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Clinical Psychopharmacology: A Practical Approach [Kõva köide]

(Umdnj-robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Usa), (Umdnj-robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Usa)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 308 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Nov-2013
  • Kirjastus: World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 981434365X
  • ISBN-13: 9789814343657
Teised raamatud teemal:
Clinical Psychopharmacology: A Practical ApproachSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 308 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Nov-2013
  • Kirjastus: World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 981434365X
  • ISBN-13: 9789814343657
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9789814343657.html
This innovative handbook is for young practitioners in psychiatry and primary care, as well as psychiatric and non-psychiatric residents. The focus of this book is on practical clinical psychopharmacology that would fit best an outpatient clinical setting (non-emergency). Besides reviewing psychotropic drugs, it takes a practical approach, making detailed practical recommendations on the use of currently available psychiatric drugs. It also addresses important related topics, such as antidepressant treatment and suicide, and the use of psychotropic medications in special circumstances such as pregnancy and lactation. The book is evidence-based, but also reflects the clinical experience of the authors and provides a critical appraisal of the available evidence.
Preface v
Chapter 1 Absorption, Transformation, and Elimination of Psychotropic Medications
1(8)
1.1 Absorption
1(3)
1.1.1 Oral administration
1(1)
1.1.2 Sublingual administration ("under the tongue")
2(1)
1.1.3 Transdermal administration
3(1)
1.1.4 Respiratory administration, intranasal or inhalation
3(1)
1.1.5 Short-acting injectable forms
3(1)
1.1.6 Long-acting injectable preparations
3(1)
1.2 Distribution: Differences Between Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid/Brain Concentrations
4(1)
1.3 Metabolism and Elimination
4(3)
1.3.1 Phase I metabolism
5(1)
1.3.1.1 Inhibition and induction of CYP450 enzymes
6(1)
1.3.2 Phase II metabolism (conjugation)
6(1)
1.3.2.1 Inhibition and induction of conjugation enzymes
7(1)
1.4 Additional Concepts in Pharmacokinetics
7(2)
1.4.1 Steady state
7(1)
1.4.2 Dose-response relationship
8(1)
1.4.3 Therapeutic margin
8(1)
Chapter 2 Neurotransmitters, Receptors, and Transporters
9(14)
2.1 Main Types of Receptors in the Brain
9(2)
2.1.1 Division of receptors according to the processes they trigger
10(1)
2.1.1.1 Ionotropic receptors
10(1)
2.1.1.2 Metabotropic receptors
10(1)
2.1.1.3 Receptor tyrosine kinases
10(1)
2.1.1.4 Nuclear receptors
10(1)
2.1.1.5 Receptors associated with neurotransmitter pumps
10(1)
2.1.2 Division of receptors according to their localization in pre- or post-synaptic neurons
10(1)
2.1.2.1 Autoreceptors
11(1)
2.1.2.2 Heteroreceptors
11(1)
2.2 Neurotransmitters
11(10)
2.2.1 Serotonin
12(1)
2.2.1.1 Types of serotonin receptors
12(1)
2.2.2 Dopamine
13(1)
2.2.2.1 Types of dopamine receptors
14(1)
2.2.3 Norepinephrine
15(1)
2.2.3.1 Types of norepinephrine receptors
15(1)
2.2.4 Acetylcholine
16(1)
2.2.4.1 Types of cholinergic receptors
16(1)
2.2.5 Glutamate
17(1)
2.2.5.1 Glutamate activity and neuroplasticity
17(1)
2.2.5.2 Types of glutamate receptors
18(1)
2.2.6 GABA
19(1)
2.2.6.1 Types of GABA receptors
19(1)
2.2.7 Histamine
20(1)
2.2.7.1 Types of histamine receptors
20(1)
2.3 Neurotransmitter Reuptake Transporters
21(2)
References
22(1)
Chapter 3 Antipsychotics: A General View of Therapeutic and Adverse Effects
23(44)
3.1 Classic Antipsychotics
23(1)
3.2 New Antipsychotics
24(3)
