Muutke küpsiste eelistusi

Concrete Permeability and Durability Performance: From Theory to Field Applications [Kõva köide]

(Quali-TI-Mat Sagl, Switzerland), (Tokyo University of Science, Japan),
  • Formaat: Hardback, 550 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 1020 g, 59 Tables, black and white; 201 Line drawings, black and white; 72 Halftones, black and white; 273 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sari: Modern Concrete Technology
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Dec-2021
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 1138584886
  • ISBN-13: 9781138584884
Teised raamatud teemal:
Concrete Permeability and Durability Performance: From Theory to Field ApplicationsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 550 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 1020 g, 59 Tables, black and white; 201 Line drawings, black and white; 72 Halftones, black and white; 273 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sari: Modern Concrete Technology
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Dec-2021
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 1138584886
  • ISBN-13: 9781138584884
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781138584884.html
Märksõnad:
Durability and service life design of concrete constructions have considerable socio-economic and environmental consequences, in which the permeability of concrete to aggressive intruders plays a vital role.

Concrete Permeability and Durability Performance provides deep insight into the permeability of concrete, moving from theory to practice, and presents over 20 real cases, such as Tokyos Museum of Western Art, Port of Miami Tunnel and Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao sea-link, including field tests in the Antarctic and Atacama Desert. It stresses the importance of site testing for a realistic durability assessment and details the "Torrent Method" for non-destructive measurement of air-permeability. It also delivers answers for some vexing questions:





Should the coefficient of permeability be expressed in m² or m/s? How to get a "mean" pore radius of concrete from gas-permeability tests? Why should permeability preferably be measured on site? How can service life of reinforced concrete structures be predicted by site testing of gas-permeability and cover thickness?

Practitioners will find stimulating examples on how to predict the coming service life of new structures and the remaining life of existing structures, based on site testing of air-permeability and cover thickness. Researchers will value theoretical principles, testing methods, as well as how test results reflect the influence of concrete mix composition and processing.
Foreword xix
Preface xxi
Acknowledgements xxv
Authors xxvii
1 Durability performance of concrete structures 1(26)
1.1 What Is Durability?
1(1)
1.2 Deterioration Mechanisms of Concrete Structures
1(4)
1.2.1 Carbonation-Induced Steel Corrosion
2(1)
1.2.2 Chloride-Induced Steel Corrosion
2(1)
1.2.3 External Sulphate Attack
3(1)
1.2.4 Alkali-Silica Reaction
3(1)
1.2.5 Freezing and Thawing
4(1)
1.3 Deterioration Process of Concrete Structures
5(2)
1.4 The Costs of Lack of Durability
7(1)
1.5 Economical, Ecological and Social Impacts of Durability
8(1)
1.6 Durability Design: The Classical Prescriptive Approach
9(6)
1.6.1 Compressive Strength as Durability Indicator
10(2)
1.6.2 Water/Cement Ratio as Durability Indicator
12(2)
1.6.3 Cement Content as Durability Indicator
14(1)
1.6.4 Cover Thickness as Durability Indicator
14(1)
1.7 Durability Design: The Performance Approach
15(6)
1.7.1 The "Durability Test" Question
15(1)
1.7.2 Canadian Standards
16(1)
1.7.3 Argentine and Spanish Codes
16(1)
1.7.4 Japanese Architectural Code
17(1)
1.7.5 Portuguese Standards
18(1)
1.7.6 South African Standards
19(1)
1.7.7 Swiss Standards
19(2)
1.8 Concrete Permeability as "Durability Indicator"
21(1)
1.9 Beyond 50 Years: Modelling
22(1)
References
22(5)
2 Permeability as key concrete property 27(14)
