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Chemistry of Modern Papermaking [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 431 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 952 g, 9 Tables, black and white; 489 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 08-Sep-2011
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1439856443
  • ISBN-13: 9781439856444
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Formaat: Hardback, 431 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 952 g, 9 Tables, black and white; 489 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 08-Sep-2011
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1439856443
  • ISBN-13: 9781439856444
Teised raamatud teemal:
"Chemistry of Modern Papermaking presents a chemist's perspective on the papermaking process. With roughly 3% of the mass of a paper product invested in water-soluble chemicals, paper makers can adjust the speed and efficiency of the process, minimize and reuse surplus materials, and differentiate a paper product as required by specific customers. With research and development scattered across academic journals or the proprietary information of a variety of companies, the modern paper maker requires a one-stop resource for the general picture of the paper chemicals organic chemistry.The remarkable effectiveness of chemicals at very low concentrations is a fascinating topic in paper chemistry. Chemistry of Modern Papermaking is an extensive collection of data combining the organic chemistry of paper with its potential applications. Within each chapter, paper chemicals are organized based on their chemical structure. After an introduction and brief history, the book explores the papermaking process, retention aids, temporary wet strength resins, wet strength resins, dry strength resins, internal sizing agents, creping adhesives and softeners, and chemicals for paper surface treatment. Uniquely, patents and scientific articles are included in almost equal number among the 3400 references. Chemistry of Modern Papermaking focuses on the chemistry behind each application, on what has been done, and on what can be done. Never before has a book analytically arranged and lucidly explained such an expansive collection of details from both the patent and scientific literature. This synthesis is achieved not only through diligent work, but also through years of industrial experience"--

"Foreword Readers of this book are in for a joyful experience! The authors of Chemistry of Modern Papermaking clearly have a profound enthusiasm for their subject matter, of which they care about deeply and want to share with their audience. Though therehave been other textbooks dealing with the chemistry of papermaking, this book achieves an important new milestone in bringing together a wealth of insight concerning the chemical strategies that can have practical use in a state-of-the-art papermaking facility. Never before has a textbook compiled, carefully digested, and lucidly explained such a deep collection of details from both the patent and scientific literature. This synthesis is achieved not only through diligent work, but also reflects the years of industrial experience of the authors. Readers will also quickly come to respect Hagiopol and Johnston's gifts for teaching--especially the teaching of chemistry. As the authors themselves state more effectively in their book, one of the important principles of the chemistry of papermaking is that of "leveraging." With typically only about 3% of the mass of a paper product invested in water-soluble chemicals, the papermaker can achieve dramatic effects. On the one hand, he or she can greatly increasethe efficiency of the process--including the production rate. For instance, by the use of retention aids, the efficiency of retaining fine particles in the paper can be improved. Not only does this help to minimize wasted materials, but it also helps papermakers to avoid significant discharges of waterborne substances as liquid effluent. An optimized wet-end chemistry program can also achieve higher rates of water removal, which often allows papermakers to speed up the process"--

