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Computational Seismology: A Practical Introduction [Kõva köide]

(Professor of Seismology, Department of Earth and Enivronmental Sciences, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Germany)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 340 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 252x196x23 mm, kaal: 926 g, 152 b/w, 65 colour
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Nov-2016
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0198717407
  • ISBN-13: 9780198717409
  • Formaat: Hardback, 340 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 252x196x23 mm, kaal: 926 g, 152 b/w, 65 colour
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Nov-2016
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0198717407
  • ISBN-13: 9780198717409
This book is an introductory text to a range of numerical methods used today to simulate time-dependent processes in Earth science, physics, engineering, and many other fields. The physical problem of elastic wave propagation in 1D serves as a model system with which the various numerical methods are introduced and compared. The theoretical background is presented with substantial graphical material supporting the concepts. The results can be reproduced with the supplementary electronic material provided as python codes embedded in Jupyter notebooks. The book starts with a primer on the physics of elastic wave propagation, and a chapter on the fundamentals of parallel programming, computational grids, mesh generation, and hardware models. The core of the book is the presentation of numerical solutions of the wave equation with six different methods: 1) the finite-difference method; 2) the pseudospectral method (Fourier and Chebyshev); 3) the linear finite-element method; 4) the spectral-element method; 5) the finite-volume method; and 6) the discontinuous Galerkin method. Each chapter contains comprehension questions, theoretical, and programming exercises. The book closes with a discussion of domains of application and criteria for the choice of a specific numerical method, and the presentation of current challenges.

Readers are welcome to visit the author's website www.geophysik.lmu.de/Members/igel for more information on his research, projects, publications, and other activities.

Arvustused

It is intended to work as an introductory handbook, containing a coherent balance of theory, concepts and applications, as well as a very rich source of references where to look at if the reader wishes deepening their understanding of what was presented... Unquestionably, it is a valuable and essential book that sets the foundations of this century's computational seismology. * Carlos Medel-Vera, Contemporary Physics * Computational Seismology is a very timely and readable textbook. ...very well supplemented with numerous figures and photos that help illustrate salient points...Recommended. * CHOICE * This book has been missing for years and will become an important asset for a broad readership of both students and practitioners in applied and theoretical geophysics. With insightful illustrations, code, practical examples and exercises, the reader will gain insight into the fundamental critical aspects of the wide range of methods used for solving seismic wave equations and problems in its many different disguises. * Johan Robertsson, Institute of Geophysics, ETH-Zurich, Switzerland * This essential book heralds the era of computational seismology. Any student of modern seismology should master its fundamental knowledge. Fortunately for them, the author makes this easy via this highly readable and educational book full of well-chosen examples and exercises. * Jeroen Tromp, Princeton University * Heiner Igel provides a broad survey of methods for calculating seismograms, contrasting the benefits and limitations of techniques through applications in 1-D, with indications of how extensions can be made to 3-D. The examples are well chosen and enable students to get a feel for computational procedures and hence understand the more complex packages they may encounter later. The book is to be highly recommended to both those starting in seismology and more established workers who wish to gain a broader understanding of the computational scene. * Professor Brian L. N. Kennett, The Australian National University * Heiner Igel's book fills an empty slot between books devoted to numerical algorithms and books more oriented to seismological topics. It has arrived at the right moment. Igel overcomes the difficulty of describing methods in a comprehensive way for students and researchers trained in seismology and Earth sciences disciplines while keeping the necessary specific ingredients of these approaches from the point of view of computer sciences. Applications to different seismological targets and future challenges, as well as a clear vision of the need of collaborative scientific interaction imbedded into the modern effort for sharing computer codes, makes this book a highly recommended one for anyone who wants to start or to improve his/her competence in quantifying seismic wave propagation. * Jean Virieux, Institut des Sciences de la Terre ISTerre * This valuable book provides a highly recommended platform for a new generation of seismologists and those of the older generation who are retraining. Very readable, it covers the classes of discrete methods in a balanced and appropriately detailed way, with pointers to texts on more traditional methods of seismic modelling as well as further reading on the new, more general and computationally intensive numerical methods, including code links. * Colin Thomson, Schlumberger Cambridge Research *

