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Comparative Constitutional Law: A Contextual Approach

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Stephen Ross, Helen Irving, Heinz Klug

Formaat: 834 pages
Ilmumisaeg: 21-May-2014
Kirjastus: Carolina Academic Pr
ISBN-10: 0769866492
ISBN-13: 9780769866499

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Constitutional & administrative law - (Hetkel poes: 1 nimetust)

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Formaat: 834 pages
Ilmumisaeg: 21-May-2014
Kirjastus: Carolina Academic Pr
ISBN-10: 0769866492
ISBN-13: 9780769866499

Teised raamatud teemal:

Constitutional & administrative law - (Hetkel poes: 1 nimetust)

Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780769866499.html

This law text compares Australian, Canadian, South African, and US constitutional law from a contextual perspective that emphasizes how constitutional law is based in the institutional, doctrinal, social, and cultural contexts of each country and the differences between countries in relation to specific constitutional questions. It covers topics ranging from federalism and constitutional protection for individual rights, to equality, social and economic rights, the regulation of property, court systems, and the protection of democracy and human rights. Annotation ©2014 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com)

Introduction A Few Things You Should Know Before Taking This Course, And Why You Should Take It

(40)

I.1 Why A Comparative Study Of Australian, Canadian, South African And U.S. Constitutional Law Is A Worthy Endeavor

(2)

I.2 Brief Overview Of The Enactment Of Each Nation's Constitution

(10)

I.2.1 The United States of America (1789 and 1860's)

(2)

I.2.2 Canada (1867 and 1982)

(1)

I.2.3 Australia (1900)

(2)

I.2.4 South Africa (1996)

(5)

I.3 A Few Basic Similarities And Differences To Understand At The Outset

(6)

I.3.1 Significant cultural differences

(1)

I.3.2 Constitutional ideology

(5)

I.4 Basic Comparisons Of The Legislative Process In Political Context: A Brief Introduction

(10)

I.4.1 United States

(2)

I.4.2 Canada

(3)

I.4.3 Australia

(2)

I.4.4 South Africa

(3)

I.5 Approaches To Constitutional Interpretation: A Brief Survey

(12)

I.5.1 Originalism

(1)

I.5.2 Textualism

(1)

I.5.3 "Living" interpretation

(1)

I.5.4 Pragmatism

(1)

I.5.5 Applying these theories: the "Persons" case

(7)

Reference to Meaning of Word "Persons" In Section 24 of British North America Act, 1867

(6)

I.5.6 Interpretation in different countries

(3)

Chapter 1 Federalism

(120)

1.1 The Concept Of Federalism

(1)

1.1.1 Distinguishing constitutional federalism from efficiency decentralization

(1)

1.1.2 Why federalism?

(1)

1.1.3 Distinguishing co-operative government

(1)

1.2 The Federalism Of The Constitutional Texts

(6)

1.2.1 Canada

(2)

1.2.2 United States

(1)

1.2.3 Australia

(1)

1.2.4 South Africa

(2)

1.3 Basic Principles Of Canadian Federalism

(21)

1.3.1 Early doctrine: narrow construction of the Trade & Commerce power

(3)

1.3.1.1 First cases

(3)

In re the Board of Commerce Act, 1919, and the Combines and Fair Prices Act, 1919

(1)

1.3.2 The modern view of Trade & Commerce

(5)

General Motors of Canada Ltd. v. City National Leasing

(4)

1.3.3 The limits to the "POGG" and Agriculture power

(1)

1.3.4 The breadth of the criminal law power

(3)

Morgentaler v. The Queen ("Morgentaler I")

(2)

1.3.5 Judicial reasoning in policing Canadian federalism: "Colourability"

(3)

1.3.6 Limits on Provincial power

(6)

Her Majesty the Queen v. Morgentaler [ Morgentaler 111]

(6)

1.4 Basic Principles Of U.S. Federalism

(37)

1.4.1 Scope of deference

(4)

McCulloch v. Maryland

(3)

1.4.2 Scope of the Commerce Clause

(5)

Gibbons v. Ogden

(2)

Cooley v. The Board of Wardens of the Port of Philadelphia

(2)

1.4.3 Judicial Limits on Federal Legislative Power: the narrowing and broadening of the scope of the Commerce Clause from the Lochner era to Jones & Laughlin

(2)

1.4.4 The rise and fall and rise and fall of the Tenth Amendment as a significant limit on federal legislative power

(1)

1.4.5 Lack of requirement that Commerce Clause power be exercised only for commercial regulatory concerns

(2)

1.4.6 The pendulum swings back

(19)

United States v. Morrison

(9)

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius

(9)

1.4.7 Limits on state legislative power

103

(4)

Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.

