Preface |
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xiii | |
For Instructors |
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xvi | |
1 Chemical Tools: Experimentation and Measurement |
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1 | (32) |
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1.1 The Scientific Method: Nanoparticle Catalysts for Fuel Cells |
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2 | (3) |
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1.2 Measurements: SI Units and Scientific Notation |
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5 | (2) |
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1.3 Mass and Its Measurement |
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7 | (1) |
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1.4 Length and Its Measurement |
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8 | (1) |
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1.5 Temperature and Its Measurement |
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9 | (2) |
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1.6 Derived Units: Volume and Its Measurement |
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11 | (2) |
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1.7 Derived Units: Density and Its Measurement |
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13 | (1) |
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1.8 Derived Units: Energy and Its Measurement |
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14 | (2) |
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1.9 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures in Measurement |
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16 | (2) |
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1.10 Significant Figures in Calculations |
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18 | (2) |
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1.11 Converting from One Unit to Another |
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20 | (3) |
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Inquiry: O What are the unique properties of nanoscale materials? |
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23 | (10) |
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Study Guide, Key Terms, Key Equations, Practice Test, Conceptual Problems, Section Problems, Multiconcept Problems |
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2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions |
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33 | (50) |
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2.1 Chemistry and the Elements |
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34 | (2) |
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2.2 Elements and the Periodic Table |
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36 | (2) |
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2.3 Some Common Groups of Elements and Their Properties |
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38 | (3) |
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2.4 Observations Supporting Atomic Theory: The Conservation of Mass and the Law of Definite Proportions |
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41 | (2) |
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2.5 The Law of Multiple Proportions and Dalton's Atomic Theory |
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43 | (2) |
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2.6 Atomic Structure: Electrons |
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45 | (2) |
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2.7 Atomic Structure: Protons and Neutrons |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (2) |
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2.9 Atomic Weights and the Mole |
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51 | (4) |
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2.10 Measuring Atomic Weight: Mass Spectrometry |
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55 | (2) |
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2.11 Mixtures and Chemical Compounds; Molecules and Covalent Bonds |
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57 | (4) |
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2.12 Ions and Ionic Bonds |
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61 | (2) |
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2.13 Naming Chemical Compounds |
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63 | (6) |
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Inquiry: How can measurements of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in ice cores determine past climates? |
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69 | (14) |
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Study Guide, Key Terms, Practice Test, Conceptual Problems, Section Problems, Multiconcept Problems |
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3 Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions |
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83 | (33) |
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3.1 Representing Chemistry on Different Levels |
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84 | (1) |
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3.2 Balancing Chemical Equations |
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85 | (3) |
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3.3 Molecular Weight and Molar Mass |
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88 | (2) |
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3.4 Stoichiometry: Relating Amounts of Reactants and Products |
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90 | (2) |
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3.5 Yields of Chemical Reactions |
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92 | (2) |
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3.6 Reactions with Limiting Amounts of Reactants |
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94 | (3) |
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3.7 Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas |
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97 | (3) |
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3.8 Determining Empirical Formulas: Elemental Analysis |
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100 | (3) |
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3.9 Determining Molecular Weights: Mass Spectrometry |
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103 | (2) |
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Inquiry: How is the principle of atom economy used to minimize waste in a chemical synthesis? |
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105 | (11) |
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Study Guide, Key Terms, Key Equations, Practice Test, Conceptual Problems, Section Problems, Multiconcept Problems |
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4 Reactions in Aqueous Solution |
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116 | (45) |
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4.1 Solution Concentration: Molarity |
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117 | (2) |
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4.2 Diluting Concentrated Solutions |
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119 | (2) |
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4.3 Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution |
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121 | (2) |
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4.4 Types of Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solution |