3.3 Are the New Antipsychotics Clinically Different from the Old Ones?
27(2)
3.4 Current Concepts Regarding Antipsychotic Action and the D2 Receptor
29(1)
3.5 Comparison Between Typical and Atypical Antipsychotics
30(3)
3.5.1 Are there differences in the general efficacy and effectiveness of typical and atypical antipsychotics?
30(2)
3.5.2 Are there differences in the cognitive effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics?
32(1)
3.5.3 Are there differences in the acute toxicity of typical and atypical antipsychotics?
33(1)
3.6 Metabolic Side Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs
33(6)
3.6.1 Weight gain risk with antipsychotics
35(2)
3.6.2 Antipsychotic-induced diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome
37(2)
3.7 Extrapyramidal Symptoms of Antipsychotics
39(8)
3.7.1 Are there any differences in the risk for EPS among typical and atypical antipsychotics?
39(3)
3.7.2 Acute dystonia
42(1)
3.7.3 Parkinsonism (slowness, tremor, and rigidity)
43(1)
3.7.4 Akathisia
43(1)
3.7.4.1 Clozapine
44(1)
3.7.4.2 Risperidone
44(1)
3.7.4.3 Olanzapine
44(1)
3.7.4.4 Quetiapine
45(1)
3.7.4.5 Ziprasidone
45(1)
3.7.4.6 Aripiprazole
45(1)
3.7.4.7 Recently introduced new antipsychotics (paliperidone, iloperidone, asenapine, and lurasidone)
45(1)
3.7.4.8 Management of akathisia
45(1)
3.7.5 Tardive dyskinesia
46(1)
3.8 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
47(2)
3.9 Catatonia
49(1)
3.10 Antipsychotic-Induced Hyperprolactinemia
49(2)
3.11 Sexual Side Effects of Antipsychotics
51(1)
3.12 Antihistamine Adverse Effects of Antipsychotics
52(1)
3.13 Anticholinergic Adverse Effects of Antipsychotics: Cognitive and Peripheral
53(1)
3.14 Antipsychotics and the Risk of Seizures
54(1)
3.15 Vascular Side Effects of Antipsychotics
55(1)
3.16 Antipsychotics and the Risk of Malignant Arrythmia and Sudden Cardiac Death
55(2)
3.17 Antipsychotics and Increased Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Dementia
57(2)
3.18 Antipsychotics and Suicide
59(1)
3.19 Antipsychotics and the Risk of Cancer
60(7)
References
60(7)
Chapter 4 Description of Individual Antipsychotics
67(20)
4.1 Typical Antipsychotics
67(7)
4.1.1 Chlorpromazine
68(1)
4.1.2 Haloperidol
69(1)
4.1.3 Loxapine
70(1)
4.1.4 Molindone
71(1)
4.1.5 Perphenazine
72(1)
4.1.6 Pimozide
72(1)
4.1.7 Other high-potency D2 blockers: Fluphenazine, thiothixene, and trifluoperazine
73(1)
4.1.8 Antipsychotics to avoid: Mesoridazine and thioridazine
73(1)
4.1.9 "Hidden" antipsychotics: Metoclopramide and prochlorperazine
73(1)
4.2 Atypical Antipsychotics
74(13)
4.2.1 Clozapine
74(1)
4.2.1.1 Side effects of clozapine
75(3)
4.2.2 Risperidone and paliperidone
78(1)
4.2.3 Olanzapine
78(1)
4.2.4 Quetiapine
79(2)
4.2.5 Ziprasidone
81(1)
4.2.6 Aripiprazole
81(2)
4.2.7 Uoperidone
83(1)
4.2.8 Asenapine
83(1)
4.2.9 Lurasidone
84(1)
References
85(2)
Chapter 5 Treatment of Schizophrenia with Antipsychotic Medications
87(8)
5.1 Choice of an Antipsychotic for the Initial Treatment of Schizophrenia
87(1)
5.2 Dosing in the Initial Antipsychotic Treatment of Schizophrenia
88(1)