Provided by publisher.

Arvustused

"Open a page of this book at random, and you are more likely than not to encounter carefully selected and redrawn chemical formulae and reaction paths illuminating many of the most promising strategies for the use of chemicals in a papermaking process. Too many authors have shied away from such a graphic and explicit approach to explaining important concepts underlying chemical technology. ...a book without such effective chemical notations and reaction schemes would require a great many more words and probably achieve less clarity and utility. And this is a book that is clearly intended to be useful." Martin Hubbe, Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA

Foreword xi
Authors xiii
Abbreviations xv
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(4)
Acknowledgments
3(1)
References
3(2)
Chapter 2 From Wood to Paper: A General View of the Papermaking Process
5(46)
2.1 From the Papyrus Era to Modern Times: A Brief History of Making Paper
5(2)
2.2 Pulp: The Support for Paper Chemicals
7(7)
2.2.1 Sulfite Pulping
9(2)
2.2.2 Sulfate Pulping (KRAFT)
11(1)
2.2.3 The Bleaching Process
12(1)
2.2.4 Wet End: Sheet Formation and White Water
12(1)
2.2.5 Paper Drying and Finishing (Dry End)
13(1)
2.3 Paper Structure and Composition
14(3)
2.4 The Chemistry of Poly-Carbohydrates
17(11)
2.4.1 Chemical Reactions That Keep the Molecular Weight Unchanged
18(4)
2.4.2 Chemical Reactions That May Alter the Molecular Weight
22(6)
2.5 Synthetic Polymers: Everywhere in Papermaking Process
28(7)
2.5.1 Polymer Synthesis
28(4)
2.5.2 Chemical and Physical Properties of Polymers
32(3)
2.6 Paper Testing: A Difficult Task
35(16)
References
39(12)
Chapter 3 The Fate of Paper Chemicals at the Wet End
51(46)
3.1 Friends and Foes at the Wet End
51(2)
3.2 Polymers in Heterogeneous Systems
53(10)
3.2.1 Polyelectrolyte Interactions in a Continuous Phase
55(1)
3.2.2 Polyelectrolyte Adsorption at an Interface
56(2)
3.2.3 The Polymer Retention Mechanism
58(3)
3.2.4 Polymer Particles Retained on Cellulose Fibers
61(1)
3.2.5 Colloidal Titration
62(1)
3.3 Retention Aids
63(34)
3.3.1 Electrophoretic Mobility
64(1)
3.3.2 Fiber Flocculation Mechanisms
65(2)
3.3.3 Paper Chemicals as Retention Aids
67(1)
3.3.3.1 Nonionic Flocculants
68(2)
3.3.3.2 Aluminum Compounds as Retention Aids
70(1)
3.3.3.3 Anionic Retention Aids
71(1)
3.3.3.4 Cationic Polymers as Retention Aids
72(6)
3.3.3.5 Amphoteric Retention Aids
78(7)
References
85(12)
Chapter 4 Temporary Wet-Strength Resins
97(40)
4.1 A Look at the Paper Wet-Strength Concept
97(3)
4.2 The Synthesis of Temporary Wet-Strength Resins: General Chemistry
100(13)
4.2.1 Strong Bonds and Weak Bonds in Organic Chemistry
100(4)
4.2.2 The Backbone Structure for Carriers of Aldehyde Groups
104(1)
4.2.2.1 Backbone with Aldehyde Functionality Bonded through Strong Bonds
105(6)
4.2.2.2 Carriers of Aldehyde Group through a Weaker Bond (Hemiacetal or Amidol)
111(2)
4.3 The Synthesis of Polyacrylamide
113(8)
4.3.1 Cationic Polyacrylamide through Free Radical Copolymerization
113(5)
4.3.2 Acrylamide Copolymers with a "Diluter"
118(2)
4.3.3 Polyacrylamide Molecular Weight
120(1)
4.3.4 Polymer Blends as TWSR
120(1)
4.4 Polyaldehyde Copolymers from Polyacrylamide
121(6)
4.4.1 Glyoxalation of Polyacrylamide
121(4)
4.4.2 The Glyoxalated Polyacrylamide Stability
125(2)
4.5 Paper Wet Strength and Its Decay
127(10)
References
131(6)
Chapter 5 Wet-Strength Resins
