Preface |
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xix | |
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1 | (12) |
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1.1 Computer System Organization |
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1 | (3) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (5) |
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5 | (2) |
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1.2.2 Generations of Computer Technology |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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1.3 Organization versus Design versus Architecture |
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9 | (1) |
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1.4 Performance Evaluation |
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9 | (2) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (2) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Chapter 2 Number Systems and Codes |
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13 | (9) |
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13 | (4) |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (5) |
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2.2.1 Radix Divide Technique |
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17 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Radix Multiply Technique |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (15) |
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25 | (2) |
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2.3.3 Hexadecimal Arithmetic |
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27 | (3) |
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2.4 Sign--Magnitude System |
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30 | (1) |
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2.5 Complement Number System |
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30 | (7) |
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2.5.1 2s Complement Addition |
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34 | (1) |
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2.5.2 1s Complement Addition |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (2) |
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2.5.4 Comparison of Complement Systems |
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37 | (1) |
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2.6 Floating-Point Numbers |
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37 | (3) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (15) |
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45 | (4) |
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45 | (2) |
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47 | (1) |
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2.7.3 Error-Detection Codes |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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2.8 Data Storage and Register Transfer |
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49 | (3) |
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2.9 Representation of Numbers, Arrays, and Records |
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52 | (3) |
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53 | (1) |
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2.9.2 Floating-Point Numbers |
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53 | (1) |
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2.9.3 Representation of Strings |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (4) |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Combinational Logic |
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59 | (58) |
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3.1 Basic Operations and Terminology |
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59 | (7) |
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3.1.1 Evaluation of Expressions |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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3.1.3 Functions and Their Representation |
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62 | (2) |
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64 | (2) |
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3.2 Boolean Algebra (Switching Algebra) |
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66 | (1) |
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3.3 Minimization of Boolean Functions |
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67 | (14) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (11) |
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3.3.3 Quine--McCluskey Procedure |
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79 | (2) |
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3.4 Primitive Hardware Blocks |
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81 | (1) |
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3.5 Functional Analysis of Combinational Circuits |
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82 | (3) |
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3.6 Synthesis of Combinational Circuits |
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85 | (5) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (2) |
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3.6.3 NAND--NAND and NOR--NOR Circuits |
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88 | (2) |
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3.7 Some Popular Combinational Circuits |
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90 | (8) |
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90 | (3) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (12) |
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3.8.1 Positive and Negative Logic |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (1) |
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3.8.3 Other Characteristics |
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101 | (4) |
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105 | (3) |
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108 | (2) |
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110 | (2) |
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112 | (5) |
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113 | (3) |
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116 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 Synchronous Sequential Circuits |
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117 | (54) |
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119 | (6) |
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4.1.1 Set--Reset Flip-Flop |
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119 | (3) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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4.1.5 Characteristic and Excitation Tables |
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123 | (2) |
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4.2 Timing Characteristics of Flip-Flops |
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125 | (5) |
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4.2.1 Master--Slave Flip-Flops |
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127 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops |
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128 | (2) |
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130 | (1) |
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4.4 Analysis of Synchronous Sequential Circuits |
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130 | (8) |
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4.5 Design of Synchronous Sequential Circuits |
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138 | (4) |
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142 | (8) |
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4.7 Register Transfer Logic |
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150 | (2) |
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4.8 Register Transfer Schemes |