105

(2)

1.5 Basic Principles Of Australian Federalism

107

(18)

1.5.1 The expansion of federal power via interpretation: The Engineers Case

111

(1)

1.5.2 Implied restraint on the scope of federal power: the "Melbourne Corporation doctrine"

112

(3)

Melbourne v. Commonwealth ("Melbourne Corporation Case")

112

(3)

1.5.3 Further growth in federal power: "external affairs"

115

(4)

Commonwealth v. Tasmania ("Tasmanian Dam Case")

116

(3)

1.5.4 The Trade & Commerce power

119

(3)

1.5.5 Limitations on state power: section 92's requirement that trade and commerce must be "absolutely free"

122

(1)

1.5.6 Federal expansion yet again: the "corporations power" and Work Choices

123

(2)

NSW v. Commonwealth ("Work Choices Case")

124

(1)

1.6 Basic Principles Of South African Co-Operative Government

125

(25)

1.6.1 The distribution of legislative authority under co-operative government

125

(1)

1.6.2 The Constitutional Court's interpretation of the principles of Co-operative Government

126

(3)

Uthukela District Municipality v. The President of the Republic of South Africa

127

(2)

1.6.3 Disputes over the allocation of legislative authority

129

(21)

1.6.3.1 Constitutional allocation of legislative power

130

(7)

The Premier of the Province of the Western Cape v. The President of the Republic of South Africa

131

(6)

1.6.3.2 Scope of residual national legislative power

137

(5)

The Executive Council of the Province of The Western Cape and the Executive Council of Kwazulu-Natal v. The President of the Republic of South Africa

137

(5)

1.6.3.3 Scope of exclusive Provincial power

142

(26)

Ex Parte the President of the Republic of South Africain Re: Constitutionality of the Liquor Bill

142

(8)

1.7 Contrasting Approaches To Federalism: Additional Comparative Notes And Questions

150

(11)

1.7.1 Fiscal federalism and the taxing and spending powers

150

(3)

1.7.2 Active judicial policing of federalism and the national political process

153

(3)

1.7.3 Federalism and partisan politics

156

(2)

1.7.4 Originalism awry

158

(3)

Chapter 2 Defining The Scope Of Constitutional Protection For Individual Rights

161

(76)

2.1 Introduction

162

(12)

2.1.1 Scope of this chapter

162

(1)

2.1.2 A chronological summary

163

(2)

2.1.3 Close judicial scrutiny of interference with fundamental rights

165

(3)

2.1.4 Interpreting "liberty" in the shadow of Lochner

168

(6)

Lochner v. New York

168

(4)

Ferguson v. Skrupa

172

(2)

2.2 Close Scrutiny Of Deprivations Of Liberty Under The Fourteenth Amendment

174

(25)

Roe v. Wade

178

(6)

Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey

184

(10)

Lawrence v. Texas

194

(5)

2.3 Close Scrutiny Of Deprivations Of Liberty And Security Of The Person Under Section 7 Of The Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms

199

(11)

Morgentaler v. The Queen ("Morgentaler II")

202

(8)

2.4 Defining The Scope Of Broadly Worded Provisions Of The South African Constitution And Bill Of Rights

210

(11)

S v. Makwanyane

211

(4)

De Reuck v. Director of Public Prosecutions

215

(6)

2.5 Consideration Of Implied Limits On Governments To Infringe Individual Freedoms In Australia

221

(16)

Australian Capital Television PTY Ltd v. Commonwealth

225

(5)

Lange v. Australian Broadcasting Corporation

230

(7)

Chapter 3 Balancing The Values Of Dignity, Equality, And Freedom

237

(78)

3.1 Introduction

237

(2)

3.1.1 The concept of human dignity and its relation to equality and freedom

237

(1)

3.1.2 Organization of this chapter

238

(1)

3.2 Basic Approaches To Freedom Of Speech And Expression

239

(20)

3.2.1 Basic U.S. approach to free speech

239

(6)

3.2.1.1 Circumstances that justify content-based speech restrictions

242

(3)

3.2.1.2 Content-neutral restrictions

245

(1)

3.2.2 Basic Canadian approach to free speech

245

(8)

3.2.2.1 Pre-Charter antecedents

246

(1)

