| Preface |
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xiii | |
| 1 Introduction to Cobalt Chemistry and Catalysis |
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1 | (24) |
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1 | (3) |
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1.2 Organometallic Cobalt Chemistry, Reactions, and Connections to Catalysis |
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4 | (8) |
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1.2.1 Cobalt Compounds and Complexes of Oxidation States +3 to -1 |
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4 | (6) |
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1.2.1.1 Co(III) Compounds |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Bioorganometallic Cobalt Compounds |
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10 | (2) |
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1.3 Applications in Organic Synthesis and Catalytic Transformations |
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12 | (7) |
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1.4 Conclusion and Outlook |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (5) |
| 2 Homogeneous Cobalt-Catalysed Hydrogenation Reactions |
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25 | (42) |
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25 | (1) |
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2.2 Hydrogenation of C-C Multiple Bonds (Alkenes, Alkynes) |
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25 | (9) |
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2.3 Hydrogenation of Carbonyl Compounds (Ketones, Aldehydes, Carboxylic Acid Derivatives, CO2) |
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34 | (18) |
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2.3.1 Ketones and Aldehydes |
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34 | (5) |
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2.3.2 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives (Acids, Esters, Imides) |
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39 | (8) |
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2.3.3 Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide |
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47 | (5) |
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2.4 Hydrogenation of C-X Multiple Bonds (Imines, Nitriles) |
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52 | (6) |
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2.4.1 Nitrile Hydrogenation |
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52 | (3) |
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2.4.2 Imine Hydrogenation |
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55 | (1) |
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2.4.3 Hydrogenation of N-Heterocycles |
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56 | (2) |
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2.5 Summary and Conclusions |
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58 | (1) |
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2.6 Selected Experimental Procedures |
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59 | (1) |
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2.6.1 Synthesis of Cobalt Complex [ (PNHPcY)Co(CH2SiMe3)]BArF4 (8a) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (6) |
| 3 Synthesis of C-C Bonds by Cobalt-Catalysed Hydrofunctionalisations |
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67 | (22) |
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67 | (1) |
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3.2 Cobalt-Catalysed C-C Bond Formations via Hydrofunctionalisation |
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67 | (16) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (6) |
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74 | (4) |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (2) |
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3.3 Summary and Conclusions |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (4) |
| 4 Cobalt-Catalysed C-H Functionalisation |
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89 | (74) |
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89 | (2) |
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4.2 Low-valent Cobalt Catalysis |
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91 | (15) |
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4.2.1 C-H Functionalisation with In Situ-Reduced Cobalt Catalysts |
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91 | (14) |
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4.2.1.1 Hydroarylation of Alkynes and Alkenes |
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91 | (7) |
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4.2.1.2 C-H Functionalisation with Electrophiles |
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98 | (5) |
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4.2.1.3 C-H Functionalisation with Organometallic Reagents |
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103 | (1) |
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4.2.1.4 C-H Functionalisation via 1,4-Cobalt Migration |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (2) |
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4.2.2 C-H Functionalisation with Pincer-Type Ligands and Related Well-Defined Cobalt Catalysts |
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105 | (1) |
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4.3 High-valent Cobalt Catalysis |
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106 | (40) |
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4.3.1 Chelation-Assisted C-H Functionalisation with Cp*CoIII Catalysts |
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106 | (24) |
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4.3.1.1 C-H Addition to Polar C=X Bonds |
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108 | (3) |
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4.3.1.2 Reaction with Alkynes, Alkenes, and Allenes |
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111 | (10) |
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4.3.1.3 Reaction with Formal Nitrene or Carbene Precursors |
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121 | (5) |
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4.3.1.4 Reaction with E-X-type Electrophiles |
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126 | (2) |
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128 | (2) |
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4.3.2 Bidentate Chelation-Assisted C-H Functionalisation with CoIII Catalysts |
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130 | (16) |
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4.3.2.1 Reaction with Alkynes, Alkenes, and Allenes |
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131 | (8) |
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4.3.2.2 Dehydrogenative Cross-coupling Reactions |
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139 | (4) |
