"This book originated from an invitation from Michael Leventhal, editor of the STM division at John Wiley & Sons publishing group in the U.S. in 2022. In August 2024 and at the time of writing this book, the U.S. crude oil production reached to all time high of 13.4 mb/d up 2% from 2023 level. This oil production level is the highest a single country has produced in the history of the petroleum industry despite all efforts to curb uses of fossil type energy. It is expected that the Oil and Gas global industry will play a major role in a foreseeable future not only for energy production but mainly as a source of the ever-growing petrochemicals production. However, the industry is facing major challenges to produce cleaner fuels and to control its carbon and GHG emissions during oil production, refining, and use of petroleum products. The industry must deal with stricter environmental regulations and economic constraints to survive and remain competitive"-- Provided by publisher.
| This book covers the latest developments towards the reduction of environmental impacts and greenhouse emissions in the fields of petroleum production and refining, petrochemical production, and biofuels production. Additionally, the book examines the reconfiguration of refineries to convert carbon residual into middle distillates and especially light olefins to provide feed for the petrochemical industry. The conversion of every barrel of very heavy oils into very light products is particularly important now that energy and GHG intensive heavy oil production is on the rise. Finally, methods of carbon capture and sequestration during the petroleum production and refining and consumption of petroleum fuels are covered leading to the identification of prospects, issues, and gaps in the path towards more sustainable production and refining. | |
List of Contributors xvii
Preface xix
1 Introduction 1
M. R. Riazi and Harvey W. Yarranton
1.1 Historical Perspective on Petroleum 2
1.2 Future Demand for Petroleum and Its Products 5
1.3 Petroleum Production 9
1.4 Petroleum Refining 12
Part I Cleaner Petroleum Production 23
2 Carbon Capture, Storage, and Enhanced Oil Recovery 25
Eduardo Manrique
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 CCUS: Main Steps 26
2.3 Geologic CO2 Storage 28
2.4 Enhanced Oil Recovery 30
2.5 CCUS: Challenges and General Economics 38
2.6 Closing Remarks 55
3 Fugitive Methane Emissions 77
Stuart Riddick
3.1 Methane Oil and Gas Emission Sources 77
3.2 Methane 79
3.3 Micrometeorology 81
3.4 Methane Emission Quantification Methodologies 86
3.5 Measuring Methane Concentrations 95
3.6 Full System Solutions 101
3.7 Challenges and Needs for Future Work 101
4 Technologies to Reduce GHG Emissions from Heavy Oil Production 117
Dr. Bruce S. Carey
4.1 Introduction 117
4.2 Current Commercial Thermal Methods 122
4.3 New Solvent-based Recovery Processes with Improved Environmental Metrics
133
4.4 Other Recovery and Associated GHG Intensity Reduction Technologies 163
4.5 Summary of GHG Reduction Estimates 177
4.6 Key Takeaways and Concluding Comments 177
5 Energy Intensity in Mineable Oil Sands 189
Danuta M. Sztukowski and Elco D. Hollander
5.1 Introduction to Mineable Oil Sands 189
5.2 Evolution of Process Flowsheets 196
5.3 Continuous Improvement Opportunities 212
5.4 Step-out Technologies 221
5.5 Concluding Remarks 225
6 Tailings and Waste Management in Mineable Oil Sands 233
Elco D. Hollander and Danuta M. Sztukowski
6.1 Introduction to Tailings and Waste Management 233
6.2 Tailings Mass Balance and Waste Material Types 236
6.3 The Tailings Management Challenge 243
6.4 Tailings Technology Trade-offs 253
6.5 Technologies Deployed 257
6.6 Concluding Remarks 267
Part II Cleaner Petroleum Refining 275
7 Refining of Unconventional and Heavy Oil 277
M. R. Riazi and Dicho Stratiev
7.1 Introduction 277
7.2 Heavy and Extra Heavy Oil Refining Technologies 277
7.3 Shale Oil Production and Processing 309
8 Petroleum Refining with Deep Conversion and Deep Desulfurization 333
George Hoekstra, Marcio Wagner da Silva, and Thomas Murphy
8.1 Heavy Oil Process Overview 333
