Preface |
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v | |
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xiii | |
Introduction |
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1 | (12) |
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0.1 Why This Book and What to Expect from it |
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1 | (2) |
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0.2 Understanding Federalism--Understanding of Federalism |
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3 | (2) |
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0.3 Methodology and Terminology |
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5 | (5) |
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0.3.1 The Comparative Method |
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5 | (3) |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (3) |
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13 | (21) |
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13 | (7) |
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1.1.1 Traditions in Conceptualising Federalism |
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14 | (3) |
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1.1.2 Federalism and Federation--Towards Common Ground |
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17 | (3) |
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20 | (14) |
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1.2.1 Regionalisation vs Regionalism |
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22 | (3) |
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1.2.2 New Regionalism, Multilevel Governance and the `Europe of the Regions' |
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25 | (5) |
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1.2.3 The Proliferation of Regionalisms |
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30 | (4) |
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34 | (33) |
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35 | (3) |
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35 | (1) |
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2.1.2 Are Confederations Transitional? |
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36 | (2) |
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38 | (12) |
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2.2.1 The Compact as the Traditional Definition: The `Federal Big Bang' |
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38 | (4) |
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2.2.2 Form Follows Function: The Role of History in Shaping Federal Manifestations |
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42 | (5) |
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2.2.3 Definition by Means of Institutional Elements |
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47 | (3) |
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2.3 Regional State and Related Manifestations |
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50 | (11) |
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2.3.1 Definition and Relation to the Federal State |
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50 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Rationale and Cases |
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51 | (4) |
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55 | (3) |
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2.3.4 Autonomy and Similar Manifestations |
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58 | (3) |
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2.4 The EU: Federalism Beyond the State? |
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61 | (3) |
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2.5 Living Without Definitions |
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64 | (3) |
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67 | (16) |
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67 | (1) |
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3.2 The Age of Confederations |
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68 | (4) |
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3.2.1 Classical European Confederations |
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68 | (2) |
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3.2.2 The United States of America under the Articles of Confederation |
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70 | (2) |
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3.3 Archetypes of the Federal State |
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72 | (11) |
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3.3.1 The United States of America (1787) |
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72 | (4) |
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76 | (3) |
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3.3.3 Germany (1867/1871) |
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79 | (4) |
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83 | (42) |
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4.1 Sovereignty in Federal Systems: Indivisible or Shared? |
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83 | (14) |
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4.1.1 The Theory of Indivisible Sovereignty and Its Contestation |
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84 | (4) |
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4.1.2 Divided Sovereignty in the United States and Beyond |
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88 | (4) |
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4.1.3 The Sovereignty Question in the European Union |
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92 | (5) |
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4.2 Federalism in Diverse Societies: Cure or Curse? |
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97 | (14) |
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4.2.1 Multinational Federalism as a Concept |
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98 | (3) |
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4.2.2 The Legal Status of Internal Minorities |
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101 | (4) |
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4.2.3 Secession under Federal Constitutions |
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105 | (6) |
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4.3 Federalism and Participatory Democracy in an Era of Pluralism |
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111 | (14) |
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4.3.1 Federalism and Participatory Democracy: Two Faces of Pluralism |
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111 | (3) |
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4.3.2 The Crisis of Democracy: An Opportunity for Federalism? |
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114 | (11) |
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Part II Self-Rule and Shared Rule |
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5 Autonomy of Subnational Entities |
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125 | (39) |
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5.1 The Constitutional Dimension: Constitutional Autonomy |
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126 | (13) |
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5.1.1 Definition and Scope |
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126 | (4) |
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5.1.2 Limits to Constitutional Autonomy: Supremacy and Homogeneity Clauses |
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130 | (6) |
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5.1.3 Practical Use of Constitutional Autonomy |
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136 | (3) |
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5.2 The Legislative Dimension: Distribution of Legislative Powers |
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139 | (17) |
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5.2.1 Distribution of Powers and the Residual Clause |
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139 | (7) |
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5.2.2 Dual vs Cooperative Systems |
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146 | (3) |
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5.2.3 Flexibilisation and Centralisation: Implied Powers |
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149 | (7) |
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5.3 The Administrative Dimension: The Relationship between Legislative and Administrative Powers |
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156 | (3) |
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5.4 The Judicial Dimension: The Court Systems |
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159 | (5) |
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6 Participation of Subnational Entities at the National Level |
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164 | (37) |
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6.1 Scope, Institutions and Procedures for Participation |
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164 | (1) |
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6.2 Institutional Forms of Participation |
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165 | (13) |
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165 | (2) |
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6.2.1.1 Origins and Constitutional Entrenchment |
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167 | (2) |
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6.2.1.2 The Senate Model: Variations, Appointment and Composition |
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169 | (3) |
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6.2.1.3 The Council (or Ambassadorial) Model: A Germany Legacy |
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172 | (4) |
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6.2.1.4 Hybrid Second Chambers |
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176 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Intergovernmental Bodies |
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177 | (1) |
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6.3 Procedural Forms of Participation |
