Foreword |
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xi | |
Authors |
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xiii | |
Abbreviations |
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xv | |
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1 | (4) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 From Wood to Paper: A General View of the Papermaking Process |
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5 | (46) |
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2.1 From the Papyrus Era to Modern Times: A Brief History of Making Paper |
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5 | (2) |
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2.2 Pulp: The Support for Paper Chemicals |
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7 | (7) |
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9 | (2) |
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2.2.2 Sulfate Pulping (KRAFT) |
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11 | (1) |
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2.2.3 The Bleaching Process |
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12 | (1) |
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2.2.4 Wet End: Sheet Formation and White Water |
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12 | (1) |
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2.2.5 Paper Drying and Finishing (Dry End) |
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13 | (1) |
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2.3 Paper Structure and Composition |
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14 | (3) |
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2.4 The Chemistry of Poly-Carbohydrates |
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17 | (11) |
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2.4.1 Chemical Reactions That Keep the Molecular Weight Unchanged |
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18 | (4) |
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2.4.2 Chemical Reactions That May Alter the Molecular Weight |
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22 | (6) |
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2.5 Synthetic Polymers: Everywhere in Papermaking Process |
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28 | (7) |
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28 | (4) |
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2.5.2 Chemical and Physical Properties of Polymers |
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32 | (3) |
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2.6 Paper Testing: A Difficult Task |
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35 | (16) |
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39 | (12) |
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Chapter 3 The Fate of Paper Chemicals at the Wet End |
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51 | (46) |
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3.1 Friends and Foes at the Wet End |
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51 | (2) |
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3.2 Polymers in Heterogeneous Systems |
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53 | (10) |
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3.2.1 Polyelectrolyte Interactions in a Continuous Phase |
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55 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Polyelectrolyte Adsorption at an Interface |
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56 | (2) |
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3.2.3 The Polymer Retention Mechanism |
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58 | (3) |
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3.2.4 Polymer Particles Retained on Cellulose Fibers |
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61 | (1) |
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3.2.5 Colloidal Titration |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (34) |
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3.3.1 Electrophoretic Mobility |
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64 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Fiber Flocculation Mechanisms |
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65 | (2) |
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3.3.3 Paper Chemicals as Retention Aids |
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67 | (1) |
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3.3.3.1 Nonionic Flocculants |
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68 | (2) |
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3.3.3.2 Aluminum Compounds as Retention Aids |
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70 | (1) |
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3.3.3.3 Anionic Retention Aids |
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71 | (1) |
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3.3.3.4 Cationic Polymers as Retention Aids |
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72 | (6) |
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3.3.3.5 Amphoteric Retention Aids |
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78 | (7) |
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85 | (12) |
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Chapter 4 Temporary Wet-Strength Resins |
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97 | (40) |
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4.1 A Look at the Paper Wet-Strength Concept |
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97 | (3) |
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4.2 The Synthesis of Temporary Wet-Strength Resins: General Chemistry |
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100 | (13) |
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4.2.1 Strong Bonds and Weak Bonds in Organic Chemistry |
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100 | (4) |
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4.2.2 The Backbone Structure for Carriers of Aldehyde Groups |
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104 | (1) |
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4.2.2.1 Backbone with Aldehyde Functionality Bonded through Strong Bonds |
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105 | (6) |
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4.2.2.2 Carriers of Aldehyde Group through a Weaker Bond (Hemiacetal or Amidol) |
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111 | (2) |
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4.3 The Synthesis of Polyacrylamide |
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113 | (8) |
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4.3.1 Cationic Polyacrylamide through Free Radical Copolymerization |
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113 | (5) |
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4.3.2 Acrylamide Copolymers with a "Diluter" |
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118 | (2) |
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4.3.3 Polyacrylamide Molecular Weight |
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120 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Polymer Blends as TWSR |
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120 | (1) |
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4.4 Polyaldehyde Copolymers from Polyacrylamide |
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121 | (6) |
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4.4.1 Glyoxalation of Polyacrylamide |
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121 | (4) |
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4.4.2 The Glyoxalated Polyacrylamide Stability |
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125 | (2) |
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4.5 Paper Wet Strength and Its Decay |
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127 | (10) |
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131 | (6) |
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Chapter 5 Wet-Strength Resins |
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137 | (104) |
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139 | (39) |
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5.1.1 Prepolymers with a Hetero-Atom in the Backbone |
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139 | (1) |
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5.1.1.1 Urea-Formaldehyde Resins |
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139 | (2) |