1 About Computational Seismology
1(12)
1.1 What is computational seismology?
1(1)
1.2 What is computational seismology good for?
2(3)
1.3 Target audience and level
5(1)
1.4 How to read this volume
6(1)
1.5 Code snippets
7(6)
Further reading
8(5)
Part I Elastic Waves in the Earth
2 Seismic Waves and Sources
13(36)
2.1 Elastic wave equations
17(2)
2.2 Analytical solutions: scalar wave equation
19(3)
2.3 Rheologies
22(3)
2.3.1 Viscoelasticity and attenuation
22(1)
2.3.2 Seismic anisotropy
23(1)
2.3.3 Poroelasticity
24(1)
2.4 Boundary and initial conditions
25(3)
2.4.1 Initial conditions
25(1)
2.4.2 Free surface and Lamb's problem
26(1)
2.4.3 Internal boundaries
27(1)
2.4.4 Absorbing boundary conditions
27(1)
2.5 Fundamental solutions
28(3)
2.5.1 Body waves
28(1)
2.5.2 Gradient, divergence, curl
28(1)
2.5.3 Surface waves
29(2)
2.6 Seismic sources
31(8)
2.6.1 Forces and moments
31(2)
2.6.2 Seismic wavefield of a double-couple point source
33(3)
2.6.3 Superposition principle, finite sources
36(2)
2.6.4 Reciprocity, time reversal
38(1)
2.7 Scattering
39(3)
2.8 Seismic wave problems as linear systems
42(1)
2.9 Some final thoughts
43(6)
Chapter summary
44(1)
Further reading
45(1)
Exercises
45(4)
3 Waves in a Discrete World
49(26)
3.1 Classification of partial differential equations
49(2)
3.2 Strategies for computational wave propagation
51(2)
3.3 Physical domains and computational meshes
53(5)
3.3.1 Dimensionality: 1D, 2D, 2.5D, 3D
53(1)
3.3.2 Computational meshes
54(1)
3.3.3 Structured (regular) grids
55(1)
3.3.4 Unstructured (irregular) grids
56(1)
3.3.5 Other meshing concepts
57(1)
3.4 The curse of mesh generation
58(1)
3.5 Parallel computing
59(9)
3.5.1 Physics and parallelism
61(1)
3.5.2 Domain decomposition, partitioning
62(1)
3.5.3 Hardware and software for parallel algorithms
62(1)
3.5.4 Basic hardware architectures
63(1)
3.5.5 Parallel programming
64(3)
3.5.6 Parallel I/O, data formats, provenance
67(1)
3.6 The impact of parallel computing on Earth Sciences
68(7)
Chapter summary
69(1)
Further reading
70(1)
Exercises
70(5)
Part II Numerical Methods
4 The Finite-Difference Method
75(41)
4.1 History
75(2)
4.2 The finite-difference method in a nutshell
77(1)
4.3 Finite differences and Taylor series
78(4)
4.3.1 Higher derivatives
79(2)
4.3.2 High-order operators
81(1)
4.4 Acoustic wave propagation in 1D
82(8)
4.4.1 Stability
87(1)
4.4.2 Numerical dispersion
88(1)
4.4.3 Convergence
89(1)
4.5 Acoustic wave propagation in 2D
90(5)
4.5.1 Numerical anisotropy
91(1)
4.5.2 Choosing the right simulation parameters
92(3)
4.6 Elastic wave propagation in 1D
95(6)
4.6.1 Displacement formulation
95(1)
4.6.2 Velocity-stress formulation
96(2)
4.6.3 Velocity-stress algorithm: example
98(1)
4.6.4 Velocity-stress: dispersion
99(2)
4.7 Elastic wave propagation in 2D
101(2)
4.7.1 Grid staggering
101(1)
4.7.2 Free-surface boundary condition
102(1)
4.8 The road to 3D
103(13)
4.8.1 High-order extrapolation schemes
103(2)
4.8.2 Heterogeneous Earth models
105(1)
4.8.3 Optimizing operators
105(2)
4.8.4 Minimal, triangular, unstructured grids
107(1)
4.8.5 Other coordinate systems
108(1)
4.8.6 Concluding remarks
109(1)
Chapter summary
109(1)
Further reading
110(1)
Exercises
111(5)
5 The Pseudospectral Method
116(37)
5.1 History
117(1)
5.2 The pseudospectral method in a nutshell
118(1)
5.3 Ingredients
119(8)
5.3.1 Orthogonal functions, interpolation, derivative
119(2)
5.3.2 Fourier series and transforms
121(6)
5.4 The Fourier pseudospectral method
127(7)
5.4.1 Acoustic waves in 1D
127(3)
5.4.2 Stability, convergence, dispersion
130(1)
5.4.3 Acoustic waves in 2D
131(1)
5.4.4 Numerical anisotropy
132(1)
5.4.5 Elastic waves in 1D
133(1)
5.5 Infinite order finite differences
134(4)
5.6 The Chebyshev pseudospectral method
138(9)
5.6.1 Chebyshev polynomials
139(5)
5.6.2 Chebyshev derivatives, differentiation matrices