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123 | (1) |
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4.5 Aqueous Reactions and Net Ionic Equations |
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124 | (1) |
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4.6 Precipitation Reactions and Solubility Guidelines |
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125 | (3) |
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4.7 Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions |
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128 | (4) |
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4.8 Solution Stoichiometry |
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132 | (1) |
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4.9 Measuring the Concentration of a Solution: Titration |
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133 | (2) |
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4.10 Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions |
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135 | (3) |
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4.11 Identifying Redox Reactions |
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138 | (3) |
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4.12 The Activity Series of the Elements |
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141 | (3) |
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144 | (2) |
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4.14 Some Applications of Redox Reactions |
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146 | (2) |
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Inquiry: How do sports drinks replenish the substances lost in sweat? |
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148 | (13) |
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Study Guide, Key Terms, Key Equations, Practice Test, Conceptual Problems, Section Problems, Multiconcept Problems |
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5 Periodicity and the Electronic Structure of Atoms |
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161 | (47) |
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5.1 Wave Properties of Radiant Energy and the Electromagnetic Spectrum |
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162 | (4) |
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5.2 Particlelike Properties of Radiant Energy: The Photoelectric Effect and Planck's Postulate |
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166 | (3) |
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5.3 Atomic Line Spectra and Quantized Energy |
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169 | (4) |
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5.4 Wavelike Properties of Matter: de Broglie's Hypothesis |
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173 | (2) |
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5.5 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom: Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle |
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175 | (1) |
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5.6 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom: Orbitals and Quantum Numbers |
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176 | (3) |
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5.7 The Shapes of Orbitals |
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179 | (5) |
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5.8 Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle |
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184 | (1) |
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5.9 Orbital Energy Levels in Multielectron Atoms |
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185 | (2) |
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5.10 Electron Configurations of Multielectron Atoms |
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187 | (2) |
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5.11 Anomalous Electron Configurations |
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189 | (1) |
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5.12 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table |
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189 | (3) |
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5.13 Electron Configurations and Periodic Properties: Atomic Radii |
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192 | (3) |
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Inquiry: How does knowledge of atomic emission spectra help us build more efficient light bulbs? |
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195 | (13) |
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Study Guide, Key Terms, Key Equations, Practice Test, Conceptual Problems, Section Problems, Multiconcept Problems |
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6 Ionic Compounds: Periodic Trends and Bonding Theory |
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208 | (30) |
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6.1 Electron Configurations of Ions |
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209 | (3) |
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212 | (2) |
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214 | (2) |
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6.4 Higher Ionization Energies |
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216 | (2) |
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218 | (2) |
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220 | (2) |
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6.7 Ionic Bonds and the Formation of Ionic Solids |
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222 | (4) |
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6.8 Lattice Energies in Ionic Solids |
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226 | (2) |
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Inquiry: How do ionic liquids lead to more environmentally friendly processes? |
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228 | (10) |
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Study Guide, Key Terms, Key Equations, Practice Test, Conceptual Problems, Section Problems, Multiconcept Problems |
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7 Covalent Bonding and Electron-Dot Structures |
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238 | (40) |
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7.1 Covalent Bonding in Molecules |
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239 | (1) |
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7.2 Strengths of Covalent Bonds |
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240 | (2) |
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7.3 Polar Covalent Bonds: Electronegativity |
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242 | (4) |
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7.4 A Comparison of Ionic and Covalent Compounds |
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246 | (1) |
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7.5 Electron-Dot Structures: The Octet Rule |
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247 | (3) |
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7.6 Procedure for Drawing Electron-Dot Structures |
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250 | (4) |
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7.7 Drawing Electron-Dot Structures for Radicals |
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254 | (1) |
