Chemistry 3rd Revised edition [Pehme köide]

Preface		xi
To the Student: How to Use this Book		xii
Acknowledgements		xiii
Numbers, Units and Measurement
Very small and very big numbers		1	(1)
Logarithms		2	(1)
Units		3	(3)
Errors in experiments		6	(4)
Reporting measurements		10	(5)
Revision questions		14	(1)
Elements, Compounds and Reactions
Matter and energy		15	(4)
Physical and chemical changes		19	(1)
Chemical formulae		20	(4)
Writing and balancing equations		24	(5)
Revision questions		28	(1)
Inside the Atom
Atomic structure		29	(3)
Isotopes		32	(3)
Mass spectrometer		35	(3)
Electronic structure of atoms		38	(2)
Evidence for the existence of energy levels in atoms		40	(1)
More advanced ideas about electronic structure		41	(5)
Revision questions		45	(1)
Bonding Between Atoms
Why atoms combine		46	(1)
Ionic bonding		47	(5)
Covalent bonding		52	(4)
Coordinate bonding		56	(1)
Ionic and covalent compounds -- two extremes		57	(3)
Resonance structures		60	(3)
Revision questions		62	(1)
More about Bonding
Exceptions to the octet rule		63	(2)
Shapes of molecules		65	(4)
Shapes of molecules with multiple bonds		69	(2)
Molecules with and without dipoles		71	(1)
Metallic bonding		72	(1)
Giant molecules		73	(2)
Forces between covalent molecules		75	(7)
Revision questions		81	(1)
Reactions of Ions in Solution
Dissolution of salts in water		82	(1)
Ionic equations		83	(3)
Producing ions in water by chemical reaction		86	(4)
Acids and bases		90	(1)
Reactions of acids		91	(4)
Acids produced when gases CO2, SO2 and NO2 dissolve in water		95	(1)
Reactions of the hydroxide ion		95	(2)
Use of reactions in the identification of ions in solution		97	(3)
Revision questions		98	(2)
Oxidation and Reduction
Redox reactions		100	(2)
Oxidation numbers		102	(2)
Oxidizing and reducing agents		104	(1)
Writing and balancing redox equations		104	(3)
Redox couples		107	(6)
Activity series of metals		113	(1)
Corrosion of iron		114	(1)
Redox reactions in nature		115	(3)
Revision questions		117	(1)
The Mole
Molecular mass		118	(1)
Moles		119	(5)
Percentage composition by mass		124	(3)
Water of crystallization		127	(1)
Calculating amounts from equations		127	(2)
Calculating gas volumes		129	(1)
Percentage yield		130	(1)
Limiting reagents		131	(4)
Revision questions		133	(2)
Calculating Concentrations
Concentration of solutions		135	(3)
Standard solutions		138	(2)
Volumetric analysis		140	(6)
Other units of concentration		146	(4)
pH scale		150	(3)
Revision questions		152	(1)
Gases, Liquids and Solids
Heat and temperature		153	(1)
Changes in the state of matter		153	(4)
Gas laws		157	(4)
Kinetic molecular theory of gases		161	(1)
Ideal gas equation		162	(2)
Adsorption of gases on solids		164	(1)
Vapour pressure		165	(3)
Critical temperature and pressure		168	(2)
Revision questions		169	(1)
Solutions and Solubility
Solubility		170	(6)
Dynamic nature of dissolution		176	(1)
Solubility of sparingly soluble ionic compounds		176	(6)
Distribution of a solute between two solvents		182	(1)
Solubility of gases in water		183	(4)
Osmosis		187	(3)
Colloids		190	(3)
Revision questions		192	(1)
Chemical Families
Periodic Table		193	(1)
Group 1 elements -- the alkali metals		194	(3)
Group 2 elements -- the alkaline earth metals		197	(2)
Group 14 elements		199	(4)
Group 17 elements -- the halogens		203	(1)
Group 18 elements -- the noble gases		204	(1)
Elements of the first transition series		205	(5)
Variation of properties of elements within groups and periods		210	(5)
Revision questions		214	(1)
Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
Conservation of energy		215	(3)
Key points about enthalpy changes		218	(4)
Determination of ΔH in the laboratory		222	(3)
Special kinds of standard enthalpy change		225	(1)
Standard enthalpy of formation		226	(4)
Standard enthalpy of combustion		230	(1)