144(2)
5.6.3 Elastic waves in 1D
146(1)
5.7 The road to 3D
147(6)
Chapter summary
148(1)
Further reading
149(1)
Exercises
149(4)
6 The Finite-Element Method
153(29)
6.1 History
154(1)
6.2 Finite elements in a nutshell
155(1)
6.3 Static elasticity
156(8)
6.3.1 Boundary conditions
160(1)
6.3.2 Reference element, mapping, stiffness matrix
160(2)
6.3.3 Simulation example
162(2)
6.4 1D elastic wave equation
164(9)
6.4.1 The system matrices
167(2)
6.4.2 Simulation example
169(4)
6.5 Shape functions in 1D
173(2)
6.6 Shape functions in 2D
175(2)
6.7 The road to 3D
177(5)
Chapter summary
178(1)
Further reading
179(1)
Exercises
179(3)
7 The Spectral-Element Method
182(29)
7.1 History
183(1)
7.2 Spectral elements in a nutshell
184(1)
7.3 Weak form of the elastic equation
185(3)
7.4 Getting down to the element level
188(9)
7.4.1 Interpolation with Lagrange polynomials
191(2)
7.4.2 Numerical integration
193(3)
7.4.3 Derivatives of Lagrange polynomials
196(1)
7.5 Global assembly and solution
197(2)
7.6 Source input
199(1)
7.7 The spectral-element method in action
199(6)
7.7.1 Homogeneous example
199(5)
7.7.2 Heterogeneous example
204(1)
7.8 The road to 3D
205(6)
Chapter summary
206(1)
Further reading
207(1)
Exercises
208(3)
8 The Finite-Volume Method
211(28)
8.1 History
212(1)
8.2 Finite volumes in a nutshell
213(1)
8.3 The finite-volume method via conservation laws
214(6)
8.4 Scalar advection in 1D
220(3)
8.5 Elastic waves in 1D
223(10)
8.5.1 Homogeneous case
225(3)
8.5.2 Heterogeneous case
228(3)
8.5.3 The Riemann problem: heterogeneous case
231(2)
8.6 Derivation via Gauss's theorem
233(1)
8.7 The road to 3D
234(5)
Chapter summary
235(1)
Further reading
236(1)
Exercises
236(3)
9 The Discontinuous Galerkin Method
239(30)
9.1 History
240(2)
9.2 The discontinuous Galerkin method in a nutshell
242(1)
9.3 Scalar advection equation
243(12)
9.3.1 Weak formulation
245(2)
9.3.2 Elemental mass and stiffness matrices
247(2)
9.3.3 The flux scheme
249(2)
9.3.4 Scalar advection in action
251(4)
9.4 Elastic waves in 1D
255(7)
9.4.1 Fluxes in the elastic case
257(3)
9.4.2 Simulation examples
260(2)
9.5 The road to 3D
262(7)
Chapter summary
264(1)
Further reading
264(1)
Exercises
265(4)
Part III Applications
10 Applications in Earth Sciences
269(22)
10.1 Geophysical exploration
271(2)
10.2 Regional wave propagation
273(2)
10.3 Global and planetary seismology
275(3)
10.4 Strong ground motion and dynamic rupture
278(3)
10.5 Seismic tomography---waveform inversion
281(4)
10.6 Volcanology
285(2)
10.7 Simulation of ambient noise
287(1)
10.8 Elastic waves in random media
288(3)
Chapter summary
289(1)
Exercises
290(1)
11 Current Challenges in Computational Seismology
291(4)
11.1 Community solutions
291(1)
11.2 Structured vs. unstructured: homogenization
292(1)
11.3 Meshing
293(1)
11.4 Nonlinear inversion, uncertainties
294(1)
Appendix A Community Software and Platforms in Seismology
295(8)
A.1 Wave propagation and inversion
295(2)
A.2 Data processing, visualization, services
297(1)
A.3 Benchmarking
298(1)
A.4 Jupyter Notebooks
299(1)
A.5 Supplementary material
299(4)
References 303(18)
Index 321
Heiner Igel studied geophysics in Karlsruhe and Edinburgh. He obtained his doctoral degree in 1993 from the Institut de Physique du Globe in Paris developing parallel forward and inverse modelling tools for wave propagation problems. He then moved to the Institute of Theoretical Geophysics in Cambridge, UK, where he worked on wave simulation techniques for regional and global seismic wave propagation. In 1999 he became Professor of Seismology at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich. His current interests include full-waveform inversion, high-performance computing, and rotational ground motions. He is a member of the German National Academy of Sciences.