5.3 How Long Does It Fake to Respond to an Antipsychotic?
88(2)
5.4 Monitoring Antipsychotic Treatment
90(1)
5.5 Maintenance of Antipsychotic Treatment of Schizophrenia
90(1)
5.6 Combination of Antipsychotic Drugs in Schizophrenia ("Polypharmacy")
91(1)
5.7 Pharmacological Management of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia
92(1)
5.8 Use of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia
92(3)
References
93(2)
Chapter 6 Antidepressants: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
95(24)
6.1 Introduction
95(1)
6.2 Pharmacodynamics of SSRIs and SNRIs (Receptor Affinity)
96(1)
6.3 Pharmacokinetics of SSRIs and SNRIs
97(1)
6.4 Use of SSRIs in Mental Disorders
98(2)
6.4.1 SSRIs in the treatment of depression
99(1)
6.4.2 SSRIs in the treatment of anxiety disorders
99(1)
6.4.3 Use of SSRIs in other disorders or conditions
100(1)
6.5 Use of SNRIs in Mental Disorders
100(1)
6.6 Dosing of SSRIs and SNRIs
101(1)
6.7 Adverse Effects of SSRIs and SNRIs
101(9)
6.7.1 Antidepressants and the risk of suicide
102(2)
6.7.2 Serotonergic side effects of SSRIs and SNRIs
104(1)
6.7.2.1 Mental (cognitive)
104(1)
6.7.2.2 Neuromuscular
105(1)
6.7.2.3 Gastrointestinal
105(1)
6.7.2.4 Sexual
106(1)
6.7.2.5 Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
106(1)
6.7.2.6 Headaches
107(1)
6.7.2.7 Weight changes
107(1)
6.7.2.8 Risk of bleeding
107(1)
6.7.2.9 QT prolongation and risk of malignant arrhythmia
108(1)
6.7.2.10 Osteoporosis and risk of fractures
109(1)
6.7.2.11 Diabetes
109(1)
6.7.2.12 Cataracts
110(1)
6.7.3 Noradrenergic side effects of SNRIs
110(1)
6.8 Discontinuation Syndrome with SSRIs and SNRIs
110(1)
6.9 Toxicity of SSRIs and SNRIs and Serotonin Syndrome
111(1)
6.10 Precautions with SSRIs and SNRIs
112(1)
6.11 Use of SSRIs and SNRIs During Pregnancy and Lactation
113(6)
6.11.1 SSRIs and SNRIs and risk for preeclampsia
114(1)
References
115(4)
Chapter 7 Bupropion
119(10)
7.1 Introduction
119(1)
7.2 Pharmacology
120(1)
7.2.1 Pharmacokinetics
121(1)
7.3 Approved Indications and Other Possible Uses
121(4)
7.3.1 Major depressive disorder
122(1)
7.3.2 Bupropion as an add-on in depression
122(1)
7.3.3 Anxiety disorders
123(1)
7.3.4 Seasonal affective disorder
123(1)
7.3.5 Smoking cessation
123(1)
7.3.6 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
123(1)
7.3.7 Sexual dysfunction
124(1)
7.3.8 Weight loss
124(1)
7.3.9 Addictions (cocaine and amphetamines)
124(1)
7.3.10 Restless legs syndrome
125(1)
7.4 Dosing and Available Forms of Bupropion
125(1)
7.5 Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
125(1)
7.5.1 Risk of seizures
126(1)
7.6 Contraindications, Warnings, and Precautions
126(1)
7.7 Use of Bupropion During Pregnancy
127(2)
References
127(2)
Chapter 8 Mirtazapine, Trazodone, and Nefazodone
129(12)
8.1 Mirtazapine
129(4)