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7.8 Electron-Dot Structures of Compounds Containing Only Hydrogen and Second-Row Elements |
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255 | (2) |
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7.9 Electron-Dot Structures and Resonance |
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257 | (4) |
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261 | (4) |
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Inquiry: How does bond polarity affect the toxicity of organophosphate insecticides? |
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265 | (13) |
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Study Guide, Key Terms, Key Equations, Practice Test, Conceptual Problems, Section Problems, Multiconcept Problems |
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8 Covalent Compounds: Bonding Theories and Molecular Structure |
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278 | (49) |
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8.1 Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR Model |
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279 | (7) |
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286 | (1) |
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8.3 Hybridization and spa Hybrid Orbitals |
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287 | (3) |
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8.4 Other Kinds of Hybrid Orbitals |
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290 | (5) |
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8.5 Polar Covalent Bonds and Dipole Moments |
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295 | (3) |
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8.6 Intermolecular Forces |
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298 | (8) |
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8.7 Molecular Orbital Theory: The Hydrogen Molecule |
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306 | (2) |
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8.8 Molecular Orbital Theory: Other Diatomic Molecules |
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308 | (4) |
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8.9 Combining Valence Bond Theory and Molecular Orbital Theory |
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312 | (2) |
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Inquiry: Which is better for human health, natural or synthetic vitamins? |
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314 | (13) |
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Study Guide, Key Terms, Practice Test, Conceptual Problems, Section Problems, Multiconcept Problems |
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9 Thermochemistry: Chemical Energy |
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327 | (47) |
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9.1 Energy and Its Conservation |
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328 | (2) |
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9.2 Internal Energy and State Functions |
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330 | (2) |
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332 | (2) |
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334 | (2) |
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9.5 Thermochemical Equations and the Thermodynamic Standard State |
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336 | (2) |
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9.6 Enthalpies of Chemical and Physical Changes |
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338 | (3) |
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9.7 Calorimetry and Heat Capacity |
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341 | (4) |
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345 | (3) |
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9.9 Standard Heats of Formation |
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348 | (2) |
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9.10 Bond Dissociation Energies |
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350 | (2) |
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9.11 An Introduction to Entropy |
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352 | (3) |
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9.12 An Introduction to Free Energy |
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355 | (4) |
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Inquiry: How do we determine the energy content of biofuels? |
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359 | (15) |
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Study Guide, Key Terms, Key Equations, Practice Test, Conceptual Problems, Section Problems, Multiconcept Problems |
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10 Gases: Their Properties and Behavior |
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374 | (48) |
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10.1 Gases and Gas Pressure |
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375 | (5) |
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380 | (5) |
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385 | (2) |
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10.4 Stoichiometric Relationships with Gases |
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387 | (3) |
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10.5 Mixtures of Gases: Partial Pressure and Dalton's Law |
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390 | (3) |
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10.6 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases |
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393 | (2) |
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10.7 Gas Diffusion and Effusion: Graham's Law |
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395 | (2) |
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10.8 The Behavior of Real Gases |
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397 | (1) |
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10.9 The Earth's Atmosphere and the Greenhouse Effect |
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398 | (3) |
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401 | (2) |
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403 | (4) |
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Inquiry: How do inhaled anesthetics work? |
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407 | (15) |
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Study Guide, Key Terms, Key Equations, Practice Test, Conceptual Problems, Section Problems, Multiconcept Problems |
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11 Liquids and Phase Changes |
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422 | (28) |
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11.1 Properties of Liquids |
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423 | (1) |
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11.2 Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point |
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424 | (4) |
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11.3 Phase Changes between Solids, Liquids, and Gases |
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428 | (3) |
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11.4 Energy Changes during Phase Transitions |
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431 | (2) |
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433 | (3) |
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436 | (3) |
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Inquiry: How is caffeine removed from coffee? |