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152 | (3) |
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4.8.1 Point-to-Point Transfer |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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4.9 Register Transfer Languages |
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155 | (5) |
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4.10 Designing Sequential Circuits with Integrated Circuits |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (11) |
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4.11.1 Circuit Implementation Modes and Devices |
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165 | (1) |
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4.11.2 Programmable Logic Arrays |
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166 | (2) |
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4.11.3 Programmable Array Logic |
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168 | (3) |
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4.11.3.1 Altera Complex PLDs (CPLDs) |
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171 | (5) |
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174 | (2) |
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4.11.4.1 Xilinx SRAM-Based FPGAs |
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176 | (7) |
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179 | (4) |
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179 | (3) |
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182 | (1) |
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Chapter 5 A Simple Computer: Organization and Programming |
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183 | (32) |
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183 | (13) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (4) |
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191 | (4) |
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5.1.5 Other Addressing Modes |
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195 | (1) |
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5.1.6 Addressing Limitations |
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195 | (1) |
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5.1.7 Machine Language Programming |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (6) |
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199 | (3) |
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202 | (2) |
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204 | (3) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (3) |
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209 | (2) |
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211 | (4) |
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211 | (3) |
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214 | (1) |
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Chapter 6 A Simple Computer: Hardware Design |
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215 | (44) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Instruction Execution |
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216 | (1) |
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6.2 Data, Instruction, and Address Flow |
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216 | (4) |
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216 | (3) |
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6.2.2 Address Calculations |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (3) |
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6.4 Arithmetic and Logic Unit |
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223 | (4) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (13) |
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6.6.1 Types of Control Units |
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229 | (1) |
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6.6.2 Hardwired Control Unit for ASC |
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230 | (1) |
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6.6.3 Memory versus Processor Speed |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (5) |
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6.6.5 One-Address Instructions |
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235 | (1) |
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6.6.6 Zero-Address Instructions |
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235 | (1) |
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6.6.7 Input/Output Instructions |
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235 | (5) |
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240 | (7) |
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6.8 Microprogrammed Control Unit (MCU) |
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247 | (9) |
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6.8.1 Microprogrammed Control Unit for ASC |
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247 | (9) |
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256 | (3) |
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256 | (2) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (20) |
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259 | (4) |
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263 | (5) |
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263 | (2) |
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265 | (2) |
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267 | (1) |
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7.2.4 Error Detection and Correction |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (7) |
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7.3.1 Interrupt Mechanism for ASC |
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269 | (2) |
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7.3.2 Multiple Interrupts |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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7.3.4 Vectored Interrupts |
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271 | (3) |
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7.3.5 Types of Interrupt Structures |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (3) |
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278 | (1) |
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7.5.1 Bus Control (Arbitration) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (2) |
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281 | (3) |
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284 | (14) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (3) |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (2) |
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293 | (5) |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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7.9.5 A/D and D/A Converters |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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7.9.7 Touchpads and Trackpads |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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7.10.1 Motorola 68000 (MC68000) |
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298 | (1) |
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7.10.1.1 Programmed I/O on MC68000 |
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298 | (3) |
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7.10.1.2 MC68000 interrupt system |
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301 | (2) |
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303 | (12) |
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303 | (7) |
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310 | (2) |
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312 | (3) |
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312 | (2) |
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314 | (1) |
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Chapter 8 Processor and Instruction-Set Architectures |