8.1.1 Pharmacokinetics
130(1)
8.1.2 Indications and uses
130(1)
8.1.2.1 Depression
130(1)
8.1.2.2 Anxiety disorders
130(1)
8.1.2.3 Emesis
131(1)
8.1.2.4 Antipsychotic-induced akathisia
131(1)
8.1.2.5 Neuropathic pain
131(1)
8.1.2.6 Add-on to antipsychotics in schizophrenia
131(1)
8.1.2.7 Insomnia
132(1)
8.1.3 Dosing
132(1)
8.1.4 Side effects, adverse reactions, warnings, and precautions
132(1)
8.1.5 Use of mirtazapine during pregnancy
133(1)
8.2 Trazodone
133(3)
8.2.1 Pharmacokinetics
134(1)
8.2.2 Indications and uses
134(1)
8.2.2.1 Depression
134(1)
8.2.2.2 Anxiety disorders
134(1)
8.2.2.3 Insomnia
135(1)
8.2.2.4 Other uses of trazodone
135(1)
8.2.3 Side effects and adverse reactions
135(1)
8.3 Nefazodone
136(5)
8.3.1 Pharmacokinetics
137(1)
8.3.2 Indications and uses
137(1)
8.3.3 Dosing
137(1)
8.3.4 Adverse reactions, side effects, and precautions
137(1)
References
138(3)
Chapter 9 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors and Tricyclic Antidepressants
141(14)
9.1 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
141(5)
9.1.1 Pharmacokinetics of the nonselective irreversible MAOIs: Isocarboxazid, phenelzine, and tranylcypromine
143(1)
9.1.2 Partially selective irreversible transdermal MAOI: Selegiline
144(1)
9.1.3 Side effects and adverse reactions
144(1)
9.1.4 Precautions
145(1)
9.1.5 Hypertensive crisis
145(1)
9.1.6 Use of MAOIs during pregnancy
145(1)
9.1.7 What is the role of MAOIs in today's clinical practice?
145(1)
9.2 Tricyclic Antidepressants
146(9)
9.2.1 General characteristics and classification
146(1)
9.2.1.1 Receptor binding profile
146(2)
9.2.2 Pharmacokinetics
148(1)
9.2.3 Dosing
148(1)
9.2.3.1 Therapeutic drug monitoring
149(1)
9.2.4 Side effects
149(1)
9.2.5 Serotonin syndrome with TCAs
150(1)
9.2.6 Precautions with TCAs in liver disease
150(1)
9.2.7 Contraindications
150(1)
9.2.8 Toxicity
150(1)
9.2.9 Use of TCAs during pregnancy
151(1)
9.2.10 What is the role of TCAs in today's clinical practice?
152(1)
References
153(2)
Chapter 10 Individualized Treatment of Depression
155(16)
10.1 Patient Factors to Consider
156(4)
10.1.1 Depressive symptom profile
156(1)
10.1.2 Patient's and family histories of response
157(1)
10.1.3 Comorbid psychiatric conditions
157(1)
10.1.4 Medical conditions
158(1)
10.1.5 Concurrent medications and supplements
158(1)
10.1.6 Tolerability of side effects
159(1)
10.1.7 Medication adherence
159(1)
10.1.8 Cost and access to medication
160(1)
10.2 Second-Generation Antidepressants: Doses and Duration
160(2)
10.3 Hypnotics and Other Symptom-Specific Medications
162(1)
10.4 Partial Response to Antidepressant Treatment: What to Do?
162(3)
10.4.1 Give the antidepressant more time
163(1)
10.4.2 Add another antidepressant
164(1)
10.4.3 Add symptom-specific medications
164(1)
10.4.4 Switch antidepressants
165(1)
