About This Report |
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Summary |
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1 | (10) |
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2 | (4) |
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Research Design and Methodology |
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6 | (5) |
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2 How Does China View Competition in the Gray Zone? |
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11 | (11) |
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Chinese Views of the Gray Zone |
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11 | (5) |
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Views of PLA Roles in the Gray Zone |
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16 | (6) |
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3 What Drives and Enables China's Gray Zone Activities? |
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22 | (19) |
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Drivers of Chinese Gray Zone Activities |
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22 | (2) |
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Enablers of Chinese Gray Zone Activities |
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24 | (13) |
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How Enablers Shape Chinese Gray Zone Tactics |
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37 | (4) |
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4 China's Gray Zone Activities Against Taiwan |
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41 | (26) |
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Historical Context and Overview |
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41 | (2) |
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Variety and Types of Chinese Tactics |
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43 | (19) |
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Trends in Chinese Tactics |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (3) |
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Potential Near- to Medium-Term Chinese Gray Zone Activities Against Taiwan |
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66 | (1) |
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5 China's Gray Zone Activities Against Japan |
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67 | (27) |
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Historical Context and Overview |
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67 | (2) |
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Variety and Types of Chinese Tactics |
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69 | (19) |
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Trends in Chinese Tactics |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (2) |
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Potential Near- to Medium-Term Chinese Gray Zone Activities Against Japan |
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91 | (3) |
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6 China's Gray Zone Activities Against Vietnam |
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94 | (18) |
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Historical Context and Overview |
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94 | (2) |
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Variety and Types of Chinese Tactics |
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96 | (11) |
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Trends in Chinese Tactics |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (2) |
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Potential Near- to Medium-Term Chinese Gray Zone Activities Against Vietnam |
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110 | (2) |
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7 China's Gray Zone Activities Against India |
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112 | (23) |
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Historical Context and Overview |
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112 | (1) |
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Variety and Types of Chinese Tactics |
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113 | (16) |
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Trends in Chinese Tactics |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (3) |
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Potential Near- to Medium-Term Chinese Gray Zone Activities Against India |
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133 | (2) |
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8 Comparing China's Use of Gray Zone Tactics Across Regions |
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135 | (17) |
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Nearly 80 Different PRC Tactics Used, Across All Instruments of Power |
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135 | (3) |
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Adding the Philippines as a Fifth Case |
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138 | (1) |
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Summary Statistics on PRC Gray Zone Tactics |
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139 | (2) |
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Patterns in PRC Use of Gray Zone Tactics |
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141 | (7) |
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Many PRC Tactics Remain Difficult for Allies and Partners to Counter |
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148 | (2) |
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Potential Near-Term Triggers for PRC Use of Gray Zone Tactics |
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150 | (2) |
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9 Which PRC Tactics Could the United States Prioritize Countering? |
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152 | (15) |
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Assessing Which PRC Gray Zone Tactics Are the Most "Problematic" |
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152 | (8) |
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Aggregating Across Three Indicators to Identify the Most Problematic Tactics |
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160 | (7) |
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10 Conclusions and Recommendations |
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167 | (10) |
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How Does China View Competition in the Gray Zone? |
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167 | (1) |
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What Drives and Enables China's Use of Gray Zone Tactics? |
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167 | (1) |
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How Does China Employ Gray Zone Tactics? |
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168 | (2) |
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Which PRC Tactics Could the United States Prioritize Countering? |
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170 | (2) |
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172 | (5) |
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A China's Use of Gray Zone Coercion Against the Philippines |
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177 | (7) |
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B PRC Use of Gray Zone Tactics Against Five Allies and Partners |
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184 | (7) |
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C Assessing Problematic PRC Tactics |
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191 | (27) |
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D Russia's Approach to Gray Zone Activities in the Indo-Pacific |
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218 | (3) |
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E How Russia Employs Gray Zone Tactics in Europe |
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221 | (4) |
Abbreviations |
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225 | (3) |
References |
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228 | |