| About the Authors and Contributors |
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xix | |
| Table of Cases |
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xxi | |
| Preface to the Tenth Edition |
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xxxiii | |
| Part 1 The Constitutional Text and Context |
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1 | (54) |
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1 The Principles And Origins Of American Constitutionalism |
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3 | (26) |
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An Introductory Conversation between John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
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4 | (2) |
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Introduction: The Basic Theory of Constitutionalism |
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6 | (2) |
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Brief 1.1 The Legacy of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights |
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7 | (1) |
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Brief 1.2 Constitution Writing over Time |
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8 | (1) |
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Comparative Constitutions and Constitutionalism |
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8 | (2) |
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Brief 1.3 Keeping the Spread of Democracy in Perspective |
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9 | (1) |
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The Preamble: A Statement of Purpose and Goals |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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Amendatory Articles and a Supreme Law |
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13 | (3) |
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Brief 1.4 The "Unwritten" British Constitution |
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14 | (2) |
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Bills of Rights: Limits on Government |
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16 | (1) |
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The Twin Pillars of American Constitutionalism |
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16 | (2) |
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The Individualist Theory of Politics |
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18 | (1) |
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The Communitarian Theory of Politics |
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19 | (2) |
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Brief 1.5 Contemporary Liberals and Conservatives |
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21 | (1) |
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Historical Influences on American Constitutionalism |
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21 | (1) |
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Ancient Constitutionalism |
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21 | (1) |
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Medieval Constitutionalism |
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22 | (1) |
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English Common Law and Parliamentary Practice |
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23 | (1) |
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Colonial Influences on American Constitutionalism |
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24 | (1) |
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Brief 1.6 Sir Edward Coke's Legacy |
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24 | (1) |
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Religious Ideas and Practices |
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24 | (2) |
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Structure of Government: Colonial Experience |
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26 | (2) |
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Brief 1.7 The English Bill of Rights |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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2 American Constitutionalism: The Founding Generation |
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29 | (26) |
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Introductory Remarks by President and Secretary of State James Madison |
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30 | (2) |
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Introduction: Constitutionalism and the American Revolution |
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32 | (1) |
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Emerging American Constitutionalism (1760-1776) |
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32 | (2) |
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The Declaration of Independence |
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34 | (2) |
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Post-Revolutionary Constitutionalism |
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36 | (1) |
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The Revolutionary State Constitutions |
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36 | (2) |
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The Articles of Confederation |
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38 | (3) |
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Brief 2.1 The Northwest Ordinance: A Legacy of the Articles of Confederation |
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40 | (1) |
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The "Critical Period" and the State Governments |
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41 | (1) |
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The Constitutional Convention and Its Aftermath |
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42 | (1) |
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Brief 2.2 Roll Call at the Constitutional Convention |
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43 | (1) |
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The Virginia Plan and the Problem of Representation |
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43 | (1) |
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Powers of Congress under the New Constitution |
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44 | (2) |
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Separation of Powers and the Presidency |
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46 | (1) |
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The Federal Judiciary and Individual Rights |
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47 | (1) |
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Ratification of the Constitution |
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47 | (5) |
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The Anti-Federalist Argument against Ratification |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (23) |
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Brief 2.3 The Difficult Struggle over Ratification |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (5) |
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Brief 2.4 Historical Critiques of the U.S. Constitution |
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52 | (3) |
| Part 2 Structures and Processes of American Constitutional Government |
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55 | (156) |
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3 The Nature And Scope Of Judicial Power |
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57 | (28) |
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Introductory Remarks by Chief Justice Rehnquist |
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58 | (2) |
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A Brief History of the Federal Judiciary |
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60 | (1) |
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The Constitution, Congress, and Federal Court Jurisdiction |
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61 | (1) |
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Organizational Structure of the Federal Judicial System |
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62 | (1) |
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United States District Courts |
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63 | (1) |
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United States Courts of Appeal |
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63 | (1) |
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United States Supreme Court |
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64 | (6) |
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Brief 3.1 The Men and Women of October |
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65 | (1) |
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Brief 3.2 Clerking at the Supreme Court |
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66 | (4) |
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Limitations on Federal Judicial Power |
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70 | (2) |
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The Appointment of Judges and Justices |
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72 | (2) |
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Judicial Selection: An Inherently Political Process |
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72 | (2) |
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Brief 3.3 Two Historic Battles over Supreme Court Confirmation |
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73 | (1) |
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Judicial Selection Variables |
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74 | (4) |