137(104)
5.1 Prepolymer Synthesis
139(39)
5.1.1 Prepolymers with a Hetero-Atom in the Backbone
139(1)
5.1.1.1 Urea-Formaldehyde Resins
139(2)
5.1.1.2 Melamine-Formaldehyde Resins
141(1)
5.1.1.3 Polyamines and Polyethylene Imines
142(4)
5.1.1.4 Polyamidoamine
146(5)
5.1.1.5 Polyamidoamine Esters
151(1)
5.1.1.6 Polysaccharides
152(3)
5.1.1.7 Polyisocyanates
155(6)
5.1.1.8 Polycarboxylic Acids
161(2)
5.1.1.9 Polyethers
163(1)
5.1.2 Backbone with Carbon-Carbon Bonds Only
164(1)
5.1.2.1 Homopolymers as Wet-Strength Resins
164(4)
5.1.2.2 Copolymers as Wet-Strength Resins
168(3)
5.1.3 Polymer-Analogous Reactions
171(5)
5.1.4 Polymer Latexes
176(2)
5.2 Ionic Charge Addition
178(7)
5.2.1 Anionic Groups
179(1)
5.2.2 Cationic Groups
179(3)
5.2.3 PAE Resins Synthesis: The Epichlorohydrin Ability to Add Cationic Charges
182(2)
5.2.4 The Synthesis of PAE-Type Resin without Epichlorohydrin as Raw Material
184(1)
5.3 Polyamidoamine Epichlorohydrin Polymers as Wet-Strength Resins
185(12)
5.3.1 Chemical Structure of PAE Resins
16(171)
5.3.2 Molecular Weight
187(2)
5.3.3 Resin Stability and Shelf Life
189(4)
5.3.4 By-Products (DCP and CPD) and How to Lower Their Concentration
193(1)
5.3.4.1 WSR with Low AOX by Adjusting the Synthesis Parameters
194(1)
5.3.4.2 The Reduction of the Concentration of DCP and CPD by Their Hydrolysis
195(1)
5.3.4.3 Producing WSR with Reduced AOX via Physical Processes
196(1)
5.3.4.4 Epichlorohydrin-Free Resins as Paper Wet-Strengthening Agents
196(1)
5.4 WSR Made from Blends
197(4)
5.4.1 Blends of Resins with Similar Chemistry and No Synergetic Effect
197(1)
5.4.2 Synergetic Effects Provided by Blends of Resins with Different Chemistries
198(3)
5.5 Paper Wet-Strengthening Mechanisms
201(18)
5.5.1 The Strength of Wet and Dry Paper
201(2)
5.5.2 WSR Retention Mechanism
203(6)
5.5.3 Diverging Views on the Wet-Strength Mechanism
209(1)
5.5.3.1 Are Cellulose Fibers Involved in New Covalent Bond Formation?
210(4)
5.5.3.2 To What Extent Does Hydrogen Bonding Explain the Paper Wet Strength?
214(2)
5.5.3.3 What Would a Protective Mechanism Look Like?
216(3)
5.6 Paper Repulpability
219(22)
5.6.1 Fighting the Chemicals that Yield Permanent Wet Strength
220(1)
5.6.2 The Repulping Mechanism
221(1)
5.6.3 Repulpable Paper
222(2)
5.6.4 Improved Recycled Fibers
224(1)
References
224(17)
Chapter 6 Dry-Strength Resins
241(26)
6.1 Involvement of Chemicals in the Dry Strength Mechanism of Paper
241(4)
6.2 Anionic Dry-Strength Additives
245(3)
6.3 Cationic Dry-Strength Additives
248(7)
6.3.1 Cationic Starch as a Dry-Strength Additive
248(2)
6.3.2 Cationic Polyvinyl Alcohol as Dry-Strength Additive
250(1)
6.3.3 Cationic Polyacrylamide as a Dry-Strength Resin
251(1)
6.3.4 Blends of Cationic Resins as Dry-Strength Additives
252(1)
6.3.5 Polyamine
253(1)
6.3.6 Cationic Latexes as Dry-Strength Additives
254(1)
6.4 Amphoteric Dry-Strength Resins
255(1)
6.5 Blends of Anionic and Cationic Resins
256(11)
References
260(7)
Chapter 7 Internal Sizing Agents
267(60)
7.1 The Chemistry of Alum in the Papermaking Processes
268(3)
7.2 Rosin is Back on the Cellulose Fibers
271(11)
7.2.1 Exploring the Organic Chemistry of Rosin: Rosin Derivatives as Sizing Agents
272(1)
7.2.1.1 Reactions at Double Bonds
272(1)
7.2.1.2 Reactions at Carboxyl Group
273(1)
7.2.1.3 Rosin Neutralization
274(1)
7.2.2 Anionic Rosin Size
274(2)
7.2.3 Cationic Rosin Dispersions and Amphoteric Stabilizers
276(1)
7.2.4 Rosin Sizing Mechanism
276(3)
7.2.5 Technological Consequences of the Rosin Sizing Mechanism
279(1)
7.2.6 Other Carboxylic Acids as Sizing Agents
280(2)
7.3 Reactive Internal Size (1): Alkyl Ketene Dimer
282(15)
7.3.1 AKD Synthesis
282(1)
7.3.2 The Emulsification of AKD
283(1)
7.3.2.1 Stabilizers for AKD Emulsion
283(2)
7.3.2.2 AKD Dispersion with Higher Solids Content
285(1)
7.3.2.3 AKD Emulsion Stability