8.2 A Closer Look at Heavy Oil Upgrading Reactors and Catalysts 338
8.3 Economic Analysis of Gasoline Sulfur Reduction Investment 349
9 Hydrogen Production Using Renewable Feedstock 363
Gabriela Nascimento da Silva, Clarissa Bergman-Fonte, Pedro R. R. Rochedo,
Frédéric Lantz, and Alexandre Szklo
9.1 Introduction 363
9.2 Hydrogen Production in Oil Refineries 367
9.3 Hydrogen Produced from Water Electrolysis 370
9.4 Conclusion 375
10 Closer Integration Between Refining and Petrochemical Assets and Their
Role in the Future of the Downstream Industry 383
Marcio Wagner da Silva, George Hoekstra, and Thomas Murphy
10.1 Introduction and Context 383
10.2 What Is the Petrochemical Integration Concept? 385
10.3 The Crude Oil to Chemicals Maximum Added Value to the Processed Crude
387
10.4 Available Crude-to-chemicals Routes 400
10.5 Refining Technologies and Relatively Low-cost Alternatives to
Integration 402
10.6 Closing the Sustainability Cycle Plastics Recycling Technologies 406
10.7 Conclusion 407
11 Greening Existing Petroleum Refineries via Biomass Processing 411
Clarissa Bergman-Fonte, Aline T. Carvalho, Gabriela Nascimento da Silva,
Pedro R. R. Rochedo, Frédéric Lantz, and Alexandre Szklo
11.1 Introduction 411
11.2 General Concepts 412
11.3 Oily Crops, Used Cooking Oils, Residual Fats 414
11.4 Lignocellulosic Biomass 420
11.5 Sugary and Starchy Biomass 427
11.6 Opportunities and Challenges for Biomass Co-processing A Case Study
Application 428
11.7 Conclusion 434
12 Liquid Fuels from Syngas and CO2 443
Chike George Okoye-Chine and B. Frank Gupton
12.1 Introduction 443
12.2 Syngas Production 444
12.3 Liquid Fuel Production from Syngas via FT Synthesis 456
12.4 Conversion of CO2 into Liquid Fuels 459
12.5 Conclusion 466
13 Syngas Production Beyond Petroleum Feedstock Toward LCA 481
Amol A. Inamdar, Francisco O. Aguirre, Olubayo O. Oginni, Heidi A. Taboada,
and Lucy Mar Camacho
13.1 Introduction 481
13.2 Other Syngas Production Pathways 482
13.3 Valuable Syngas Subproducts and Their Environmental Footprint 483
13.4 Feedstock Alternatives for Syngas Production 485
13.5 Process Optimizations to Improve Environmental Performance 488
13.6 Environmental Impact of Syngas Production 490
13.7 Life Cycle Assessment of Syngas Production 494
13.8 Final Considerations from Syngas LCA 498
14 Investment Required for Upgrading Petroleum Refineries Simplified
Approach 507
Thomas Murphy, George Hoekstra, and Marcio Wagner da Silva
14.1 Introduction 508
14.2 Derivatives 510
14.3 Model Risk 513
14.4 Quantitative Models 515
14.5 Model Audits and Critique 516
14.6 Systems Thinking 517
14.7 Assessment of Model Risk Fits into a DSM Framework 520
14.8 Real Option Strategy Assessment Example Evaluating CTL Technology 521
14.9 Environmental Compliance: Environmental Credits and Offsets 526
14.10 Conclusion 527
Index 529
M. R. Riazi is a Professor and the Chair of Chemical and Natural Gas Engineering at Texas A&M UniversityKingsville. He received his academic degrees from Penn State University and held many academic and industry positions worldwide. He has published widely, including 9 books mainly in the areas of energy and environment and is the founding editor of IJOGCT as well as the Chair of Fuels & Petrochemicals Division (FPD) at the AIChE Annual Meetings. He received a Diploma of Honor from National (American) Petroleum Engineering Society for outstanding services to the petroleum industry and is a Fellow of AIChE as well as a licensed professional engineer in Ontario, Canada (www.riazim.com).
H. W. Yarranton is a Professor of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering at the University of Calgary. He received his academic degrees from the University of Alberta and has held reservoir and production engineering positions in the oil industry. His research is focused on the phase behavior and properties of heavy oils and solvents, the fundamentals of water-in-oil emulsions, and oil sands extraction and froth treatment. He has been an SPE Distinguished Lecturer and was awarded the SPE Regional Distinguished Achievement Award for Petroleum Engineering Faculty.