10.5 No Response to Initial Antidepressant Treatment: What to Do?
165(1)
10.6 What About Adding Atypical Antipsychotics in the Initial Treatment of Depression?
165(1)
10.7 Other Non-Antidepressant Drugs Recently Tried in Depression
166(2)
10.7.1 Buspirone
167(1)
10.7.2 Methylfloate (Levomefolic acid)
167(1)
10.7.3 Ketamine
167(1)
10.8 Once the Patient Gets Better, How to Stop Antidepressant Treatment?
168(3)
References
168(3)
Chapter 11 Benzodiazepines, Buspirone, and Miscellaneous Medications Used in Anxiety Disorders
171(20)
11.1 Benzodiazepines
171(11)
11.1.1 Pharmacology
172(1)
11.1.1.1 Pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions
173(2)
11.1.2 Adverse effects
175(1)
11.1.2.1 Psychomotor effects
175(1)
11.1.2.2 Abuse/dependence
176(1)
11.1.2.3 Sleep-related behaviors and automatisms
176(1)
11.1.2.4 Disinhibition syndrome
176(1)
11.1.2.5 Potential for criminal use
176(1)
11.1.3 Toxicity
177(1)
11.1.4 Selection and use
177(2)
11.1.4.1 Equivalent doses of benzodiazepines and switching between benzodiazepines
179(1)
11.1.5 Indications
180(1)
11.1.5.1 Generalized anxiety disorder
180(1)
11.1.5.2 Panic disorder
180(1)
11.1.5.3 Social anxiety disorder
181(1)
11.1.6 Warnings and contraindications
182(1)
11.2 Buspirone
182(2)
11.2.1 Pharmacology
182(1)
11.2.2 Clinical uses
183(1)
11.3 Antiepileptic Drugs
184(2)
11.3.1 Pregabalin
184(1)
11.3.2 Gabapentin
185(1)
11.4 Antihistamines
186(1)
11.5 Prazosin for Nightmares in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
186(1)
11.6 Do Antipsychotics Have a Role in Anxiety?
187(1)
11.7 Beta-Blockers
187(4)
References
188(3)
Chapter 12 Medication Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
191(8)
General Considerations Prior to Starting Drug Treatment
191(1)
Other Considerations
191(1)
12.1 Approved and Potential Uses of Antidepressants and Other Medications
192(2)
12.1.1 SSRIs
192(1)
12.1.2 SNRIs
193(1)
12.1.3 Mirtazapine and trazodone
193(1)
12.1.4 Bupropion
193(1)
12.1.5 TCAs and MAOIs
193(1)
12.1.6 Benzodiazepines
194(1)
12.1.7 Antihistamines and anticonvulsants
194(1)
12.1.8 Antipsychotics
194(1)
12.2 Drug Treatment of Individual Anxiety Disorders
194(5)
12.2.1 Generalized anxiety disorder
194(1)
12.2.2 Social anxiety disorder
195(1)
12.2.3 Panic disorder
196(1)
12.2.4 Specific phobias
196(1)
12.2.5 Post-traumatic stress disorder
196(1)
12.2.6 Obsessive-compulsive disorder
197(1)
References
198(1)
Chapter 13 Medications Used in the Treatment of Mania
199(14)
13.1 Lithium
199(6)
13.1.1 Toxicity
201(1)
13.1.2 Adverse effects
201(2)
13.1.3 Drug-drug interactions
203(1)
13.1.4 Dosing
204(1)
13.2 Antipsychotics
205(1)
13.3 Carbamazepine
206(3)
13.3.1 Dosing
208(1)
13.4 Oxcarbazepine
209(1)
13.5 Valproic Acid (Divalproex, Valproate)
209(2)
13.5.1 Adverse effects
210(1)
13.5.2 Dosing
211(1)
13.6 Tamoxifen
211(2)
References
212(1)
Chapter 14 Medications Used in Bipolar Depression, Mixed States, and Rapid Cycling
213(10)
14.1 Electroconvulsive Therapy
213(2)