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439 | (11) |
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Study Guide, Key Terms, Key Equations, Practice Test, Conceptual Problems, Section Problems, Multiconcept Problems |
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12 Solids and Solid-State Materials |
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450 | (44) |
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451 | (2) |
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12.2 Probing the Structure of Solids: X-Ray Crystallography |
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453 | (2) |
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12.3 The Packing of Spheres in Crystalline Solids: Unit Cells |
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455 | (4) |
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12.4 Structures of Some Ionic Solids |
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459 | (3) |
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12.5 Structures of Some Covalent Network Solids |
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462 | (2) |
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464 | (4) |
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468 | (3) |
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12.8 Semiconductor Applications |
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471 | (4) |
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475 | (2) |
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12.10 Ceramics and Composites |
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477 | (5) |
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Inquiry: What are quantum dots, and what controls their color? |
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482 | (12) |
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Study Guide, Key Terms, Key Equations, Practice Test, Conceptual Problems, Section Problems, Multiconcept Problems |
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13 Solutions and Their Properties |
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494 | (44) |
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495 | (1) |
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13.2 Enthalpy Changes and the Solution Process |
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496 | (2) |
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13.3 Predicting Solubility |
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498 | (3) |
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13.4 Concentration Units for Solutions |
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501 | (5) |
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13.5 Some Factors That Affect Solubility |
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506 | (4) |
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13.6 Physical Behavior of Solutions: Colligative Properties |
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510 | (1) |
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13.7 Vapor-Pressure Lowering of Solutions: Raoult's Law |
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511 | (6) |
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13.8 Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression of Solutions |
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517 | (4) |
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13.9 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure |
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521 | (4) |
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Inquiry: How does hemodialysis cleanse the blood of patients with kidney failure? |
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525 | (13) |
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Study Guide, Key Terms, Key Equations, Practice Test, Conceptual Problems, Section Problems, Multiconcept Problems |
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14 Chemical Kinetics |
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538 | (63) |
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539 | (5) |
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14.2 Rate Laws and Reaction Order |
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544 | (2) |
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14.3 Method of Initial Rates: Experimental Determination of a Rate Law |
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546 | (4) |
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14.4 Integrated Rate Law: Zeroth-Order Reactions |
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550 | (2) |
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14.5 Integrated Rate Law: First-Order Reactions |
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552 | (5) |
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14.6 Integrated Rate Law: Second-Order Reactions |
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557 | (3) |
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14.7 Reaction Rates and Temperature: The Arrhenius Equation |
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560 | (4) |
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14.8 Using the Arrhenius Equation |
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564 | (3) |
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567 | (3) |
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14.10 Rate Laws for Elementary Reactions |
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570 | (3) |
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14.11 Rate Laws for Overall Reactions |
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573 | (4) |
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577 | (3) |
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14.13 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts |
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580 | (3) |
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Inquiry: How do enzymes work? |
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583 | (18) |
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Study Guide, Key Terms, Key Equations, Practice Test, Conceptual Problems, Section Problems, Multiconcept Problems |
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15 Chemical Equilibrium |
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601 | (53) |
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15.1 The Equilibrium State |
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603 | (2) |
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15.2 The Equilibrium Constant Kc |
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605 | (5) |
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15.3 The Equilibrium Constant Kp |
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610 | (2) |
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15.4 Heterogeneous Equilibria |
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612 | (2) |
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15.5 Using the Equilibrium Constant |
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614 | (10) |
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15.6 Factors That Alter the Composition of an Equilibrium Mixture: Le Chitelier's Principle |
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624 | (1) |
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15.7 Altering an Equilibrium Mixture: Changes in Concentration |
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625 | (4) |
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15.8 Altering an Equilibrium Mixture: Changes in Pressure and Volume |
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629 | (2) |