Nutrition		231	(2)
Lattice enthalpy		233	(3)
Energetics of bond breaking and bond making		236	(5)
Revision questions		239	(2)
Speed of Chemical Reactions
Reaction rate		241	(4)
Factors affecting reaction rate		245	(5)
Reaction rate expressions		250	(2)
Examples of rate expressions found by experiment		252	(1)
Calculations using rate expressions		253	(4)
More about first-order reactions		257	(3)
Reaction mechanisms		260	(2)
Catalysis		262	(3)
Revision questions		263	(2)
Dynamic Chemical Equilibria
Introduction		265	(2)
Equilibrium law and equilibrium constant		267	(2)
Meaning of equilibrium constants		269	(3)
Effects of changing concentration, pressure and temperature upon equilibria		272	(9)
Production of ammonia by the Haber--Bosch process		281	(1)
Heterogeneous equilibria		282	(3)
Revision questions		283	(2)
Acid--Base Equilibria
Ionic equilibria in water		285	(4)
Acids and bases in aqueous solution		289	(6)
Hydrolysis of salts		295	(2)
Buffer solutions		297	(4)
Acid--base indicators		301	(2)
Variation of pH during an acid--base titration		303	(2)
Buffering action of carbon dioxide in water		305	(2)
Revision questions		306	(1)
Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons
Alkanes		307	(8)
Alkenes		315	(6)
Alkynes		321	(1)
Aromatic hydrocarbons		322	(8)
Revision questions		328	(2)
Common Classes of Organic Compounds
Halogenoalkanes		330	(1)
Alcohols		330	(4)
Carbonyl compounds		334	(4)
Carboxylic acids		338	(3)
Amines		341	(1)
Optical isomerism		342	(1)
Amino acids and proteins		343	(2)
Substituted benzene derivatives		345	(5)
Revision questions		348	(2)
Separating Mixtures
Separating a solid from a liquid		350	(3)
Separating two liquids		353	(2)
Separating solids		355	(1)
Steam distillation		356	(1)
Ion exchange		356	(1)
Solvent extraction		357	(3)
Chromatography		360	(6)
Revision questions		364	(2)
Light and Spectroscopy
Electromagnetic spectrum		366	(3)
Energy levels of atoms and molecules		369	(1)
Spectrometers		370	(1)
Absorbance and transmittance of a sample		371	(2)
More about ultraviolet and visible spectra		373	(4)
Absorption spectra and colour		377	(2)
Infrared spectroscopy		379	(7)
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy		386	(6)
Beer--Lambert law		392	(3)
Photosynthesis		395	(4)
Revision questions		396	(3)
Nuclear and Radiochemistry
Radioactivity		399	(2)
Radionuclides and radioisotopes		401	(1)
More about nuclear radiation		402	(1)
Mathematics of radioactive decay		403	(2)
Uses of radionuclides		405	(6)
Revision questions		410	(1)
Environmental Chemistry
Introduction		411	(1)
Atmospheric pollution		412	(3)
Water pollution		415	(4)
Land pollution		419	(3)
Revision questions		421	(1)
Forensic Chemistry
Prerequisites		422	(1)
The scope of forensic chemistry		422	(2)
Variation of the concentration of a poison with time		424	(1)
Calculations using first order kinetics		424	(1)
Zeroth--order kinetics of ethanol decay		425	(1)
Drinking and driving		426	(2)
Analysis of drugs in hair		428	(2)
Revision questions		429	(1)
Electronic Structures		430	(2)
Answers to Exercises and Revision Questions		432	(21)
Glossary		453	(5)
Index		458	(6)
Valencies of Common Ions		464

ROB LEWIS is Head of Department of Physical Sciences and Director of the Centre for Police Sciences at the University of Glamorgan, UK. He is an experienced Lecturer of Chemistry and Forensic Science in the tertiary and university sectors and is a former chief examiner at A-level. His research interests include the industrial applications of spectroscopy. WYNNE EVANS is Head of Department for Chemistry at the University of Glamorgan, UK. She has worked as a senior tutor in Inorganic Chemistry for the Open University and as an A-Level examiner. Her research interests include organometallic and coordination chemistry.