14.2 Lithium
215(1)
14.3 Quetiapine
215(1)
14.4 Lamotrigine
216(1)
14.5 Valproate
217(1)
14.6 Antidepressants
217(2)
14.7 Ketamine in Bipolar and Treatment-Resistant Depression
219(1)
14.8 Pharmacological Treatment of Mixed States and Rapid Cycling Bipolar Disorder
219(4)
References
220(3)
Chapter 15 Medications Used in the Treatment of Insomnia
223(12)
15.1 General Rules
223(1)
15.2 Antihistamines as Hypnotics
224(1)
15.3 Sedating Antidepressants (Trazodone and Mirtazapine)
225(1)
15.4 Melatonin Receptor Agonists
225(2)
15.4.1 Melatonin
225(1)
15.4.2 Ramelteon
226(1)
15.5 GABA Receptor Agonists
227(8)
15.5.1 Benzodiazepines
227(1)
15.5.2 GABA hypnotics
228(1)
15.5.2.1 Clinical effects
228(1)
15.5.2.2 Dosing and timing
229(1)
15.5.2.3 Tolerance to the hypnotic effect
230(1)
15.5.2.4 Unintended overdose
230(1)
15.5.2.5 Adverse effects and risks
230(1)
15.5.2.6 Sleep-related behaviors
231(1)
References
232(3)
Chapter 16 Medications Used in the Treatment of Attention Disorders
235(10)
16.1 Stimulant Medications (Psychostimulants)
235(6)
16.1.1 Pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions
236(1)
16.1.2 Adverse effects
237(2)
16.1.3 Clinical use
239(2)
16.2 Atomoxetirie
241(1)
16.3 Bupropion
242(1)
16.4 Modafinil
242(1)
16.5 α2-Adrenergic Agonists (Guanfacine and Clonidine)
243(2)
References
244(1)
Chapter 17 Medications Used in the Treatment of Dementia
245(4)
17.1 Side Effects
246(1)
17.2 Pharmacokinetics
247(1)
17.3 Pointers for Clinical Use
247(2)
References
247(2)
Chapter 18 Medications Used in Smoking Cessation and Alcohol Use Disorders
249(10)
18.1 Medications Used in the Treatment of Nicotine Dependence (Smoking Cessation)
249(5)
18.1.1 Varenicline
250(1)
18.1.2 Bupropion
251(1)
18.1.3 Nicotine replacement therapy
251(1)
18.1.3.1 Nicotine gum
252(1)
18.1.3.2 Nicotine lozenges
252(1)
18.1.3.3 Nicotine nasal spray
253(1)
18.1.3.4 Nicotine inhaler
253(1)
18.1.3.5 Nicotine patch
253(1)
18.2 Medications Used in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorders
254(5)
18.2.1 Disulfiram
254(1)
18.2.2 Naltrexone
255(2)
18.2.3 Acamprosate
257(1)
References
257(2)
Chapter 19 Drug-Drug Interactions
259(22)
19.1 Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interactions
260(12)
19.1.1 DDIs during absorption of psychotropic medications
262(1)
19.1.2 DDIs during excretion of psychotropic medications
262(1)
19.1.3 DDIs involving transport proteins
263(1)
19.1.4 DDIs involving inhibition or induction of oxidative CYP450 enzymes
263(7)
19.1.5 DDIs involving inhibition or induction of conjugation enzymes (phase II metabolism)
270(2)
19.2 Pharmacodynamic DDIs Involving Psychotropic Drugs
272(1)
19.3 Drug-Drug Interactions due to Cumulative Toxicity
273(1)
19.4 Drug-Drug Interactions Related to Food Supplements and Substances of Abuse
273(8)
Appendix: DDI Review Questions
275(3)
Answers to DDI Review Questions
278(1)
References
278(3)
About the Authors 281(2)
Index of Psychotropic Drugs, Substances, and Supplements 283