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15.9 Altering an Equilibrium Mixture: Changes in Temperature |
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631 | (3) |
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15.10 The Link between Chemical Equilibrium and Chemical Kinetics |
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634 | (3) |
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Inquiry: How does high altitude affect oxygen transport in the body? |
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637 | (17) |
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Study Guide, Key Terms, Key Equations, Practice Test, Conceptual Problems, Section Problems, Multiconcept Problems |
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16 Aqueous Equilibria: Acids and Bases |
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654 | (54) |
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16.1 Acid-Base Concepts: The Bronsted-Lowry Theory |
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655 | (3) |
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16.2 Acid Strength and Base Strength |
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658 | (3) |
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16.3 Factors That Affect Acid Strength |
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661 | (3) |
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16.4 Dissociation of Water |
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664 | (2) |
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666 | (2) |
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668 | (1) |
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16.7 The pH in Solutions of Strong Acids and Strong Bases |
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669 | (2) |
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16.8 Equilibria in Solutions of Weak Acids |
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671 | (2) |
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16.9 Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations in Solutions of Weak Acids |
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673 | (4) |
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16.10 Percent Dissociation in Solutions of Weak Acids |
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677 | (1) |
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678 | (4) |
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16.12 Equilibria in Solutions of Weak Bases |
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682 | (2) |
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16.13 Relation Between K and Kb |
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684 | (2) |
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16.14 Acid-Base Properties of Salts |
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686 | (5) |
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16.15 Lewis Acids and Bases |
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691 | (3) |
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Inquiry: Has the problem of acid rain been solved? |
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694 | (14) |
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Study Guide, Key Terms, Key Equations, Practice Test, Conceptual Problems, Section Problems, Multiconcept Problems |
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17 Applications of Aqueous Equilibria |
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708 | (60) |
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17.1 Neutralization Reactions |
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709 | (3) |
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17.2 The Common-Ion Effect |
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712 | (4) |
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716 | (4) |
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17.4 The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation |
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720 | (3) |
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723 | (1) |
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17.6 Strong Acid-Strong Base Titrations |
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724 | (3) |
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17.7 Weak Acid-Strong Base Titrations |
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727 | (5) |
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17.8 Weak Base-Strong Acid Titrations |
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732 | (1) |
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17.9 Polyprotic Acid-Strong Base Titrations |
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733 | (5) |
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17.10 Solubility Equilibria for Ionic Compounds |
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738 | (1) |
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17.11 Measuring Ksp and Calculating Solubility from Ksp |
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739 | (3) |
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17.12 Factors That Affect Solubility |
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742 | (8) |
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17.13 Precipitation of Ionic Compounds |
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750 | (1) |
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17.14 Separation of Ions by Selective Precipitation |
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751 | (1) |
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17.15 Qualitative Analysis |
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752 | (2) |
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Inquiry: What is causing ocean acidification? |
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754 | (14) |
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Study Guide, Key Terms, Key Equations, Practice Test, Conceptual Problems, Section Problems, Multiconcept Problems |
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18 Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy, and Spontaneity |
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768 | (45) |
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18.1 Spontaneous Processes |
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769 | (1) |
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18.2 Enthalpy, Entropy, and Spontaneous Processes |
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770 | (3) |
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18.3 Entropy and Probability |
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773 | (4) |
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18.4 Entropy and Temperature |
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777 | (2) |
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18.5 Standard Molar Entropies and Standard Entropies of Reaction |
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779 | (2) |
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18.6 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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781 | (3) |
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18.7 Free Energy and the Spontaneity of Chemical Reactions |
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784 | (3) |
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18.8 Standard Free-Energy Changes for Reactions |
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787 | (2) |
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18.9 Standard Free Energies of Formation |
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789 | (3) |