3.2.2.2 Basic Charter principles

246

(7)

Irwin Toy Ltd. v. Quebec (Attorney General)

246

(7)

3.2.3 Basic Australian approach to free speech

253

(5)

3.2.3.1 Overview of the implied freedom of political communication

254

(2)

3.2.3.2 More recent cases

256

(2)

3.2.4 Basic South African approach to free speech

258

(1)

3.3 Balancing Racial Equality And Freedom: Hate Speech

259

(26)

3.3.1 Canada

259

(11)

R. v. Keegstra

259

(11)

3.3.2 United States

270

(7)

R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, Minnesota

270

(7)

3.3.3 South Africa

277

(5)

The Islamic Unity Convention v. Independent Broadcasting Authority

277

(5)

3.3.4 Australia

282

(3)

3.4 Balancing Gender Equality And Freedom: Regulation Of Pornography

285

(14)

3.4.1 Canada

285

(6)

R. v. Butler

285

(6)

3.4.2 United States

291

(6)

American Booksellers Association, Inc. v. Hudnut

292

(5)

3.4.3 South Africa

297

(1)

De Reuck v. Director of Public Prosecutions (Witwatersrand Local Division)

297

(1)

3.4.4 Australia

298

(1)

3.5 Regulation Of Election Spending

299

(16)

3.5.1 United States

299

(9)

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission

300

(8)

3.5.2 Canada

308

(4)

Harper v. Canada (Attorney General)

308

(4)

3.5.3 Australia

312

(1)

3.5.4 South Africa

313

(2)

Chapter 4 Equality (Generally)

315

(90)

4.1 Background And Overview

316

(8)

4.1.1 Origins of constitutional concern about equality

316

(7)

4.1.1.1 Lack of original protection against racial and other forms of discrimination

316

(2)

4.1.1.2 Modern responses to discrimination and inequality

318

(3)

4.1.1.2.1 U.S.: the Civil War amendments

318

(1)

4.1.1.2.2 Canada: the Charter of Rights and Freedoms

319

(1)

4.1.1.2.3 South Africa's new Constitution

319

(1)

4.1.1.2.4 Australia's statutory response

320

(1)

4.1.1.3 Illustration: evolving protection against gender-based discrimination

321

(2)

4.1.2 The fundamental purpose of equality guarantees

323

(1)

4.2 The Problem Of Judicial Scrutiny Of Legislative Classifications

324

(19)

4.2.1 Articulating the problem

324

(1)

4.2.2 Examples of close scrutiny

325

(16)

United States v. Virginia

325

(5)

M. v. H.

330

(8)

The National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v. The Minister of Home Affairs

338

(3)

4.2.3 The "rational basis" test in American doctrine

341

(2)

Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia

341

(2)

4.3 Which Classifications Warrant Close Judicial Scrutiny?

343

(36)

4.3.1 United States: suspect classifications and fundamental rights

344

(6)

Slaughter-House Cases

344

(2)

United States v. Carolene Products Co.

346

(4)

4.3.2 Canada: substantive discrimination based on enumerated or analogous grounds

350

(13)

Andrews v. Law Society of British Columbia

351

(6)

Law v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration)

357

(4)

R. v. Kapp

361

(2)

4.3.3 South Africa

363

(14)

Prinsloo v. Van Der Linde

364

(5)

Harksen v. Lane

369

(8)

4.3.4 Rationales for the absence of close scrutiny of most economic and social legislation

377

(2)

4.4 Intentional Discrimination Or Disparate Impact

379

(10)

Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney

379

(5)

Eldridge v. British Columbia (Attorney General)

384

(5)

4.5 Same-Sex Marriage

389

(16)

Minister of Home Affairs v. Fourie

390

(8)

United States v. Windsor

398

(7)

Chapter 5 Social And Economic Rights

405

(60)

5.1 Introduction

405

(6)

5.1.1 International and American roots

406

(3)

5.1.2 The South African approach: a summary

409

(1)

5.1.3 The significance of the South African approach for comparative analysis

410

(1)

5.2 Judicially Enforceable Protection Of Social And Economic Rights Under The South African Constitution

411

(10)

5.2.1 Allocating scarce resources for health care

411

(2)

Soobramoney v. Minster of Health (Kwazulu-Natal)

411

(2)

5.2.2 Basic right to housing

413

(4)

The Government of the Republic of South Africa v. Grootboom

414

(3)

5.2.3 Access to essential medicines

417

(4)

Minister of Health v. Treatment Action Campaign

418

(3)

