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Clark's Essential Physics in Imaging for Radiographers [Pehme köide]

(Sheffield Hallam University, UK), (University of Chester, UK.),
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 214 pages, kõrgus x laius: 198x129 mm, kaal: 272 g, 4 Tables, black and white; 71 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sari: Clark's Companion Essential Guides
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Oct-2013
  • Kirjastus: Hodder Education
  • ISBN-10: 1444145614
  • ISBN-13: 9781444145618
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  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 214 pages, kõrgus x laius: 198x129 mm, kaal: 272 g, 4 Tables, black and white; 71 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sari: Clark's Companion Essential Guides
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Oct-2013
  • Kirjastus: Hodder Education
  • ISBN-10: 1444145614
  • ISBN-13: 9781444145618
Teised raamatud teemal:
"This easy-to-understand, handy portable format of Clark's Essential Physics in Imaging for Radiographers is an invaluable tool for students, assistant practitioners and radiographers. It provides an accessible guide to the subject in an easy-to-read style, with diagrams and photographs to support the text. Each chapter has clear learning objectives and a series of MCQs to test these learning outcomes.The book opens with chapters giving an overview of image production, basic mathematics and physics relevant to medical imaging, followed by detailed chapters on physics relevant to producing diagnostic images using X-rays. It is essential that any practitioner working in an imaging department and using ionizing radiation has a sound knowledge base. This book supports students in demonstrating an understanding of the fundamental definitions of physics applied to radiography--all they need to know to pass their exams"--Provided by publisher.

It is essential that any practitioner working in an imaging department and using ionizing radiation has a sound knowledge base. In order to understand the various factors affecting the production of diagnostic images, practitioners must demonstrate a grasp of the fundamental definitions of physics and how these principles may be applied to radiography.

The easy-to-understand, portable format of Clark’s Essential Physics in Imaging for Radiographers makes it an invaluable tool for students, assistant practitioners, and radiographers. The book opens with chapters providing an overview of image production, basic mathematics, and physics relevant to medical imaging, which are followed by detailed chapters on physics relevant to producing diagnostic images using x-rays. Each chapter features clear learning objectives and a series of multiple choice questions to test these learning outcomes, and diagrams and photographs support the text.