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4.3.2.3 Carbonylation and Related Transformations |
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143 | (1) |
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4.3.2.4 Miscellaneous Transformations |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (4) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (12) |
| 5 Low-valent Cobalt Complexes in C-X Coupling and Related Reactions |
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163 | (44) |
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163 | (1) |
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5.2 Cobalt-Catalysed Coupling Reactions with Stoichiometric Organometallic Reagents |
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163 | (29) |
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5.2.1 Cobalt-Catalysed Coupling Reactions with Grignard Reagents |
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163 | (16) |
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5.2.1.1 Csp2-Csp2 Bond Formation |
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164 | (4) |
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5.2.1.2 Csp2-Csp3 Bond Formation |
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168 | (5) |
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5.2.1.3 Csp-Csp2 Bond Formation |
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173 | (1) |
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5.2.1.4 Csp-Csp3 Bond Formation |
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173 | (2) |
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5.2.1.5 Csp3-Csp3 Bond Formation |
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175 | (4) |
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5.2.2 Cobalt-Catalysed Coupling Reactions with Organozinc Reagents |
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179 | (8) |
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5.2.2.1 Csp-Csp2/Csp-Csp3 Bond Formation |
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179 | (2) |
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5.2.2.2 Csp2-Csp2 Bond Formation |
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181 | (2) |
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5.2.2.3 Csp2-Csp3 Bond Formation |
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183 | (3) |
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5.2.2.4 Csp2-CN Bond Formation |
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186 | (1) |
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5.2.2.5 Csp2-CO Bond Formation |
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186 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Carbon-Heteroatom Bond Formation |
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187 | (6) |
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5.2.3.1 C-N Bond Formation |
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187 | (1) |
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5.2.3.2 C-B Bond Formation |
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188 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Cobalt-Catalysed Coupling Reactions with Organoboron Reagents |
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188 | (4) |
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5.3 Cobalt-Catalysed Coupling Reactions with Organomanganese Reagents |
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192 | (1) |
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5.4 Cobalt-Catalysed Coupling Reactions with Copper Reagents |
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192 | (1) |
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5.5 Cobalt-Catalysed Reductive Cross-coupling Reactions |
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193 | (6) |
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5.5.1 Csp2-Csp2 Bond Formation |
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193 | (3) |
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5.5.2 Csp2-Csp3 Bond Formation |
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196 | (1) |
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5.5.3 Couplings with Benzylic Compounds |
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196 | (1) |
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5.5.4 Couplings with Allylic Acetates |
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197 | (1) |
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5.5.5 Csp3-Csp3 Carbon Bond Forming Reactions |
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197 | (2) |
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5.6 Overview and Perspectives |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (6) |
| 6 Ionic and Radical Reactions of It-Bonded Cobalt Complexes |
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207 | (28) |
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207 | (2) |
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6.2 Cobalt-Alkyne Complexes: Electrophilic Reactions |
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209 | (8) |
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6.2.1 Intramolecular Diels-Alder Reactions |
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210 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Assembling Tricyclic Ring Systems |
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211 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Assembling Bicyclic Ring Systems: Decalines |
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212 | (1) |
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6.2.4 Assembling Heterocyclic Ring Systems: Benzopyrans |
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212 | (1) |
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6.2.5 Synthesis of Enediynes |
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213 | (1) |
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6.2.6 Assembling Strained Ring Systems |
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213 | (2) |
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6.2.7 Assembling Natural Carbon Skeletons |
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215 | (2) |
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6.3 Cobalt-Alkyne Complexes: Radical Reactions |
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217 | (9) |
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6.4 Cobalt-1,3-enyne Complexes: Electrophilic Reactions |
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226 | (2) |
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6.5 Cobalt-1,3-enyne Complexes: Radical Reactions |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (5) |
| 7 Cobalt-Catalysed Cycloaddition Reactions |
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235 | (24) |
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235 | (1) |
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7.2 Four-Membered Carbocyclic Ring Formation Reactions |
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235 | (5) |
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7.2.1 [ 2+2] Cycloaddition of Two Alkenes |