5.3 Reasonableness Review

421

(13)

Khosa v. Minister of Social Development

422

(3)

Mazibuko v. City of Johannesburg

425

(6)

City of Johannesburg v. Blue Moonlight Properties

431

(3)

5.4 Consideration And Rejection In The United States

434

(19)

5.4.1 The possibilities for inclusion through constitutional interpretation

434

(1)

5.4.2 The apex of American recognition of poverty rights

435

(5)

Goldberg v. Kelly

435

(5)

5.4.3 The rejection of social and economic rights

440

(12)

Dandridge v. Williams

440

(5)

San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez

445

(7)

5.4.4 Explanations for the rejection of socio-economic rights in the U.S.

452

(1)

5.5 Social And Economic Rights As Guaranteed By Protection Of "Security Of The Person" Under S. 7 Of The Canadian Charter

453

(8)

5.5.1 General background

453

(13)

Chaoulli v. Attorney General of Quebec

455

(6)

5.6 Non-Constitutional Response Of The Australian Government To International Obligations

461

(4)

Chapter 6 The Regulation Of Property

465

(90)

6.1 Overview Of The Right To Property

466

(5)

6.1.1 Textual provisions

466

(1)

6.1.2 The issue of "constitutional jurisprudence" in considering the right to property

467

(1)

6.1.3 American foundations

468

(1)

6.1.4 Australian foundations

468

(2)

6.1.5 Canadian rejection of a constitutional right to property

470

(1)

6.1.6 The South African compromise

470

(1)

6.1.7 The jurisprudential/doctrinal challenge: distinguishing economic liberty

470

(1)

6.2 American Constitutional Protection Of Property But Not Economic Regulation

471

(16)

6.2.1 Due Process limits on the use of property

472

(3)

Mugler v. Kansas

472

(3)

6.2.2 The doctrine of regulatory takings

475

(5)

Pennsylvania Coal Company v. Mahon

475

(5)

6.2.3 Distinguishing analysis under the Due Process and Takings Clause guarantees

480

(5)

Lingle v. Chevron U.S.A., Inc.

481

(4)

6.2.4 Active or deferential scrutiny

485

(1)

6.2.5 Summary

486

(1)

6.3 Compulsory Acquisition, Just Terms, And The Australian Constitution

487

(16)

6.3.1 What is "property"?

487

(2)

6.3.2 What is an "acquisition of property"?

489

(14)

Commonwealth v. Tasmania ("Tasmanian Dam Case")

490

(6)

JT International SA v. Commonwealth of Australia

496

(7)

6.4 Rejection Of Canadian Constitutional Protection For Property

503

(6)

Irwin Toy Ltd. v. Quebec (Attorney General)

504

(1)

Reference Re Ss. 193 And 195.1(1)(C) Of The Criminal Code (Man.) "The Prostitution Reference"

505

(4)

6.5 Canadian And Australian Non-Constitutional Protection For Property

509

(21)

6.5.1 The presumption against expropriation

509

(2)

6.5.2 The requirement of an acquisition for the benefit of the government or the public

511

(7)

Mariner Real Estate Ltd. v. Nova Scotia (Attorney General)

512

(6)

6.5.3 Statutory compensation for 'injurious affection'

518

(4)

Antrim Truck Centre Ltd. v. Ontario (Transportation)

518

(4)

6.5.4 The supremacy of the political process in deliberate and clear expropriations

522

(8)

Durham Holdings Ply Ltd v. New South Wales

522

(8)

6.6 South African Constitutional Protection Of Property

530

(17)

President of the RSA v. Modderklip Boerdery (Ply) Ltd

532

(5)

First National Bank of SA Ltd T/A Wesbank v. Commissioner, SA Revenue Service

537

(10)

6.7 Concluding Note On The Relationship Between Common Law Recognition Of Property Rights And Constitutional Protection

547

(8)

Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council

548

(7)

Chapter 7 Unitary And Dual Court Systems And The Role Of Constitutional Values In Private Litigation

555

(60)

7.1 Organization Of The Judiciary

555

(5)

7.1.1 United States

555

(1)

7.1.2 Canada

556

(1)

7.1.3 Australia

557

(1)

7.1.4 South Africa

558

(1)

7.1.5 Who appoints the judges

558

(2)

7.2 The Concept Of State Action

560

(16)

Shelley v. Kraemer

561

(6)

Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union, Local 580 v. Dolphin Delivery Ltd.