2.1 Foundations of Permeation Laws
27(1)
2.2 Relation between Permeability and Pore Structure of Concrete
28(1)
2.3 Permeability as Key Concrete Property
28(8)
2.3.1 Permeability for Liquids' Containment
29(3)
2.3.1.1 ACI Low Permeability Concrete
29(1)
2.3.1.2 Dams
29(1)
2.3.1.3 Pervious Concrete
30(1)
2.3.1.4 Liquid Gas Containers
31(1)
2.3.2 Permeability for Gas Containment
32(1)
2.3.2.1 Evacuated Tunnels for High-Speed Trains
32(1)
2.3.2.2 Underground Gas "Batteries"
32(1)
2.3.3 Permeability for Radiation Containment
33(8)
2.3.3.1 Radon Gas
33(1)
2.3.3.2 Nuclear Waste Disposal Containers
34(2)
2.4 Permeability and Durability
36(1)
References
37(4)
3 Theory: concrete microstructure and transport of matter 41(40)
3.1 Cement Hydration
41(2)
3.1.1 Main Hydration Reactions and Resulting Changes
41(1)
3.1.2 Hydrothermal Conditions for Hydration (Curing)
42(1)
3.2 Microstructure of Hardened Concrete
43(8)
3.2.1 Overview
43(2)
3.2.2 Microstructure of Hardened Cement Paste
45(3)
3.2.3 Interfacial Transition Zone
48(1)
3.2.4 Pore Structure of Hardened Concrete
49(2)
3.2.5 Binding
51(1)
3.3 Water in the Pores of Hardened Concrete
51(1)
3.4 Mechanisms of Transport of Matter through Concrete
52(4)
3.4.1 Diffusion: Fick's Laws
52(2)
3.4.2 Migration: Nernst-Planck Equation
54(2)
3.5 Permeability
56(6)
3.5.1 Laminar Flow of Newtonian Fluids. Hagen-Poiseuille Law
56(3)
3.5.2 Water-Permeability: Darcy's Law
59(1)
3.5.3 Permeation of Liquids through Cracks
60(1)
3.5.4 Hagen-Poiseuille-Darcy Law for Gases
60(1)
3.5.5 Relation between Permeability to Gases and Liquids
61(1)
3.6 Knudsen and Molecular Gas Flow: Klinkenberg Effect
62(5)
3.7 Capillary Suction and Water Vapour Diffusion
67(3)
3.7.1 Capillary Suction: A Special Case of Water-Permeability
67(2)
3.7.2 Water Vapour Diffusion
69(1)
3.8 Transport Parameters and Pore Structure
70(5)
3.8.1 Relationship between Transport Parameters and Pore Structure
70(2)
3.8.2 Permeability Predictions: Theory vs Experiments
72(9)
3.8.2.1 Gas- and Water-Permeability vs Pore Structure
72(1)
3.8.2.2 Water Sorptivity vs Pore Structure
73(2)
3.9 Theoretical Relationship between Transport Parameters
75(1)
References
76(5)
4 Test methods to measure permeability of concrete 81(42)
4.1 Water-Permeability
81(6)
4.1.1 Laboratory Water-Permeability Tests
82(3)
4.1.1.1 Steady-State Flow Test
82(1)
4.1.1.2 Non Steady-State Flow Test: Water-Penetration under Pressure
83(2)
4.1.2 Site Water-Permeability Tests
85(2)
4.1.2.1 Germann Test
85(1)
4.1.2.2 Autoclam System
85(1)
4.1.2.3 Field Water-Permeability
86(1)
4.2 Sorptivity: Special Case of Water-Permeability
87(9)
4.2.1 Laboratory Sorptivity Tests
88(3)
4.2.2 Site Sorptivity Tests
91(5)
4.2.2.1 ISAT
91(2)
4.2.2.2 Karsten Tube
93(1)
4.2.2.3 Figg
93(1)
4.2.2.4 Autoclam System
94(1)
4.2.2.5 SWAT
94(1)
4.2.2.6 WIST
95(1)
4.3 Gas-Permeability
96(16)
4.3.1 Laboratory Gas-Permeability Test Methods
97(5)
4.3.1.1 Influence of Moisture and the Need for Pre-Conditioning
97(2)
4.3.1.2 Cembureau Gas-Permeability Test
99(1)
4.3.1.3 South African Oxygen- Permeability Index Test
100(2)
4.3.2 Site Gas-Permeability Test Methods
102(10)
4.3.2.1 Figg
103(1)
4.3.2.2 Hong-Parrott
104(1)
4.3.2.3 Paulmann
105(1)
4.3.2.4 TUD
105(1)
4.3.2.5 GGT
106(1)
4.3.2.6 Paulini
106(2)
4.3.2.7 Autoclam System
108(1)
4.3.2.8 Single-Chamber Vacuum Cell
109(1)
4.3.2.9 Double-Chamber Vacuum Cell (Torrent)
110(1)
4.3.2.10 Triple-Chamber Vacuum Cell (Kurashige)
110(1)
4.3.2.11 Zia-Guth
111(1)
4.3.2.12 "Seal" Method
111(1)
4.3.3 Assessment of Concrete Quality by Gas-Permeability Test Methods
112(1)
4.4 Comparative Test RILEM TC 189-NEC
112(5)
4.4.1 Objective and Experiment Design
112(1)
4.4.2 Evaluation of Test Results
113(11)
4.4.2.1 Significance of Test Method
113(3)
4.4.2.2 Correlation between Site and "Reference" Tests
116(1)
4.4.2.3 Conclusions of the Comparative Test
116(1)
Acknowledgements
117(1)
References
117(6)
5 Torrent NDT method for coefficient of air-permeability 123(62)
5.1 Introduction: Why a Separate
Chapter?