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315 | (29) |
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8.1 Types of Computer Systems |
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315 | (1) |
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8.2 Operand (Data) Types and Formats |
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316 | (3) |
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316 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Floating-Point Numbers |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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8.2.6 Register versus Memory Storage |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (3) |
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322 | (8) |
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322 | (1) |
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323 | (2) |
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325 | (2) |
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8.4.4 Instruction Formats |
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327 | (3) |
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330 | (3) |
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8.5.1 Immediate Addressing |
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330 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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8.5.3 Base-Register Addressing |
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331 | (1) |
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8.5.4 Relative Addressing |
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331 | (1) |
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8.5.5 Implied (Implicit) Addressing |
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331 | (2) |
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8.6 Instruction-Set Orthogonality |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (3) |
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336 | (8) |
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336 | (5) |
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341 | (1) |
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342 | (2) |
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344 | (2) |
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8.8.3.2 Hardware Architecture |
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346 | (5) |
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351 | (6) |
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353 | (4) |
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353 | (2) |
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355 | (2) |
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Chapter 9 Memory and Storage |
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357 | (10) |
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357 | (6) |
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358 | (1) |
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9.1.2 Content-Addressable Memory |
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359 | (1) |
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9.1.3 Sequential-Access Memory |
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360 | (3) |
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9.1.4 Direct-Access Memory |
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363 | (1) |
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9.2 Memory System Parameters |
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363 | (2) |
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365 | (1) |
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9.4 Memory Devices and Organizations |
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366 | (1) |
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367 | (1) |
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367 | (1) |
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368 | (4) |
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372 | (4) |
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373 | (1) |
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9.4.3 Sequential-Access Memory Devices |
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374 | (2) |
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9.4.4 Direct-Access Storage Devices |
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376 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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376 | (3) |
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9.4.4.3 Redundant Array of Independent Disks |
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379 | (4) |
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383 | (7) |
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9.5 Memory System Design Using ICs |
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384 | (1) |
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385 | (5) |
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386 | (1) |
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387 | (1) |
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387 | (1) |
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388 | (1) |
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388 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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9.6.6.1 Address Translation |
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390 | (1) |
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9.6.6.2 Address Mapping Function |
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391 | (2) |
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9.6.6.3 Replacement Algorithm |
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393 | (2) |
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395 | (1) |
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395 | (17) |
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396 | (5) |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (1) |
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9.7.3 Address Translation |
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398 | (3) |
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401 | (1) |
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402 | (10) |
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9.9.1 Memory Management in Intel Processors |
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402 | (9) |
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9.9.2 Intel Sandy Bridge Cache Hierarchy |
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411 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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9.9.2.6 Address Translation |
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415 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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9.9.2.8 Memory Disambiguation |
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416 | (1) |
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416 | (9) |
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9.9.3 Motorola 68020 Memory Management |
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416 | (1) |
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9.9.4 Sun-3 System Memory Management |
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417 | (3) |
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420 | (5) |
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421 | (2) |
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423 | (2) |
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Chapter 10 Arithmetic/Logic Unit Enhancement |
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425 | (24) |
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10.1 Logical and Fixed-Point Binary Operations |
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425 | (8) |
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425 | (1) |
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10.1.2 Addition and Subtraction |