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18.10 Free-Energy Changes for Reactions under Nonstandard-State Conditions |
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792 | (2) |
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18.11 Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium |
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794 | (4) |
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Inquiry: Does the formation of highly ordered molecules violate the second law of thermodynamics? |
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798 | (15) |
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Study Guide, Key Terms, Key Equations, Practice Test, Conceptual Problems, Section Problems, Multiconcept Problems |
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19 Electrochemistry |
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813 | (57) |
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19.1 Balancing Redox Reactions by the Half-Reaction Method |
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814 | (5) |
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819 | (5) |
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19.3 Shorthand Notation for Galvanic Cells |
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824 | (1) |
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19.4 Cell Potentials and Free-Energy Changes for Cell Reactions |
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825 | (2) |
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19.5 Standard Reduction Potentials |
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827 | (3) |
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19.6 Using Standard Reduction Potentials |
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830 | (3) |
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19.7 Cell Potentials under Nonstandard-State Conditions: The Nernst Equation |
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833 | (3) |
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19.8 Electrochemical Determination of pH |
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836 | (2) |
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19.9 Standard Cell Potentials and Equilibrium Constants |
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838 | (2) |
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840 | (3) |
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843 | (3) |
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19.12 Electrolysis and Electrolytic Cells |
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846 | (3) |
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19.13 Commercial Applications of Electrolysis |
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849 | (3) |
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19.14 Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis |
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852 | (2) |
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Inquiry: How do hydrogen fuel cells work? |
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854 | (16) |
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Study Guide, Key Terms, Key Equations, Practice Test, Conceptual Problems, Section Problems, Multiconcept Problems |
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20 Nuclear Chemistry |
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870 | (34) |
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20.1 Nuclear Reactions and Their Characteristics |
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871 | (1) |
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872 | (3) |
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875 | (2) |
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20.4 Radioactive Decay Rates |
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877 | (4) |
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20.5 Dating with Radioisotopes |
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881 | (1) |
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20.6 Energy Changes during Nuclear Reactions |
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882 | (4) |
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20.7 Nuclear Fission and Fusion |
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886 | (4) |
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20.8 Nuclear Transmutation |
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890 | (1) |
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20.9 Detecting and Measuring Radioactivity |
|
|
891 | (3) |
|
Inquiry: How are radioisotopes used in medicine? |
|
|
894 | (10) |
|
Study Guide, Key Terms, Key Equations, Practice Test, Conceptual Problems, Section Problems, Multiconcept Problems |
|
|
21 Transition Elements and Coordination Chemistry |
|
904 | (50) |
|
21.1 Electron Configurations |
|
|
906 | (2) |
|
21.2 Properties of Transition Elements |
|
|
908 | (4) |
|
21.3 Oxidation States of Transition Elements |
|
|
912 | (1) |
|
21.4 Coordination Compounds |
|
|
913 | (2) |
|
|
915 | (3) |
|
21.6 Naming Coordination Compounds |
|
|
918 | (3) |
|
|
921 | (5) |
|
21.8 Enantiomers and Molecular Handedness |
|
|
926 | (3) |
|
21.9 Color of Transition Metal Complexes |
|
|
929 | (1) |
|
21.10 Crystal Field Theory |
|
|
930 | (6) |
|
21.11 Bonding in Complexes: Valence Bond Theory |
|
|
936 | (4) |
|
Inquiry: How does cisplatin kill cancer cells? |
|
|
940 | (14) |
|
Study Guide, Key Terms, Key Equation, Practice Test, Conceptual Problems, Section Problems, Multiconcept Problems |
|
|
22 The Main-Group Elements |
|
954 | (49) |
|
22.1 A Review of General Properties and Periodic Trends |
|
|
955 | (2) |
|
22.2 Distinctive Properties of the Second-Row Elements |
|
|
957 | (2) |
|
|
959 | (3) |
|
22.4 Group 1A: Alkali Metals and Group 2A: Alkaline Earth Metals |
|
|
962 | (3) |
|
|
965 | (2) |
|
|
967 | (7) |
|
|
974 | (6) |
|
|
980 | (7) |
|
22.9 Group 7A: The Halogens |
|
|
987 | (2) |
|
22.10 Group 8A: Noble Gases |
|
|
989 | (1) |
|
Inquiry: What are the barriers to a hydrogen economy? |
|
|
990 | (13) |
|
Study Guide, Key Terms, Practice Test, Conceptual Problems, Section Problems, Multiconcept Problems |
|
|
23 Organic and Biological Chemistry |
|
1003 | |
|
23.1 Organic Molecules and Their Structures: Consitutional Isomers |
|
|
1004 | (4) |
|
23.2 Stereoisomers: Chiral Molecules |
|
|
1008 | (3) |
|
23.3 Families of Organic Compounds: Functional Groups |
|
|
1011 | (3) |
|
23.4 Carbohydrates: A Biological Example of Isomers |
|
|
1014 | (3) |
|
23.5 Valence Bond Theory and Orbital Overlap Pictures |
|
|
1017 | (4) |
|
23.6 Lipids: A Biological Example of Cis- Trans Isomerism |
|
|
1021 | (4) |
|
23.7 Formal Charge and Resonance in Organic Compounds |
|
|
1025 | (5) |
|
|
1030 | (4) |
|
23.9 Proteins: A Biological Example of Conjugation |
|
|
1034 | (4) |
|
23.10 Aromatic Compounds and Molecular Orbital Theory |
|
|
1038 | (3) |
|
23.11 Nucleic Acids: A Biological Example of Aromaticity |
|
|
1041 | (4) |
|
Inquiry: Why do enantiomers have different biological responses? |
|
|
1045 | |
|
Study Guide, Key Terms, Practice Test, Conceptual Problems, Section Problems, Multiconcept Problems |
|
|
Appendix A: Mathematical Operations |
|
A-1 | |
|
|
A-1 | |
|
|
A-4 | |
|
A.3 Straight-Line Graphs and Linear Equations |
|
|
A-6 | |
|
|
A-7 | |
|
A.5 Calculus Derivations of Integrated Rate Laws |
|
|
A-7 | |
Appendix B: Thermodynamic Properties at 25 °C |
|
A-9 | |
Appendix C: Equilibrium Constants at 25 °C |
|
A-14 | |
Appendix D: Standard Reduction Potentials at 25 °C |
|
A-18 | |
Appendix E: Properties of Water |
|
A-20 | |
Answers to Selected Problems |
|
A-21 | |
Glossary |
|
G-1 | |
Index |
|
I-1 | |
Photo/ Text Credits |
|
C-1 | |