123(1)
5.2 The Origin
123(1)
5.3 Fundamentals of the Test Method
124(14)
5.3.1 Principles of the Test Method
124(2)
5.3.2 Historical Evolution
126(3)
5.3.3 Operation of the Instrument
129(1)
5.3.4 Model for the Calculation of the Coefficient of Air-Permeability kT
129(4)
5.3.5 Relation between ΔP and checkmark t
133(2)
5.3.5.1 Theoretical Linear Response
133(2)
5.3.5.2 Lack of Linear Response: Possible Causes
135(1)
5.3.6 Relation between L and kT. Thickness Correction
135(4)
5.3.6.1 Relation between Test Penetration L and kT
135(2)
5.3.6.2 Correction of kT for Thickness
137(1)
5.4 Relevant Features of the Test Method
138(1)
5.5 Interpretation of Test Results
139(2)
5.5.1 Permeability Classes
139(1)
5.5.2 Microstructural Interpretation
140(1)
5.6 Repeatability and Reproducibility
141(8)
5.6.1 Testing Variability: Repeatability
142(1)
5.6.2 Within-Sample Variability
143(1)
5.6.3 Global Variability
144(1)
5.6.4 Reproducibility
145(4)
5.6.4.1 Reproducibility for Same Brand
145(3)
5.6.4.2 Reproducibility for Different Brands
148(1)
5.7 Effects and Influences on kT
149(24)
5.7.1 Influence of Temperature of Concrete Surface
150(1)
5.7.1.1 Influence of Low Concrete Temperature
150(1)
5.7.1.2 Influence of High Air Temperature and Solar Radiation
151(1)
5.7.2 Influence of Moisture of Concrete Surface
151(10)
5.7.2.1 Influence of Natural and Oven Drying on kT
154(3)
5.7.2.2 Compensation of kT for Surface Moisture
157(3)
5.7.2.3 Pre-conditioning of Laboratory Specimens for kT Measurements
160(1)
5.7.3 Effect/Influence of Age on kT
161(4)
5.7.3.1 Effect/Influence of Age on Young Concrete
162(1)
5.7.3.2 Effect/Influence of Age on Mature Concrete
163(2)
5.7.4 Influence of Vicinity of Steel Bars
165(2)
5.7.5 Influence of the Conditions of the Surface Tested
167(5)
5.7.5.1 Influence of Specimen Geometry and Surface
167(1)
5.7.5.2 Influence of Curvature
168(1)
5.7.5.3 Influence of Roughness
169(1)
5.7.5.4 Effect/Influence of Surface Air-Bubbles
170(2)
5.7.6 Influence of Initial Pressure Po
172(1)
5.7.7 Influence of Porosity on the Recorded kT Value
172(1)
5.8 Statistical Evaluation of kT Test Results
173(7)
5.8.1 Statistical Distribution of kT Results
173(1)
5.8.2 Central Value and Scatter Statistical Parameters
174(2)
5.8.2.1 Parametric Analysis
174(1)
5.8.2.2 Non-Parametric Analysis
175(1)
5.8.3 Interpretation and Presentation of Results
176(4)
5.9 Testing Procedures for Measuring kT in the Laboratory and On Site
180(1)
References
180(5)
6 Effect of key technological factors on concrete permeability 185(102)
6.1 Introduction
185(1)
6.2 Effect of w/c Ratio and Compressive Strength on Concrete Permeability
186(11)
6.2.1 Data Sources
186(3)
6.2.1.1 HMC Laboratories
186(1)
6.2.1.2 ETHZ Cubes
187(1)
6.2.1.3 General Building Research Corporation of Japan
188(1)
6.2.1.4 University of Cape Town
188(1)
6.2.1.5 KEMA
188(1)
6.2.1.6 Other
189(1)
6.2.2 Effect of w/c Ratio and Strength on Gas-Permeability
189(6)
6.2.2.1 Cembureau Test Method
189(2)
6.2.2.2 OPI Test Method
191(1)