286(1)
7.3.3 AKD Retention
287(2)
7.3.4 AKD Sizing Mechanism
289(1)
7.3.4.1 Investigating the Formation of Covalent Bond between AKD and Cellulose
290(4)
7.3.4.2 Alternative Suggestions for an AKD Sizing Mechanism
294(3)
7.4 Reactive Internal Size (2): Akenyl Succinic Anhydride
297(10)
7.4.1 The Synthesis of ASA-Type Compounds
298(2)
7.4.2 ASA Emulsification
300(2)
7.4.3 Effects of ASA Hydrolysis on Its Application
302(2)
7.4.4 ASA Sizing Mechanism
304(3)
7.5 Other Chemical Compounds Able to Fit the General Concept for an Internal Sizing Agent
307(20)
7.5.1 Other "Potentially Reactive" Compounds as Internal Sizing Additives
307(4)
7.5.2 Other Nonreactive Compounds as Internal Sizing Agents
311(5)
References
316(11)
Chapter 8 Creping Adhesives and Softeners
327(24)
8.1 Creping Adhesives
328(1)
8.2 Composition of Creping Adhesives
329(11)
8.2.1 Adhesives for the Yankee Dryer
330(1)
8.2.1.1 Nonreactive Creping Adhesives
330(2)
8.2.1.2 Reactive Self-Cross-Linkable Creping Adhesives
332(1)
8.2.1.3 Creping Adhesives with a Cross-Linker
333(3)
8.2.1.4 How to Control the Cross-Linking Reaction on the Yankee Dryer
336(1)
8.2.2 Modifiers
337(2)
8.2.3 Release Aids
339(1)
8.3 Debonders/Softeners
340(11)
8.3.1 Softeners Retention and Softening Mechanism
340(2)
8.3.2 Paper Softness Evaluation
342(1)
8.3.3 Chemical Structure of Softeners/Debonders
342(4)
References
346(5)
Chapter 9 Chemicals for the Treatment of Paper Surface
351(60)
9.1 Surface Sizing Agents
352(34)
9.1.1 Starches for Size-Press Solutions
354(2)
9.1.2 Nonreactive Surface Sizing Agents
356(2)
9.1.2.1 Emulsions of Nonreactive Small Molecules as Sizing Materials
358(1)
9.1.2.2 Surface Size Obtained through Emulsion Polymerization
359(8)
9.1.2.3 Surface Treatment for Oil-Resistant Paper
367(1)
9.1.3 "Reactive" Surface Sizing Agents
368(1)
9.1.3.1 Anionic Water-Soluble Polymers
369(5)
9.1.3.2 Dispersions of Nonreactive Sizing Agents Stabilized with Reactive Sizing Agents
374(4)
9.1.3.3 Internal Sizing Agents for Surface Treatment
378(3)
9.1.3.4 Surface Sizing Mechanism
381(4)
9.1.4 Effect of the Defoamer
385(1)
9.2 Surface Strength Agents
386(2)
9.3 Porosity Builders
388(2)
9.4 Polymers in Paper Coatings
390(21)
9.4.1 Natural and Synthetic Binders
390(3)
9.4.2 Binder Migration
393(1)
9.4.3 Hydrophobic and Cross-Linked Binders
394(2)
9.4.4 Coating Hydrophobicity and Its Repulpability
396(1)
9.4.5 Coating Surface Properties
396(2)
References
398(13)
Index 411
Cornel Hagiopol received his PhD in macromolecular chemistry from Polytechnic University, Bucharest, Romania, in 1983. His expertise lies in polymer chemistry. He joined Lehigh University in 1998 and came to Georgia Pacific Chemicals LLC (paper chemicals group) in 2000 to work on the synthesis of copolymers for surface sizing agents and wet/dry strength resins. He authored the book Copolymerization (Plenum/Kluwer, New York, 1999) and was a contributor to Encyclopedia of Condensed Matter Physics (Elsevier, Oxford, 2005). He is the coauthor of more than 30 publications and the coinventor of more than 20 patents.

James (Jim) W. Johnston is currently a research and development manager for Georgia-Pacifics paper chemicals business in Decatur, Georgia. He is responsible for the development of intellectual property, project management, and technology development within the paper chemicals market. Jims expertise lies in chemistry applications, chemical engineering, and paper properties. He has held various technical, operations, marketing, and R&D positions over the years within Georgia-Pacific, Hercules, Inc., and International Paper. He is a past lecturer for TAPPIs Wet End Chemistry short course and is the coauthor of several patents. Jim is a graduate of Syracuse University and SUNY ESF Chemical Engineering and Paper Science and Engineering Program.