567

(9)

7.3 Case Study Of Constitutional Values And The Common Law: Libel

576

(33)

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan

576

(5)

Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto

581

(7)

Grant v. Torstar Corp.

588

(5)

Lange v. Australian Broadcasting Corporation

593

(11)

Khumalo v. Holomisa

604

(5)

7.4 Constitutional Values And The Common Law

609

(6)

7.4.1 Incorporating values into common law jurisprudence

609

(3)

7.4.2 Legal realism and the constitutionalization of the American common law

612

(3)

Chapter 8 Advisory Opinions, Constitutional Conventions, And The Determination Of Judicial Authority

615

(78)

8.1 The Concept Of An "Unconstitutional" Law Or Government Act

616

(20)

Marbury v. Madison

616

(8)

Walter L. Nixon v. United States

624

(5)

The State v. Makwanyane

629

(2)

Ex Parte Chairperson of the Constitutional Assembly: In re Certification of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (first Certification Decision)

631

(5)

8.2 Advisory Opinions

636

(24)

8.2.1 United States

636

(3)

8.2.2 Canada

639

(7)

Reference Re Secession of Quebec

639

(7)

8.2.3 Australia

646

(7)

In re Judiciary Act 1903-1920 & In re Navigation Act 1912-1920

646

(7)

8.2.4 South Africa

653

(7)

Tongoane v. Minister of Agriculture

654

(6)

8.3 The Concept Of Constitutional Convention

660

(33)

Madzimbamuto v. Lardner-Burke

662

(4)

8.3.1 Declaring the existence of conventions

666

(19)

8.3.1.1 Constitutional conventions are not judicially-enforceable law

667

(3)

"The Patriation Reference" (Part I)

667

(3)

8.3.1.2 The Supreme Court of Canada provides advice on whether a proposed act violates a convention

670

(20)

"The Patriation Reference" (Part II)

670

(15)

8.3.2 Distinguishing conventions from long-standing policies

685

(1)

8.3.3 Conventions and crisis in the absence of advisory opinions: The Whitlam Affair

685

(4)

8.3.4 Relationship between conventions and statutes

689

(1)

8.3.5 When constitutional conventions require constitutional amendment

690

(1)

8.3.6 South Africa

690

(3)

Ex Parte Chairperson of the Constitutional Assembly: In re Certification of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa

691

(2)

Chapter 9 How Are Democracy And Human Rights Best Protected?

693

9.1
Chapter Overview

693

(8)

9.1.1 Rights entrenchment versus parliamentary sovereignty

694

(2)

9.1.2 The current rights debate in Australia

696

(2)

9.1.3 Review of alternative ways to protect human rights

698

(1)

9.1.4 Why context matters

699

(2)

9.2 Canada: Judicial Protection For Linguistic Minorities

701

(26)

9.2.1 Background on language rights in Canada

701

(4)

Paul C. Weiler, Rights and Judges in a Democracy: A New Canadian Version

701

(4)

9.2.2 Background on the Notwithstanding Clause

705

(2)

9.2.3 Judicial protection of Anglophones in Quebec

707

(9)

Ford v. Quebec (Attorney-General)

710

(6)

9.2.4 Judicial protection of Francophones in English Canada

716

(11)

Barrett v. City of Winnipeg

718

(5)

City of Winnipeg v. Barrett

723

(4)

9.3 Segue: Is Separate But Equal Inherently Unequal?

727

(10)

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

727

(4)

Mahe v. Alberta

731

(6)

9.4 United States: Judicial Protection Of Racial Minorities

737

(33)

9.4.1 Proof of unconstitutional racial discrimination

737

(1)

9.4.2 Judicial review of race-conscious policies designed to benefit minorities

738

(19)

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

738

(11)

Shelby County, Alabama v. Holder

749

(8)

9.4.3 Contrasting Canadian doctrine regarding ameliorative practices

757

(2)

9.3.4 What is Brown's legacy?

759

(11)

Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1

759

(11)

9.5 The South African Experience

770

(17)

In re: Dispute Concerning the Constitutionality of Certain Provisions of the School Education Bill of 1995

770

(10)

Mec for Education: Kwazulu-Natal v. Pillay

780

(7)

9.6 Lessons

787

9.6.1 Is democracy more secure and political minorities better off with judicial protection?

787

(3)

9.6.2 Lessons for the current Australian debate

790

(13)

Evans v. State of New South Wales

795

(8)

9.6.3 Concluding thoughts

803

Table Of Cases

TC-1

Index

I-1

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