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235 | (2) |
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7.2.2 [ 2+2] Cycloaddition of an Alkene and an Alkyne |
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237 | (1) |
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7.2.3 [ 2+2] Cycloaddition of Two Alkynes |
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238 | (2) |
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7.3 Six-Membered Ring Formation Reactions |
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240 | (10) |
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7.3.1 Cobalt-Catalysed Diels-Alder Reactions |
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240 | (8) |
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7.3.2 Cobalt-Catalysed [ 2+2+2] Cycloaddition Reactions Other than Cyclotrimerisation of Alkynes |
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248 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Cobalt-Catalysed Benzannulation Reactions |
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249 | (1) |
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7.4 Synthesis of Larger Carbocyclic Ring Systems |
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250 | (3) |
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7.4.1 [ 3+2+2] and [ 5+2] Cycloaddition Reaction |
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250 | (1) |
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7.4.2 [ 6+2] Cycloaddition Reaction |
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251 | (2) |
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253 | (2) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (4) |
| 8 Recent Advances in the Pauson-Khand Reaction |
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259 | (28) |
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259 | (1) |
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8.2 Advances in the Pauson-Khand Reaction |
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259 | (10) |
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8.2.1 New Methods to Promote the Pauson-Khand Reaction |
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259 | (5) |
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8.2.1.1 Flow Chemistry Applications of the Pauson-Khand Reaction |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (3) |
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264 | (12) |
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8.2.2.1 Maleimides as Alkene Partners |
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264 | (1) |
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8.2.2.2 Novel Enyne Substrates |
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265 | (3) |
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8.2.2.3 Strained Reaction Partners |
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268 | (1) |
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8.3 Asymmetric Pauson-Khand Reaction |
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269 | (4) |
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8.4 Mechanistic and Theoretical Studies |
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273 | (3) |
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276 | (4) |
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8.5.1 Synthesis of (+)-Ingenol |
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276 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Towards Retigeranic Acid A |
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277 | (1) |
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8.5.3 The Total Synthesis of Astellatol |
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278 | (1) |
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8.5.4 The Total Synthesis of 2-epi-α-Cedrene-3-one |
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279 | (1) |
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8.6 Summary and Conclusions |
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280 | (1) |
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8.7 Practical Procedures for Stoichiometric and Substoichiometric Pauson-Khand Reactions |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (4) |
| 9 Cobalt-Catalysed [ 2+2+2] Cycloadditions |
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287 | (50) |
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287 | (1) |
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9.2 Reaction Mechanisms of Cobalt-Catalysed Cyclotrimerisations |
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288 | (4) |
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9.3 Cobalt-Based Catalysts and Catalytic Systems |
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292 | (4) |
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9.4 CpCo-Based Cyclisations |
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296 | (6) |
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9.4.1 Carbocyclic Compounds |
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296 | (2) |
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9.4.2 Heterocyclic Compounds |
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298 | (4) |
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9.5 Non-CpCo-Based Cobalt-Catalysed Cyclisations |
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302 | (11) |
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9.5.1 Co2(CO)8-Mediated Cyclisations of Carbocyclic Compounds |
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302 | (2) |
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9.5.2 In Situ-Generated Catalysts and Precatalysts in Carbocyclisations of Alkynes |
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304 | (5) |
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9.5.3 In Situ-Generated Catalysts in the Cyclisation of Alkynes to Heterocyclic Compounds |
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309 | (4) |
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9.6 Cobalt-Mediated Asymmetric [ 2+2+2] Cycloadditions |
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313 | (4) |
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9.7 Cobalt-Mediated Cyclisations in Natural Product Synthesis |
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317 | (5) |
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9.8 Novel Developments of Cobalt-Mediated Cycloaddition Catalysis |
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322 | (4) |
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326 | (1) |
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9.10 Selected Experimental Procedures |
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327 | (1) |
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9.10.1 Synthesis of [ CpCo(CO)(trans-MeO2CCH=CHCO2Me)] (PCAT5) |
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327 | (1) |
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9.10.2 Synthesis of [ CpCo(CO){P(OEt)3}] and [ CpCo(trans-MeO2CCH=CHCO2Me)(P(OEt)3}] (PCAT8) |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (2) |