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178 | (23) |
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6.3.1 Constitutional Amendment |
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178 | (1) |
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6.3.1.1 Direct Participation by the Legislatures or Electorates of Subnational Entities |
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179 | (4) |
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6.3.1.2 Indirect (or Absence of) Participation Through Second Chambers |
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183 | (3) |
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6.3.2 Territorial Changes |
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186 | (4) |
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6.3.3 Legislative (and Administrative) Functions |
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190 | (3) |
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193 | (6) |
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199 | (2) |
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201 | (45) |
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7.1 Financial Relations: Significance, Scope and Regulation |
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201 | (9) |
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201 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Scope: Local and Supranational Dimensions |
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202 | (3) |
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7.1.3 Regulation: Legal Sources and (Asymmetrical Design |
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205 | (5) |
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210 | (18) |
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7.2.1 Types of Subnational Entities' Own Revenues |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (11) |
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7.2.3 A Trend Towards Tax Centralisation? |
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222 | (6) |
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228 | (12) |
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7.3.1 Spending Power and Conditional Grants |
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228 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Legal Basis and Limits of the General Spending Power |
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229 | (6) |
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7.3.3 Spending Power and Fiscal Discipline |
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235 | (5) |
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240 | (6) |
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8 Prevention and Resolution of Conflicts |
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246 | (35) |
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8.1 Intergovernmental Relations |
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246 | (15) |
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8.1.1 Principles: Federal Loyalty and Similar Precepts |
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249 | (4) |
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8.1.2 Institutions: The Predominance of the Executive Branch |
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253 | (4) |
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8.1.3 Instruments: Delegation and Intergovernmental Agreements |
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257 | (4) |
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8.2 Ex ante Scrutiny of Subnational Law |
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261 | (5) |
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8.2.1 Judicial Scrutiny of Draft Legislation |
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261 | (2) |
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8.2.2 Political or Judicial Scrutiny of Subnational Constitutions |
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263 | (3) |
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8.3 Constitutional Adjudication |
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266 | (15) |
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8.3.1 Significance, Scope and Impact |
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266 | (6) |
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8.3.2 Constitutional Review and Other Functions |
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272 | (9) |
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281 | (40) |
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9.1 Local Government in a Changed Factual and Legal Context |
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281 | (3) |
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9.2 Legal Recognition of Local Self-Government |
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284 | (6) |
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9.2.1 Source of Recognition |
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285 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Scope and Quality of Recognition |
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286 | (1) |
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9.2.3 The Problem of (Over)Regulation |
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287 | (3) |
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9.3 Powers of Local Governments |
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290 | (15) |
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9.3.1 Assignment of Local Powers |
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290 | (5) |
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9.3.2 Restrictions of the Exercise of Local Powers |
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295 | (1) |
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9.3.2.1 Overburdening with Delegated Tasks |
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295 | (2) |
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9.3.2.2 Supervision Prevailing over Intergovernmental Collaboration |
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297 | (3) |
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9.3.2.3 Limited Financial Resources |
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300 | (5) |
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9.4 Structure of Local Government |
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305 | (9) |
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305 | (4) |
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9.4.2 Inter-municipal Cooperation |
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309 | (3) |
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312 | (2) |
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9.5 Local Government as a Genuine Third Level? |
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314 | (7) |
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Part III Powers and Policies: Between Autonomy and Homogeneity |
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321 | (25) |
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10.1 United States of America |
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322 | (5) |
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327 | (3) |
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330 | (3) |
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333 | (5) |
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338 | (3) |
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10.6 Comparative Conclusions |
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341 | (5) |
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11 Social Welfare and Healthcare |
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346 | (36) |
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349 | (6) |
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355 | (6) |
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361 | (4) |
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365 | (5) |
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370 | (6) |
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11.6 Comparative Conclusions |
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376 | (6) |
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12 Environmental Protection |
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382 | (21) |
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383 | (4) |
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387 | (4) |
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391 | (2) |
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393 | (3) |
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396 | (2) |
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12.6 Comparative Conclusions |
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398 | (5) |
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13 Immigration and Migrant Integration |
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403 | (20) |
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404 | (3) |
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407 | (4) |
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411 | (1) |
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412 | (3) |
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415 | (3) |
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13.6 Comparative Conclusions |
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418 | (5) |
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423 | (25) |
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425 | (3) |
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428 | (3) |
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431 | (5) |
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436 | (3) |
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439 | (4) |
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14.6 Comparative Conclusions |
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443 | (5) |
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448 | (5) |
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15.1 Federalism in the Twenty-First Century |
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448 | (1) |
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15.2 A Federal Research Agenda: The Four `Ps' |
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449 | (4) |
Index |
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453 | |