (10) |
|
9.8 Some Comments on Reference and Standard States |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
9.9 Combined Equation-of-State and Excess Gibbs Energy Model |
|
|
479 | (3) |
|
9.10 Electrolyte Solutions |
|
|
482 | (8) |
|
9.11 Choosing the Appropriate Thermodynamic Model |
|
|
490 | (3) |
|
Appendix A9.1 A Statistical Mechanical Interpretation of the Entropy of Mixing in an Ideal Mixture (Optional - only on the website for this book) |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
Appendix A9.2 Multicomponent Excess Gibbs Energy (Activity Coefficient) Models |
|
|
493 | (2) |
|
Appendix A9.3 The Activity Coefficient of a Solvent in an Electrolyte Solution |
|
|
495 | (4) |
|
|
|
499 | (8) |
| Chapter 10 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium In Mixtures |
|
507 | (92) |
|
Instructional Objectives for
Chapter 10 |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
Notation Introduced in This
Chapter |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
10.0 Introduction to Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium |
|
|
508 | (2) |
|
10.1 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Ideal Mixtures |
|
|
510 | (28) |
|
Problems for Section 10.1 |
|
|
536 | (2) |
|
10.2 Low-Pressure Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Nonideal Mixtures |
|
|
538 | (40) |
|
Problems for Section 10.2 |
|
|
568 | (10) |
|
10.3 High-Pressure Vapor-Liquid Equilibria Using Equations of State (0-0 Method) |
|
|
578 | (21) |
|
Problems for Section 10.3 |
|
|
595 | (4) |
| Chapter 11 Other Types Of Phase Equilibria In Fluid Mixtures |
|
599 | (89) |
|
Instructional Objectives for
Chapter 11 |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
Notation Introduced in This
Chapter |
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
11.1 The Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid |
|
|
600 | (17) |
|
Problems for Section 11.1 |
|
|
615 | (2) |
|
11.2 Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium |
|
|
617 | (35) |
|
Problems for Section 11.2 |
|
|
646 | (6) |
|
11.3 Vapor-Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium |
|
|
652 | (13) |
|
Problems for Section 11.3 |
|
|
661 | (4) |
|
11.4 The Partitioning of a Solute Among Two Coexisting Liquid Phases; The Distribution Coefficient |
|
|
665 | (12) |
|
Problems for Section 11.4 |
|
|
675 | (2) |
|
11.5 Osmotic Equilibrium and Osmotic Pressure |
|
|
677 | (11) |
|
Problems for Section 11.5 |
|
|
684 | (4) |
| Chapter 12 Mixture Phase Equilibria Involving Solids |
|
688 | (46) |
|
Instructional Objectives for
Chapter 12 |
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
Notation Introduced in This
Chapter |
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
12.1 The Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid, Gas, or Supercritical Fluid |
|
|
689 | (12) |
|
Problems for Section 12.1 |
|
|
699 | (2) |
|
12.2 Partitioning of a Solid Solute Between Two Liquid Phases |
|
|
701 | (3) |
|
Problems for Section 12.2 |
|
|
703 | (1) |
|
12.3 Freezing-Point Depression of a Solvent Due to the Presence of a Solute; the Freezing Point of Liquid Mixtures |
|
|
704 | (6) |
|
Problems for Section 12.3 |
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
12.4 Phase Behavior of Solid Mixtures |
|
|
710 | (10) |
|
Problems for Section 12.4 |
|
|
718 | (2) |
|
12.5 The Phase Behavior Modeling of Chemicals in the Environment |
|
|
720 | (6) |
|
Problems for Section 12.5 |
|
|
726 | (1) |
|
12.6 Process Design and Product Design |
|
|
726 | (6) |
|
Problems for Section 12.6 |
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