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426 | (1) |
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427 | (3) |
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430 | (1) |
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431 | (2) |
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433 | (2) |
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435 | (1) |
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10.4 ALU with Multiple Functional Units |
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436 | (1) |
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437 | (12) |
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10.5.1 Multifunction ALU IC (74181) |
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438 | (1) |
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10.5.2 Texas Instruments' MSP430 Hardware Multiplier |
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439 | (5) |
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10.5.3 Motorola 68881 Coprocessor |
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444 | (2) |
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446 | (2) |
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10.5.5 Architecture of the Cray Series |
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448 | (1) |
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449 | (1) |
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10.5.5.2 Processor Interconnection |
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449 | (1) |
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10.5.5.3 Central Processor |
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449 | (7) |
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10.5.5.4 Instruction Fetch |
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456 | (1) |
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456 | (1) |
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10.5.5.6 Other Systems in the Series |
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456 | (3) |
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457 | (2) |
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457 | (1) |
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458 | (1) |
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Chapter 11 Control Unit Enhancement |
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459 | (14) |
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459 | (3) |
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11.1.1 Instruction Cycle Speedup |
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460 | (1) |
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11.1.2 Instruction Execution Overlap |
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460 | (2) |
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11.1.3 Parallel Instruction Execution |
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462 | (1) |
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11.1.4 Instruction Buffer and Cache |
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462 | (1) |
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11.2 Hardwired versus Microprogrammed Control Units |
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462 | (2) |
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11.3 Pipeline Performance Issues |
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464 | (9) |
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468 | (5) |
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11.3.2 Conditional Branches |
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473 | (1) |
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11.3.2.1 Branch Prediction |
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473 | (1) |
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11.3.2.2 Delayed Branching |
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473 | (1) |
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11.3.2.3 Branch-Prediction Buffer |
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474 | (1) |
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475 | (1) |
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11.3.2.5 Multiple Instruction Buffers |
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475 | (2) |
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476 | (1) |
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11.3.4 Instruction Deferral |
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477 | (1) |
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11.3.4.1 CDC 6600 Scoreboard |
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477 | (4) |
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478 | (3) |
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11.4.1 Motorola MC88100/88200 |
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478 | (3) |
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11.4.2 MIPS R10000 Architecture |
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481 | (1) |
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11.4.2.1 Instruction Set (MIPS IV) |
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481 | (1) |
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11.4.2.2 Superscalar Pipeline |
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482 | (3) |
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11.4.2.3 Functional Units |
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485 | (1) |
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485 | (2) |
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487 | (2) |
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11.4.2.6 Processor-Operating Modes |
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489 | (4) |
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11.4.2.7 Floating-Point Units |
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493 | (2) |
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495 | (3) |
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11.4.3 Intel Corporation's Itanium |
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496 | (2) |
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498 | (2) |
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500 | (1) |
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11.4.3.3 Instruction Package |
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501 | (1) |
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11.4.3.4 Instruction Set Transition Model |
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501 | (3) |
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11.4.4 Other Intel Processors |
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503 | (1) |
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11.4.4.1 Intel NetBurst Microarchitecture |
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504 | (2) |
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11.4.4.2 Intel Core Microarchitecture |
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506 | (2) |
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11.4.4.3 Intel Atom Microarchitecture |
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508 | (1) |
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11.4.4.4 Intel Microarchitecture Code Name Nehalem |
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508 | (1) |
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11.4.5 Intel Microarchitecture Code Name Sandy Bridge |
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509 | (1) |
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11.4.5.1 Intel Microarchitecture Code Name Sandy Bridge Pipeline Overview |
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509 | (2) |
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511 | (4) |
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11.4.5.3 Out-of-Order Engine |
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515 | (1) |
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516 | (2) |
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518 | (1) |