6.2.2.3 Torrent kT Test Method
192(3)
6.2.3 Effect of w/c Ratio on Water-Permeability
195(2)
6.2.3.1 Water Penetration under Pressure
195(1)
6.2.3.2 Water Sorptivity
196(1)
6.3 Effect of Binder on Concrete Permeability
197(12)
6.3.1 Effect of OPC Strength on Permeability
197(2)
6.3.2 Effect of Binder Type on Permeability
199(10)
6.3.2.1 "Conventional" Binders
199(6)
6.3.2.2 "Unconventional" Binders
205(4)
6.4 Effect of Aggregate on Concrete Permeability
209(9)
6.4.1 Effect of Bulk Aggregate on Concrete Permeability
209(5)
6.4.1.1 Porous Aggregates
209(1)
6.4.1.2 Recycled Aggregates
210(3)
6.4.1.3 Spherical Steel Slag Aggregates
213(1)
6.4.2 Effect of ITZ on Concrete Permeability
214(4)
6.5 Effect of Special Constituents on Concrete Permeability
218(8)
6.5.1 Pigments
219(1)
6.5.2 Fibres
220(2)
6.5.3 Polymers
222(1)
6.5.4 Expansive Agents
223(3)
6.6 Effect of Compaction, Segregation and Bleeding on Permeability
226(7)
6.7 Effect of Curing on Permeability
233(14)
6.7.1 Relevance of Curing for Concrete Quality
233(1)
6.7.2 Effect of Curing on Permeability
234(5)
6.7.2.1 Investigations in the Laboratory
234(3)
6.7.2.2 Investigations in the Field
237(2)
6.7.3 Effect of Curing on Air-Permeability kT
239(20)
6.7.3.1 Conventional Curing
239(4)
6.7.3.2 Self-Curing
243(1)
6.7.3.3 Accelerated Curing
244(2)
6.7.3.4 "3M-Sheets" Curing
246(1)
6.8 Effect of Temperature on Permeability
247(5)
6.9 Effect of Moisture on Permeability
252(7)
6.10 Effect of Applied Stresses on Permeability
259(4)
6.10.1 Effect of Compressive Stresses
259(3)
6.10.2 Effect of Tensile Stresses
262(1)
6.11 Permeability of Cracked Concrete
263(12)
6.11.1 Permeability through Cracks: Theory
263(2)
6.11.2 Effect of Cracks on Permeability
265(5)
6.11.3 Self-Healing of Cracks and Permeability
270(5)
References
275(12)
7 Why durability needs to be assessed on site? 287(34)
7.1 Theorecrete, Labcrete, Realcrete and Covercrete
287(12)
7.1.1 Theorecrete
287(2)
7.1.2 Labcrete
289(1)
7.1.3 Realcrete
289(1)
7.1.4 Covercrete
290(2)
7.1.5 Quality Loss between Covercrete and Labcrete
292(7)
7.1.5.1 Bozberg Tunnel
292(1)
7.1.5.2 Schaffhausen Bridge
293(3)
7.1.5.3 Lisbon Viaduct
296(1)
7.1.5.4 Swiss Bridges' Elements
297(2)
7.2 Achieving High Covercrete's Quality
299(13)
7.2.1 Mix Design and Curing
299(1)
7.2.2 UHPFRC
299(2)
7.2.3 Controlled Permeable Formwork (CPF) Liners
301(7)
7.2.3.1 Action Mechanism of CPF Liners
301(1)
7.2.3.2 Impact of CPF on the "Penetrability" of the Covercrete
302(6)
7.2.4 Shrinkage-Compensating Concrete
308(1)
7.2.5 Self-Consolidating Concrete
308(2)
7.2.6 Permeability-Reducing Agents
310(2)
7.3 Cover Thickness
312(3)
7.4 Spacers and Permeability
315(1)
7.5 Concluding Remarks
316(1)
References
317(4)
8 Why air-permeability kT as durability indicator? 321(40)
8.1 Introduction
321(1)
8.2 Response of kT to Changes in Key Technological Parameters of Concrete
322(1)
8.3 Correlation with Other Durability Tests
323(25)
8.3.1 Gas Permeability
324(8)
8.3.1.1 Cembureau Test
324(6)
8.3.1.2 South-African OPI