12.7 Concluding Remarks on Phase Equilibria |
|
|
732 | (2) |
| Chapter 13 Chemical Equilibrium |
|
734 | (114) |
|
Instructional Objectives for
Chapter 13 |
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
Important Notation Introduced in This
Chapter |
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
13.1 Chemical Equilibrium in a Single-Phase System |
|
|
735 | (33) |
|
13.2 Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions |
|
|
768 | (13) |
|
13.3 Chemical Equilibrium When Several Reactions Occur in a Single Phase |
|
|
781 | (10) |
|
13.4 Combined Chemical and Phase Equilibrium |
|
|
791 | (8) |
|
13.5 Ionization and the Acidity of Solutions |
|
|
799 | (18) |
|
13.6 Ionization of Biochemicals |
|
|
817 | (14) |
|
13.7 Partitioning of Amino Acids and Proteins Between Two Liquids |
|
|
831 | (3) |
|
|
|
834 | (14) |
| Chapter 14 The Balance Equations For Chemical Reactors, Availability, And Electrochemistry |
|
848 | (52) |
|
Instructional Objectives for
Chapter 14 |
|
|
848 | (1) |
|
Notation Introduced in This
Chapter |
|
|
849 | (1) |
|
14.1 The Balance Equations for a Tank-Type Chemical Reactor |
|
|
849 | (8) |
|
14.2 The Balance Equations for a Tubular Reactor |
|
|
857 | (3) |
|
14.3 Overall Reactor Balance Equations and the Adiabatic Reaction Temperature |
|
|
860 | (9) |
|
14.4 Thermodynamics of Chemical Explosions |
|
|
869 | (6) |
|
14.5 Maximum Useful Work and Availability in Chemically Reacting Systems |
|
|
875 | (7) |
|
14.6 Introduction to Electrochemical Processes |
|
|
882 | (9) |
|
14.7 Fuel Cells and Batteries |
|
|
891 | (6) |
|
|
|
897 | (3) |
| Chapter 15 Some Additional Biochemical Applications Of Thermodynamics |
|
900 | (73) |
|
Instructional Objectives for
Chapter 15 |
|
|
900 | (1) |
|
Notation Introduced in This
Chapter |
|
|
901 | (1) |
|
15.1 Solubilities of Weak Acids, Weak Bases, and Amino Acids as a Function of pH |
|
|
901 | (10) |
|
15.2 The Solubility of Amino Acids and Proteins as a function of Ionic Strength and Temperature |
|
|
911 | (6) |
|
15.3 Binding of a Ligand to a Substrate |
|
|
917 | (5) |
|
15.4 Some Other Examples of Biochemical Reactions |
|
|
922 | (3) |
|
15.5 The Denaturation of Proteins |
|
|
925 | (7) |
|
15.6 Coupled Biochemical Reactions: The ATP-ADP Energy Storage and Delivery Mechanism |
|
|
932 | (5) |
|
15.7 Thermodynamic Analysis of Fermenters and Other Bioreactors |
|
|
937 | (23) |
|
15.8 Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium and Membrane Potentials |
|
|
960 | (7) |
|
15.9 Protein Concentration in an Ultracentrifuge |
|
|
967 | (3) |
|
|
|
970 | (3) |
| Appendix A Thermodynamic Data |
|
973 | (19) |
|
Appendix A.I Conversion Factors For Si Units |
|
|
973 | (1) |
|
Appendix A.II The Molar Heat Capacities Of Gases In The Ideal Gas (Zero Pressure) State |
|
|
974 | (3) |
|
Appendix A.III The Thermodynamic Properties Of Water And Steam |
|
|
977 | (10) |
|
Appendix A.IV Enthalpies And Free Energies Of Formation |
|
|
987 | (3) |
|
Appendix A.V Heats Of Combustion |
|
|
990 | (2) |
| Appendix B Brief Descriptions Of Computer Aids For Use With This Book |
|
992 | (2) |
| Appendix B Descriptions Of Computer Programs And Computer On Website Only Aids For Use With This Book |
|
B1 | |
|
Appendix B.I Windows-Based Visual Basic Programs |
|
|
B1 | |
|
Appendix B.II Dos-Based Basic Programs |
|
|
B9 | |
|
Appendix B.III Mathcad Worksheets |
|
|
B12 | |
|
Appendix B.IV Matlab Programs |
|
|
B14 | |
| Appendix C Aspen Illustration Input Files. These Are On The Website For This Book |
|
994 | (1) |
| Appendix D Answers To Selected Problems |
|
995 | (3) |
| Index |
|
998 | |