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330 | (7) |
| 10 Enantioselective Cobalt-Catalysed Transformations |
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337 | (80) |
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337 | (1) |
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10.2 Synthesis of Chiral Acyclic Compounds Through Enantioselective Cobalt-Catalysed Reactions |
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338 | (32) |
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10.2.1 Michael and (Nitro)-Aldol Reactions |
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338 | (8) |
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10.2.1.1 Michael Reactions |
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338 | (4) |
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10.2.1.2 (Nitro)-Aldol Reactions |
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342 | (4) |
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10.2.2 Reduction Reactions |
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346 | (7) |
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10.2.2.1 Reductions of Carbonyl Compounds and Derivatives |
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346 | (3) |
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10.2.2.2 Reductions of Alkenes |
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349 | (4) |
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10.2.3 Ring-Opening Reactions |
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353 | (5) |
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10.2.3.1 Hydrolytic Ring-Openings of Epoxides |
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353 | (3) |
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10.2.3.2 Ring-Openings of Epoxides by Nucleophiles Other than Water |
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356 | (2) |
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10.2.4 Hydrovinylation and Hydroboration Reactions |
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358 | (5) |
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10.2.4.1 Hydrovinylations |
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358 | (3) |
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361 | (2) |
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10.2.5 Cross-coupling Reactions |
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363 | (3) |
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10.2.6 Miscellaneous Reactions |
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366 | (4) |
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10.3 Enantioselective Cobalt-Catalysed Cyclisation Reactions |
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370 | (25) |
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10.3.1 [ 2+1] Cycloadditions |
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370 | (9) |
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10.3.2 Miscellaneous Cycloadditions |
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379 | (7) |
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10.3.2.1 (Hetero)-Diels-Alder Cycloadditions |
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379 | (1) |
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10.3.2.2 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions |
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380 | (3) |
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10.3.2.3 Other Cycloadditions |
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383 | (3) |
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10.3.3 Cyclisations Through Domino Reactions |
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386 | (4) |
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10.3.4 Miscellaneous Cyclisations |
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390 | (5) |
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395 | (1) |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (20) |
| 11 Cobalt Radical Chemistry in Synthesis and Biomimetic Reactions (Including Vitamin B12) |
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417 | (36) |
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417 | (1) |
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11.2 Cobalt-Mediated Reactions of Carbon-Centred Radicals |
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417 | (23) |
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11.2.1 Homocoupling Reactions |
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418 | (2) |
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11.2.2 Cross-coupling Reactions |
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420 | (3) |
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11.2.3 Additions to Alkenes and Alkynes |
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423 | (2) |
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11.2.4 Cyclisation Reactions |
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425 | (4) |
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429 | (2) |
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431 | (2) |
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433 | (2) |
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11.2.8 Applications of Cobalt Complexes in Photoredox Catalysis |
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435 | (3) |
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11.2.9 Miscellaneous Reactions |
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438 | (2) |
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11.3 Cobalt-Mediated Reactions of Heteroatom-Centred Radicals |
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440 | (2) |
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11.3.1 Nitrogen-Centred Radicals |
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440 | (1) |
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11.3.2 Other Types of Radicals |
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441 | (1) |
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11.4 Overview and Conclusion |
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442 | (1) |
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11.5 Experimental Section |
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443 | (2) |
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11.5.1 Synthesis of Chloro(pyridine)cobaloxime Co(dmgH)2Cl(py) (116) |
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443 | (1) |
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11.5.2 Synthesis of Aqua(cyano)heptamethyl Cobyrinate (56b) - Hydrophobic Vitamin B12 Model |
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444 | (1) |
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11.5.3 General Procedure for Synthesis of Co(II)(salen) and Co(III)(salen) Complexes |
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445 | (1) |
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445 | (1) |
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446 | (7) |
| Index |
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453 | |