Preface ix
The Authors xi
Chapter 1 Overview of Image Production
1(12)
Introduction
1(1)
General principles
1(1)
X-ray beam characteristics
2(1)
Scattered radiation
3(1)
Field size
3(1)
Geometry of image production
4(4)
Magnification
4(1)
Unsharpness
5(3)
Resolution/definition
8(1)
X-ray detectors
8(1)
Ionisation
9(1)
Display system and viewing conditions
10(1)
Radiation dose
10(1)
Practitioner's skill and perception
10(1)
MCQs
11(2)
Chapter 2 Mathematics for Medical Imaging
13(12)
Introduction
13(1)
Basic mathematics
13(12)
Exposure calculations
14(1)
International system of units
15(1)
Measurement prefixes (powers)
15(1)
Multiplication and division of powers
16(1)
Logarithms (logs)
16(1)
Graphs
17(1)
Line focus principle
18(1)
Similar triangles
19(1)
Inverse square law
19(2)
Statistics
21(1)
MCQs
22(3)
Chapter 3 Physics for Medical Imaging
25(18)
Introduction
25(1)
The atom
26(6)
Atomic structure
26(1)
Atomic number
27(1)
Mass number
27(1)
Electrons and electron orbitals
28(1)
Binding energy
29(1)
Atomic balance
30(1)
Ions
31(1)
Isotopes
31(1)
Elements
31(1)
Compounds
31(1)
Radioactivity
32(1)
Principles of radioactive decay
32(1)
γ -- emission and X-rays
32(1)
Penetrating power of the emissions
33(1)
Force, work, energy and power
33(1)
Heat
34(1)
Transfer of heat
34(1)
Waves
35(1)
Sound
36(1)
Magnetism
37(1)
Electricity and electric charge
38(1)
Electrical circuit
38(1)
Electromagnetic radiation
39(1)
MCQs
40(3)
Chapter 4 X-rays, X-ray Tube and X-ray Circuit
43(24)
Introduction
43(1)
X-rays
44(1)
X-ray tube
44(5)
Parts of the X-ray tube
45(4)
X-ray circuit
49(10)
The Interaction of high-energy electrons with matter
50(1)
Interactions between incoming electrons and outer-shell electrons in tungsten
50(1)
Interactions producing heat
51(1)
Interactions producing X-rays
52(1)
Interactions between incoming electrons and inner-shell electrons in tungsten (characteristic X-ray production)
52(4)
Interactions between incoming electrons and the nucleus of the Atom (Bremsstrahlung X-ray production)
56(3)
X-ray spectra and factors affecting the quality and intensity of the X-ray beam
59(8)
Impact of changing the mA
60(1)
Impact of changing the kV
60(2)
The impact of filtration on the X-ray beam
62(2)
MCQs
64(3)
Chapter 5 X-ray Interactions in Matter
67(16)
Introduction
67(1)
Interactions of X-rays in matter
67(4)
Attenuation
68(3)
The processes of attenuation in diagnostic radiography
71(12)
Elastic scatter
72(1)
Pair production
72(1)
Photoelectric absorption
72(5)
Compton scatter
77(3)
MCQs
80(3)
Chapter 6 Principles of Radiation Detection and Image Formation
83(36)
Introduction
83(1)
Desirable characteristics of radiation detectors
84(1)
Detective quantum efficiency
84(3)
Ionisation chambers
85(2)
Ionisation chambers used for automatic exposure control circuits
87(7)
Xenon gas detectors
89(2)
Scintillation crystals/photocathode multiplier
91(1)
Scintillation crystal/photocathode X-ray image intensifier
92(1)
Scintillation crystals/silicon photodiode multiplier
93(1)
Large field detectors
94(1)
Indirect, direct, computed and digital radiography
95(18)
Computed radiography in detail
96(4)
Indirect digital radiography technology in detail
100(7)
Charged coupled device coupling via optical fibre
107(2)
Charged coupled devices optically coupled by a mirror and high quality lens
109(1)
Direct digital radiography
110(3)
Digital fluoroscopic systems
113(6)
Image intensifier linked to charged coupled device
113(1)
Fluoroscopic flat panel detectors
113(1)
Solid-state X-ray image intensifier
114(1)
MCQs
115(4)
Chapter 7 Image Quality
119(12)
Introduction
119(1)
Geometry of imaging
120(11)
Magnification and distortion
122(1)
Signal-to-noise ratio
123(1)
Unsharpness
124(1)
Movement unsharpness
124(1)
Resolution of the imaging system
124(1)
Spatial resolution
125(1)
Measurement of unsharpness in an image
125(1)
Viewing digital images
126(1)
Brightness and contrast
126(2)
Effect of scatter on contrast
128(1)
MCQs
129(2)
Chapter 8 Radiation Dose and Exposure Indicators
131(12)
Introduction
131(1)
Radiation dose
132(1)
Detection and measurement of radiation
132(1)
Ionisation of air
133(1)
Exposure
133(10)
Absorbed dose
134(1)
Equivalent dose
134(1)
Effective dose
135(1)
Linear energy transfer and relative biological effectiveness
136(1)
Quality factor for radiation
136(1)
Radiation monitors and personal monitoring
136(1)
Thermoluminescent dosimeters
137(1)
Exposure indicators
138(2)
MCQs
140(3)
Chapter 9 Image Display and Manipulation in Medical Imaging
143(16)
Introduction
143(1)
Image production pathway
144(3)
Raw data image matrix
144(1)
Display of reconstructed image matrix
145(1)
Image quality and matrix size
146(1)
Image interpolation
147(1)
Image manipulation
147(4)
Manufacturer-defined manipulation tools
147(1)
Operator-defined manipulation tools
148(3)
Noise reduction by background subtraction
151(2)
Noise reduction by `low-pass spatial filtering'
153(1)
Edge enhancement by `high-pass spatial filtering'
154(1)
Standards
154(1)
MCQs
155(4)
Chapter 10 Radiation Protection and Safety
159(14)
Introduction
159(1)
Legislation
160(4)
IRR'99
160(1)
IR(ME)R 2000
161(1)
Optimisation
162(1)
Training
162(1)
Local rules and systems of work
163(1)
Responsibilities
163(1)
Radiation protection of staff
163(1)
Dose limits
164(1)
Physical, chemical and biological effects of ionising radiation
164(1)
Cancer effects
165(2)
Heritable (also known as deterministic) effects are defined by two properties
167(1)
Special protection measures for women of reproductive capacity
167(2)
Reporting of radiation incidents
169(4)
MCQs
170(3)
Chapter 11 Risk--benefit
173(6)
Introduction
173(1)
Risk-benefit analysis
173(2)
Benefits of X-ray examinations
175(1)
Risks from X- and γ-Radiation
175(2)
MCQs
177(2)
Answers to MCQs 179(6)
Chapter formulas 185(4)
Index 189
Ken Holmes, University of Cumbria, UK



Marcus Elkington, Sheffield Hallam University, UK

Phil Harris, University of Cumbria, UK