330(1)
8.3.1.3 Figg Air and TUD Permeability
331(1)
8.3.2 Oxygen-Diffusivity
332(1)
8.3.3 Capillary Suction
332(2)
8.3.3.1 Coefficient of Water Absorption at 24 Hours
332(1)
8.3.3.2 Figg Water
333(1)
8.3.3.3 Karsten Tube
333(1)
8.3.4 Water-Permeability and Penetration under Pressure
334(1)
8.3.5 Migration
334(4)
8.3.5.1 Rapid Chloride Permeability Test ("RCPT" ASTM C1202)
335(1)
8.3.5.2 Coefficient of Chloride Migration (NT Build 492)
335(1)
8.3.5.3 Electrical Resistivity (Wenner Method)
336(1)
8.3.5.4 South African Chloride Conductivity Index
337(1)
8.3.6 Chloride-Diffusion
338(2)
8.3.6.1 Laboratory Diffusion Tests
338(2)
8.3.6.2 Site Chloride Ingress in Old Structures
340(1)
8.3.7 Carbonation
340(4)
8.3.7.1 Laboratory Tests (Natural Carbonation)
340(1)
8.3.7.2 Laboratory Tests (Accelerated Carbonation)
341(2)
8.3.7.3 Site Carbonation in Old Structures
343(1)
8.3.8 Frost Resistance
344(4)
8.4 Some Negative Experiences
348(4)
8.4.1 Tunnel in Aargau, Switzerland
348(1)
8.4.2 Wotruba Church, Vienna, Austria
349(1)
8.4.3 Ministry of Transport, Ontario, Canada
350(1)
8.4.4 Mansei Bridge, Aomori, Japan
351(1)
8.4.5 Tests at FDOT Laboratory
352(1)
8.5 Air-Permeability kT in Standards and Specifications
352(3)
8.5.1 Swiss Standards
352(2)
8.5.2 Argentina
354(1)
8.5.3 Chile
355(1)
8.5.4 China
355(1)
8.5.5 India
355(1)
8.5.6 Japan
355(1)
8.6 Credentials of Air-Permeability kT as Durability Indicator
355(1)
References
356(5)
9 Service life assessment based on site permeability tests 361(38)
9.1 Introduction
361(3)
9.2 General Principles of Corrosion Initiation Time Assessment
364(6)
9.2.1 Carbonation-Induced Steel Corrosion
364(4)
9.2.2 Chloride-Induced Steel Corrosion
368(2)
9.3 Service Life Assessment of New Structures with Site Permeability Tests
370(3)
9.3.1 Carbonation: Parrott's Model
370(1)
9.3.2 Carbonation: South African OPI Model
371(2)
9.3.2.1 "Deemed-to-Satisfy" Approach
371(1)
9.3.2.2 "Rigorous" Approach
372(1)
9.3.2.3 Acceptance Criteria
372(1)
9.3.2.4 Probabilistic Treatment
373(1)
9.3.3 "Seal" Method for Chloride- Induced Steel Corrosion
373(1)
9.4 Service Life Assessment of New Structures Applying Site kT Tests
373(17)
9.4.1 The "TransChlor" Model for Chloride- Induced Steel Corrosion
373(4)
9.4.2 Kurashige and Hironaga's Model for Carbonation-Induced Steel Corrosion
377(2)
9.4.3 The "Exp-Ref" Method: Principles
379(10)
9.4.3.1 The "Exp-Ref" Method for Chloride-Induced Steel Corrosion
381(2)
9.4.3.2 The "Exp-Ref" Method for Carbonation-Induced Steel Corrosion
383(4)
9.4.3.3 The CTK "Cycle" Approach
387(2)
9.4.4 Belgacem et al.'s Model for Carbonation-Induced Steel Corrosion
389(1)
9.5 Service Life Assessment of Existing Structures Applying Site kT Tests
390(5)
9.5.1 Calibration with Drilled Cores
391(1)
9.5.2 Pure Non-destructive Approach
392(3)
References
395(4)
10 The role of permeability in explosive spalling under fire 399(12)
10.1 Effect of Fire on Reinforced Concrete Structures
399(1)
10.2 Explosive Spalling of Concrete Cover
400(2)
