| Preface |
|
xi | |
| Acknowledgments |
|
xvii | |
| About the Author |
|
xix | |
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|
1 | (10) |
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Intelligence --- Our Present State of Understanding |
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11 | (151) |
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Intelligence of Individuals |
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20 | (42) |
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Problems with a General and Cohesive Evaluation of Individual Intelligence |
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22 | (6) |
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The Individual Intelligence of Humans |
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28 | (1) |
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Review of Significant Models of Individual Human Intelligence |
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28 | (6) |
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Intelligence Tests for Humans |
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34 | (4) |
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) Considered as a Projection of Human Intelligence into Digital Computers |
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38 | (5) |
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Mapping Human Ways of Solving Problems into Artificial Intelligence Systems |
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43 | (6) |
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Intelligence in Expert Systems |
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49 | (5) |
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Determinism and Nondeterminism in Artificial Intelligence |
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54 | (2) |
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Review of the Individual Intelligence of Animals |
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56 | (6) |
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The Concept of Collective Intelligence (CI) |
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62 | (100) |
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Symptoms of Collective Intelligence in the World of Animals |
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66 | (2) |
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Is a Bacterial Colony Collectively Intelligent? |
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68 | (2) |
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The Collective Intelligence of Social Insects |
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70 | (13) |
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Can Different Types of Intelligence be Compared? The Collective Intelligence in the Relationship between Predator and Prey |
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83 | (2) |
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The Collective Intelligence of Humans |
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85 | (1) |
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Difficulties with the Concept of Human Collective Intelligence-Simon Newell's Objections |
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86 | (2) |
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Review of Existing, Nonformal Computer-Related Approaches to Human Collective Intelligence |
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88 | (5) |
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Real (Conscious) and Virtual (Unconscious) Social Structures |
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93 | (3) |
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What is a Social Structure? |
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96 | (30) |
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Information-Related Behavior of Beings in a Social Structure |
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126 | (5) |
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Structuralization and Communication Problems when a Social Structure Grows |
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131 | (11) |
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Differences Between Abilities of Single Beings and Social Structures (groups) |
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142 | (6) |
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Use of Quasi-Brownian Motions as a Tool for the Description of Social Structure Dynamics |
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148 | (14) |
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Toward the Formalization, Modeling, and Measuring of Collective Intelligence |
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162 | (144) |
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A Formal Definition of Collective Intelligence as a Specific Property of a Social Structure |
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163 | (7) |
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Difficulties with Modeling and Measuring Collective Intelligence due to the Lack of a Proper Model of Computations |
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170 | (2) |
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Are the Concepts of Message-Passing, Agents, and Actors Sufficient for Collective Intelligence? |
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172 | (4) |
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Review of the Major Models of Computation |
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176 | (130) |
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The Deterministic Turing Machine (DTM) |
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177 | (2) |
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Today's Implementation Approach to the DTM |
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179 | (3) |
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The Complexity of Computations with the Deterministic Turing Machine |
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182 | (3) |
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Parallelism in DTM Implementations |
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185 | (5) |
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The Nondeterministic Turing Machine (NDTM) |
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190 | (2) |
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Theoretical Advantages of the NDTM |
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192 | (3) |
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Difficulties with NDTM Implementation |
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195 | (2) |
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A Model of Computations with a Continous Space of States-The Analog Computer |
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197 | (5) |
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Nondeterministic, Molecular Models of Computations with Predicate Calculus as the Basic Tool for Collective Intelligence Modeling and Evaluation |
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202 | (1) |
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A Brief Description of the Concept of PROLOG and its Models of Execution |
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203 | (46) |
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The Random PROLOG Processor (RPP) |
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249 | (37) |
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Review of Computational Models Similar to the RPP in Concept |
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286 | (2) |
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The Chemical Abstract Machine |
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288 | (5) |
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Adleman's DNA Model of Computations |
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293 | (13) |
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Computing a Collective Intelligence Quotient (IQS) for Social Structures of Beings |
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306 | (11) |
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A Formal Definition of a Collective Intelligence Quotient (IQS) and its Properties |
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307 | (4) |
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Typical Mapping of Human Social Structures into RPP Structures for Computing the Collective Intelligence Quotient IQS |
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311 | (2) |
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Computational Difficulties with the IQS |
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313 | (4) |
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Applications of Collective Intelligence-Toward Collective Intelligence Engineering |
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317 | (43) |
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The Computational Model of Collective Intelligence Suggests that Intelligence Emerged First Before Life on Earth |
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318 | (9) |
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Comprehension and Definition of Life |
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322 | (1) |
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Ordering Collective Intelligence and Life |
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323 | (4) |
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Artificial Collective Intelligence with an Evolutionary Design of a Processor Structure for Computer Graphics |
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327 | (13) |
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Data Processing in Computer Graphics |
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331 | (3) |
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Artificial Collective Intelligence |
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334 | (1) |
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An Evolvable System for Computer Graphics Based on Artificial Collective Intelligence |
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335 | (3) |
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Description of Simulation System and Results |
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338 | (2) |
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Can Money (Currency) be Considered as an Element (Discovery) of Human Collective Intelligence? |
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340 | (16) |
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Brief Summary of the Idea and History of Money and Humans |
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343 | (3) |
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Can Money be Considered in Terms of the Random PROLOG Processor? |
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346 | (3) |
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Money-Driven Artificial Collective Intelligence |
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349 | (3) |
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Conclusions on the Function of Money in Collective Intelligence |
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352 | (4) |
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Is it Possible to Evaluate Globally the Collective Intelligence of a Given Nation? |
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356 | (4) |
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360 | (2) |
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362 | (4) |
| Bibliography |
|
366 | (19) |
| Selected Internet Locations Useful for Research on Collective Intelligence |
|
385 | (4) |
| Index |
|
389 | |