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5.1.1.2 Melamine-Formaldehyde Resins |
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141 | (1) |
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5.1.1.3 Polyamines and Polyethylene Imines |
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142 | (4) |
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146 | (5) |
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5.1.1.5 Polyamidoamine Esters |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (3) |
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155 | (6) |
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5.1.1.8 Polycarboxylic Acids |
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161 | (2) |
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163 | (1) |
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5.1.2 Backbone with Carbon-Carbon Bonds Only |
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164 | (1) |
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5.1.2.1 Homopolymers as Wet-Strength Resins |
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164 | (4) |
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5.1.2.2 Copolymers as Wet-Strength Resins |
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168 | (3) |
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5.1.3 Polymer-Analogous Reactions |
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171 | (5) |
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176 | (2) |
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5.2 Ionic Charge Addition |
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178 | (7) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (3) |
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5.2.3 PAE Resins Synthesis: The Epichlorohydrin Ability to Add Cationic Charges |
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182 | (2) |
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5.2.4 The Synthesis of PAE-Type Resin without Epichlorohydrin as Raw Material |
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184 | (1) |
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5.3 Polyamidoamine Epichlorohydrin Polymers as Wet-Strength Resins |
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185 | (12) |
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5.3.1 Chemical Structure of PAE Resins |
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16 | (171) |
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187 | (2) |
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5.3.3 Resin Stability and Shelf Life |
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189 | (4) |
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5.3.4 By-Products (DCP and CPD) and How to Lower Their Concentration |
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193 | (1) |
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5.3.4.1 WSR with Low AOX by Adjusting the Synthesis Parameters |
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194 | (1) |
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5.3.4.2 The Reduction of the Concentration of DCP and CPD by Their Hydrolysis |
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195 | (1) |
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5.3.4.3 Producing WSR with Reduced AOX via Physical Processes |
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196 | (1) |
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5.3.4.4 Epichlorohydrin-Free Resins as Paper Wet-Strengthening Agents |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (4) |
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5.4.1 Blends of Resins with Similar Chemistry and No Synergetic Effect |
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197 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Synergetic Effects Provided by Blends of Resins with Different Chemistries |
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198 | (3) |
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5.5 Paper Wet-Strengthening Mechanisms |
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201 | (18) |
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5.5.1 The Strength of Wet and Dry Paper |
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201 | (2) |
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5.5.2 WSR Retention Mechanism |
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203 | (6) |
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5.5.3 Diverging Views on the Wet-Strength Mechanism |
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209 | (1) |
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5.5.3.1 Are Cellulose Fibers Involved in New Covalent Bond Formation? |
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210 | (4) |
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5.5.3.2 To What Extent Does Hydrogen Bonding Explain the Paper Wet Strength? |
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214 | (2) |
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5.5.3.3 What Would a Protective Mechanism Look Like? |
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216 | (3) |
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219 | (22) |
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5.6.1 Fighting the Chemicals that Yield Permanent Wet Strength |
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220 | (1) |
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5.6.2 The Repulping Mechanism |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (2) |
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5.6.4 Improved Recycled Fibers |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (17) |
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Chapter 6 Dry-Strength Resins |
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241 | (26) |
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6.1 Involvement of Chemicals in the Dry Strength Mechanism of Paper |
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241 | (4) |
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6.2 Anionic Dry-Strength Additives |
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245 | (3) |
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6.3 Cationic Dry-Strength Additives |
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248 | (7) |
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6.3.1 Cationic Starch as a Dry-Strength Additive |
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248 | (2) |
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6.3.2 Cationic Polyvinyl Alcohol as Dry-Strength Additive |
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250 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Cationic Polyacrylamide as a Dry-Strength Resin |
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251 | (1) |
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6.3.4 Blends of Cationic Resins as Dry-Strength Additives |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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6.3.6 Cationic Latexes as Dry-Strength Additives |
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254 | (1) |
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6.4 Amphoteric Dry-Strength Resins |
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255 | (1) |
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6.5 Blends of Anionic and Cationic Resins |
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256 | (11) |
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260 | (7) |
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Chapter 7 Internal Sizing Agents |
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267 | (60) |
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7.1 The Chemistry of Alum in the Papermaking Processes |
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268 | (3) |
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7.2 Rosin is Back on the Cellulose Fibers |
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271 | (11) |
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7.2.1 Exploring the Organic Chemistry of Rosin: Rosin Derivatives as Sizing Agents |
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272 | (1) |
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7.2.1.1 Reactions at Double Bonds |
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272 | (1) |
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7.2.1.2 Reactions at Carboxyl Group |
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273 | (1) |
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7.2.1.3 Rosin Neutralization |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (2) |