10.3 The Role of Concrete Permeability in Explosive Spalling
402(1)
10.4 Coping with HSC
403(4)
10.5 Concluding Remarks
407(1)
References
408(3)
11 Real cases of kT test applications on site 411(88)
11.1 Introduction
411(1)
11.2 Full-Scale Investigations
411(12)
11.2.1 RILEM TC 230-PSC (Chlorides and Carbonation)
411(4)
11.2.2 Naxberg Tunnel (Chlorides and Carbonation)
415(8)
11.2.2.1 Scope of the Investigation
415(1)
11.2.2.2 Mixes Composition and Laboratory Test Results
416(2)
11.2.2.3 Characteristics of the 32 Panels
418(1)
11.2.2.4 On-Site Non-Destructive kT Measurements
418(2)
11.2.2.5 Core Drilling, Carbonation and Chloride Ingress
420(3)
11.2.2.6 Conclusions
423(1)
11.3 New Structures
423(39)
11.3.1 Port of Miami Tunnel (Carbonation)
423(7)
11.3.1.1 Description of the Tunnel
423(1)
11.3.1.2 The Problem
424(2)
11.3.1.3 Scope of the Investigation
426(1)
11.3.1.4 Site kT Test Results
426(1)
11.3.1.5 Modelling Carbonation at 150 Years
427(2)
11.3.1.6 Conclusions
429(1)
11.3.2 Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Link (Chlorides)
430(4)
11.3.3 Panama Canal Expansion (Chlorides)
434(4)
11.3.4 Precast Coastal Defence Elements (Sulphates)
438(7)
11.3.4.1 Aggressiveness of the Water
439(2)
11.3.4.2 Durability Requirements
441(1)
11.3.4.3 Concrete Mix Quality Compliance
441(1)
11.3.4.4 Precast Elements' Compliance
442(3)
11.3.4.5 Conclusions on the Durability of the Elements
445(1)
11.3.5 Buenos Aires Metro (Water-Tightness)
445(3)
11.3.6 HPSFRC in Italy (Water-Tightness)
448(5)
11.3.6.1 Description of the Case
448(2)
11.3.6.2 Characteristics of the Concretes Used for the Different Elements
450(1)
11.3.6.3 Air-Permeability kT Tests Performed
450(1)
11.3.6.4 Performance of SCC-SFRC Elements
451(1)
11.3.6.5 Performance of Walls
452(1)
11.3.6.6 Performance of Precast Columns
452(1)
11.3.6.7 Conclusions
453(1)
11.3.7 UHPFRC in Switzerland (Chlorides)
453(3)
11.3.8 Field Tests on Swiss New Structures
456(1)
11.3.9 Field Tests on Portuguese New Structures
456(5)
11.3.9.1 Bridge at the North of Lisbon (Quality Control/Carbonation)
456(2)
11.3.9.2 Urban Viaduct in Lisbon (Quality Control)
458(2)
11.3.9.3 Sewage Treatment Plant (Chemical Attack)
460(1)
11.3.10 Delamination of Industrial Floors in Argentina ("Defects" Detection)
461(1)
11.4 Old Structures
462(17)
11.4.1 Old Structures in Japan
462(5)
11.4.1.1 Tokyo's National Museum of Western Art (Carbonation)
463(2)
11.4.1.2 Jyugou Bridge (Condition Assessment)
465(1)
11.4.1.3 Other Japanese Structures (Condition Assessment)
466(1)
11.4.2 Old (and New) Swiss Structures (Chlorides + Carbonation)
467(5)
11.4.2.1 Investigated Structures and Tests Performed
467(2)
11.4.2.2 Combined Analysis of Results
469(2)
11.4.2.3 Conclusions of the Investigations
471(1)
11.4.3 Permeability and Condition of Concrete Structures in the Antarctic
472(5)
11.4.3.1 The "Carlini" Base
472(1)
11.4.3.2 The Climate
473(1)
11.4.3.3 Buildings Construction and Exposure
473(1)
11.4.3.4 Scope of the Investigation
474(1)
11.4.3.5 Identified Pathologies