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11.4.5.6 Intel Microarchitecture Code Name Ivy Bridge |
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519 | (1) |
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11.4.6 Ring Interconnect and Last Level Cache |
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519 | (1) |
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520 | (1) |
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11.4.7.1 Data Prefetch to L1 Data Cache |
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520 | (1) |
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11.4.7.2 Data Prefetch to L2 and Last Level Cache |
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521 | (1) |
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11.4.8 Branch-Prediction Examples |
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521 | (1) |
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11.4.8.1 Intel Microarchitecture Code Name Sandy Bridge |
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521 | (1) |
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11.4.8.2 Intel Core Microarchitecture |
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521 | (1) |
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11.4.8.3 Intel NetBurst Microarchitecture |
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522 | (5) |
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523 | (4) |
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523 | (1) |
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524 | (3) |
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Chapter 12 Advanced Architectures |
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527 | (3) |
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528 | (1) |
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528 | (2) |
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12.2.1 Interconnection Networks for SIMD Architectures |
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530 | (1) |
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12.2.1.1 Terminology and Performance Measures |
|
|
530 | (2) |
|
12.2.1.2 Routing Protocols |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
12.2.1.3 Static Topologies |
|
|
533 | (4) |
|
12.2.1.4 Dynamic Topologies |
|
|
537 | (7) |
|
|
541 | (3) |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
12.3.1.1 Shared-Memory Architecture |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
12.3.1.2 Message-Passing Architecture |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
12.3.1.3 Memory Organization |
|
|
546 | (3) |
|
12.3.2 Interconnection Networks for MIMD Architectures |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
12.3.2.4 Hypercube Network |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
12.3.2.5 Crossbar Network |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
12.3.2.6 Multistage Networks |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
552 | (10) |
|
|
553 | (3) |
|
12.5 Dataflow Architectures |
|
|
556 | (2) |
|
12.6 Systolic Architectures |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
|
559 | (3) |
|
12.7.1 Hyper-Threading Technology |
|
|
560 | (2) |
|
12.7.1.1 Microarchitecture Pipeline |
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
12.7.1.2 Front-End Pipeline |
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
|
562 | (15) |
|
12.7.2 Intel SIMD Technology |
|
|
563 | (3) |
|
|
566 | (5) |
|
|
571 | (3) |
|
|
574 | (3) |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
|
575 | (2) |
|
Chapter 13 Embedded Systems |
|
|
577 | (13) |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
13.2 Software Architectures |
|
|
579 | (2) |
|
13.2.1 Simple Control Loop (Round Robin) |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
13.2.2 Interrupt-Controlled Loop (Round Robin with Interrupts) |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
13.2.3 Real-Time Operating System-Based Architectures |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
581 | (8) |
|
13.3.1 Multitasking versus Concurrency |
|
|
582 | (2) |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
13.3.3 Synchronization Mechanisms |
|
|
585 | (3) |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
13.3.5 Real-Time Operating Systems |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
13.4.1 8051 Family of Microcontrollers |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
13.4.1.1 DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontroller |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
13.4.1.2 Internal Hardware Architecture |
|
|
591 | (7) |
|
13.4.2 ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) Microprocessor |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
13.4.2.1 Internal Hardware Architecture |
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
13.4.2.2 ARM Three-Stage Pipeline Organization |
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
13.4.2.3 Single-Cycle Instruction Execution |
|
|
598 | (2) |
|
13.4.2.4 ARM Five-Stage Pipeline Organization |
|
|
600 | (2) |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
13.4.2.6 Programming Model |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
|
603 | (4) |
|
|
605 | (2) |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
Chapter 14 Mobile Processors and System on Chip |
|
|
607 | (5) |
|
|
609 | (2) |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
14.2 ARM v7-A Application Profile |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
14.2.1 ARM Thumb-2 Instruction Set |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
14.2.1.2 Branch Instructions |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
14.2.1.3 Data-Processing Instructions |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
14.2.1.4 Load and Store Register Instructions |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
14.2.1.5 Load and Store Multiple Instructions |
|
|
612 | (11) |
|
14.2.2 Thumb Execution Environment |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
14.2.3 Advanced SIMD and VFP Extensions |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
14.2.4 Security Extension Architecture |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
14.2.5 Cortex-A8 Processor |
|
|
614 | (2) |
|
14.2.6 Cortex-A9 MPCore Processor |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
14.2.7 Cortex-A15 Processor |
|
|
617 | (3) |
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
|
621 | (2) |
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
|
621 | (2) |
|
Chapter 15 Computer Networks and Distributed Processing |
|
|
623 | (26) |
|
|
624 | (8) |
|
15.1.1 Network Architecture |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
15.1.2 Network Reference Models |
|
|
625 | (4) |
|
15.1.3 Network Standardization |
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
15.1.4 Computer Network Types |
|
|
629 | (2) |
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
15.2 Distributed Processing |
|
|
632 | (7) |
|
15.2.1 Processes and Threads |
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
15.2.2 Remote Procedure Call |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
15.2.3 Process Synchronization and Mutual Exclusion |
|
|
635 | (3) |
|
15.2.4 Election Algorithms |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
|
639 | (3) |
|
|
640 | (2) |
|
|
642 | (5) |
|
15.4.1 Cloud Computing Characteristics |
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
15.4.2 Cloud Computing Service Models |
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
15.4.3 Cloud Computing Deployment Models |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
|
645 | (2) |
|
|
647 | (2) |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
Chapter 16 Performance Evaluation |
|
|
649 | (14) |
|
16.1 Performance Measures |
|
|
650 | (3) |
|
|
653 | (1) |
|
|
654 | (4) |
|
|
658 | (2) |
|
|
660 | (3) |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
|
661 | (2) |
Appendix A Details of Representative Integrated Circuits |
|
663 | (22) |
Appendix B Stack Implementation |
|
685 | (2) |
Index |
|
687 | |