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7.2.3 Cationic Rosin Dispersions and Amphoteric Stabilizers |
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276 | (1) |
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7.2.4 Rosin Sizing Mechanism |
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276 | (3) |
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7.2.5 Technological Consequences of the Rosin Sizing Mechanism |
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279 | (1) |
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7.2.6 Other Carboxylic Acids as Sizing Agents |
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280 | (2) |
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7.3 Reactive Internal Size (1): Alkyl Ketene Dimer |
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282 | (15) |
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282 | (1) |
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7.3.2 The Emulsification of AKD |
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283 | (1) |
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7.3.2.1 Stabilizers for AKD Emulsion |
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283 | (2) |
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7.3.2.2 AKD Dispersion with Higher Solids Content |
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285 | (1) |
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7.3.2.3 AKD Emulsion Stability |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (2) |
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7.3.4 AKD Sizing Mechanism |
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289 | (1) |
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7.3.4.1 Investigating the Formation of Covalent Bond between AKD and Cellulose |
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290 | (4) |
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7.3.4.2 Alternative Suggestions for an AKD Sizing Mechanism |
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294 | (3) |
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7.4 Reactive Internal Size (2): Akenyl Succinic Anhydride |
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297 | (10) |
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7.4.1 The Synthesis of ASA-Type Compounds |
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298 | (2) |
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300 | (2) |
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7.4.3 Effects of ASA Hydrolysis on Its Application |
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302 | (2) |
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7.4.4 ASA Sizing Mechanism |
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304 | (3) |
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7.5 Other Chemical Compounds Able to Fit the General Concept for an Internal Sizing Agent |
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307 | (20) |
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7.5.1 Other "Potentially Reactive" Compounds as Internal Sizing Additives |
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307 | (4) |
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7.5.2 Other Nonreactive Compounds as Internal Sizing Agents |
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311 | (5) |
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316 | (11) |
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Chapter 8 Creping Adhesives and Softeners |
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327 | (24) |
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328 | (1) |
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8.2 Composition of Creping Adhesives |
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329 | (11) |
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8.2.1 Adhesives for the Yankee Dryer |
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330 | (1) |
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8.2.1.1 Nonreactive Creping Adhesives |
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330 | (2) |
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8.2.1.2 Reactive Self-Cross-Linkable Creping Adhesives |
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332 | (1) |
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8.2.1.3 Creping Adhesives with a Cross-Linker |
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333 | (3) |
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8.2.1.4 How to Control the Cross-Linking Reaction on the Yankee Dryer |
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336 | (1) |
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337 | (2) |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (11) |
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8.3.1 Softeners Retention and Softening Mechanism |
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340 | (2) |
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8.3.2 Paper Softness Evaluation |
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342 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Chemical Structure of Softeners/Debonders |
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342 | (4) |
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346 | (5) |
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Chapter 9 Chemicals for the Treatment of Paper Surface |
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351 | (60) |
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9.1 Surface Sizing Agents |
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352 | (34) |
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9.1.1 Starches for Size-Press Solutions |
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354 | (2) |
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9.1.2 Nonreactive Surface Sizing Agents |
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356 | (2) |
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9.1.2.1 Emulsions of Nonreactive Small Molecules as Sizing Materials |
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358 | (1) |
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9.1.2.2 Surface Size Obtained through Emulsion Polymerization |
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359 | (8) |
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9.1.2.3 Surface Treatment for Oil-Resistant Paper |
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367 | (1) |
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9.1.3 "Reactive" Surface Sizing Agents |
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368 | (1) |
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9.1.3.1 Anionic Water-Soluble Polymers |
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369 | (5) |
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9.1.3.2 Dispersions of Nonreactive Sizing Agents Stabilized with Reactive Sizing Agents |
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374 | (4) |
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9.1.3.3 Internal Sizing Agents for Surface Treatment |
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378 | (3) |
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9.1.3.4 Surface Sizing Mechanism |
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381 | (4) |
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9.1.4 Effect of the Defoamer |
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385 | (1) |
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9.2 Surface Strength Agents |
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386 | (2) |
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388 | (2) |
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9.4 Polymers in Paper Coatings |
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390 | (21) |
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9.4.1 Natural and Synthetic Binders |
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390 | (3) |
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393 | (1) |
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9.4.3 Hydrophobic and Cross-Linked Binders |
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394 | (2) |
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9.4.4 Coating Hydrophobicity and Its Repulpability |
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396 | (1) |
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9.4.5 Coating Surface Properties |
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396 | (2) |
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398 | (13) |
Index |
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411 | |