475(1)
11.4.3.6 On-Site Measurements of Air-Permeability kT
475(2)
11.4.4 Permeability of a Concrete Structure in the Chilean Atacama Desert
477(2)
11.5 Unconventional Applications
479(12)
11.5.1 Concrete Wine Vessels
479(4)
11.5.2 Rocks and Stones
483(5)
11.5.2.1 Permeability of Stones as Building Material
483(2)
11.5.2.2 Permeability of Rocks for Oil and Gas Exploitation
485(2)
11.5.2.3 Permeability of Rocks for Nuclear Waste Disposal
487(1)
11.5.3 Timber
488(2)
11.5.4 Ceramics
490(1)
References
491(8)
12 Epilogue: the future 499(12)
12.1
Chapter 1: Durability
499(2)
12.2
Chapter 2: Permeability
501(1)
12.3
Chapter 3: Microstructure and Transport Theories
502(1)
12.4
Chapter 4: Permeability Test Methods
502(1)
12.5
Chapter 5: kT Air-Permeability Test Method
503(1)
12.6
Chapter 6: Factors Influencing Concrete Permeability
503(1)
12.7
Chapter 7: Theorecrete, Labcrete, Realcrete and Covercrete
504(1)
12.8
Chapter 8: kT Air-Permeability as Durability Indicator
505(1)
12.9
Chapter 9: Modelling Based on Site Permeability Tests
505(2)
12.10
Chapter 10: Gas Permeability and Fire Protection
507(1)
12.11
Chapter 11: Applications of Air-Permeability kT Tests
507(1)
References
508(3)
Annex A: Transport test methods other than permeability 511 (18)
Annex B: Model standard for measuring the coefficient of air-permeability kT of hardened concrete 529(14)
Index 543
Dr. Roberto J. Torrent is a researcher, consultant and partner of Materials Advanced Services Ltd. He held positions at the National Institute of Industrial Technology and Portland Cement Institute (Argentina), as well as at Holcim Technology Ltd. (Switzerland). For thirty years he has been directly involved in durability testing of a large variety of concretes, both in the lab and on site. In the 90s he invented the Torrent NDT Method for measuring air-permeability. He is a RILEM Honorary Member.

Dr. Rui Neves was formerly a researcher at the National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC-Portugal). Currently he is Professor in the Structures and Geotechnics Division at Barreiro School of Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, Portugal. His research efforts are mainly devoted to service life of reinforced concrete structures, with special emphasis on investigating and testing the permeability of concrete and rocks. He has carried out relevant consulting activity within the frame of concrete quality control, as well as inspection and appraisal of reinforced concrete structures.

Dr. Kei-ichi Imamoto is a graduate of Tokyo University of Science, Japan. He performed research at Tokyu Construction Co. Ltd. for nine years and is now Professor at Tokyo University of Science. He received the Young Researcher`s award from AIJ (Architectural Institute of Japan) in 2008, and prizes from Japan Society for Finishing Technology, Japan Concrete Institute and Suga Weathering foundation. He is very active in durability testing and service life assessment of concrete structures.