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Brief 3.4 The Death of Justice Scalia and the Battle over His Replacement |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (2) |
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Brief 3.5 The Contentious Confirmation Process: From Clinton to Obama |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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Ideological or Policy Views |
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78 | (1) |
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Other Selection Variables: Race, Gender, and Ethnic Origin |
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78 | (5) |
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Brief 3.6 Judicial Appointments...and Disappointments: What Is a President to Do? |
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79 | (1) |
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Brief 3.7 President Obama's First Two Supreme Court Appointees: Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan |
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80 | (3) |
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The Roberts Court and Ongoing Judicial Confirmation Concerns |
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83 | (1) |
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Brief 3.8 The Seventeenth Chief Justice: John G. Roberts |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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4 The Origins And Practices Of Judicial Review In The American System |
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85 | (20) |
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Introductory Remarks by Chief Justice John Marshall |
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86 | (2) |
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Judicial Review: Continuing Paradox in a Democratic System |
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88 | (1) |
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The Policymaking Function of the U.S. Supreme Court |
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88 | (2) |
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Some Thoughts on Constitutional Interpretation |
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88 | (2) |
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Brief 4.1 Competing Visions of the Judicial Role |
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89 | (1) |
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The Restraint-Activism Dimension of Judicial Decision-Making |
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90 | (5) |
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Judicial Restraint and the Thayer-Frankfurter-Harlan Prescription |
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91 | (1) |
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Judicial Restraint and the Holmes-Brandeis-Stone Prescription |
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92 | (2) |
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Brief 4.2 The Supreme Court Revolution of 1937 |
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93 | (1) |
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Judicial Activism from John Marshall to John Roberts |
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94 | (1) |
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Roots of Judicial Review: Theory and Practice |
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95 | (8) |
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The Framers' Intentions and Judicial Review |
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95 | (3) |
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Historical Acceptance of Judicial Review |
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98 | (2) |
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Brief 4.3 A Classic Confrontation: Marbury v. Madison (1803) |
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99 | (1) |
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Judicial Review as a Check on Majority Rule |
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100 | (1) |
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Judicial Review and the Articulation of Neutral Principles |
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101 | (7) |
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Brief 4.4 Bush v. Gore: One for the Textbooks? |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (2) |
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5 Separation Of Powers And The American Presidency |
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105 | (34) |
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Introductory Remarks by President Theodore Roosevelt |
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106 | (2) |
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108 | (1) |
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Early Writings on Separated Powers |
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108 | (1) |
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Early American Writings and the Founding |
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109 | (1) |
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The United States Presidency: An Overview |
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110 | (6) |
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112 | (1) |
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Brief 5.1 Constitutional Amendments and the Presidency |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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Presidential Powers: Theory and Practice |
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113 | (1) |
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Brief 5.2 The President's Constitutional Powers: Article II |
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113 | (1) |
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Contrasting Theories of Executive Power |
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114 | (2) |
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Brief 5.3 The Politics of Presidential Vetoes |
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114 | (2) |
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President as Legislative Leader |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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Providing Information on the State of the Union |
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117 | (1) |
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Brief 5.4 The Rise and Fall of the Line-Item Veto |
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118 | (1) |
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President as Chief Executive |
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118 | (3) |
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Appointment and Removal Powers |
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118 | (3) |
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Brief 5.5 The Executive Branch of Government |
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119 | (1) |
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Brief 5.6 The Controversy over "Recess" Appointments |
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120 | (1) |
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Presidential Power to Pardon |
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121 | (3) |
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President as Chief Diplomat |
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121 | (1) |
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Treaties and Executive Agreements |
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121 | (2) |
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Brief 5.7 Pardon Me?: Some Controversial Pardons |
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122 | (1) |
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Receiving Ambassadors and Public Ministers |
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123 | (1) |
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President as Commander in Chief |
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124 | (1) |
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Executive War Power and National Emergencies |
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124 | (1) |
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Inherent Powers in the Twentieth Century |
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125 | (9) |
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World War II and the Internment of Japanese-Americans |
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126 | (1) |
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The Korean War and the Steel Seizure Case |
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127 | (1) |
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Brief 5.8 A Nation Struggles with Its Conscience |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (3) |
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Brief 5.9 The War Powers Resolution |
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130 | (1) |
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Brief 5.10 Presidential War Power and the Persian Gulf Conflict |
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130 | (1) |
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September 11 and the War on Terror |
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131 | (2) |
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Brief 5.11 The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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The Constitution and Detainees' Rights |
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134 | (4) |
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Brief 5.12 The Development of Drone Warfare |
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134 | (1) |
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Brief 5.13 What Is Guantanamo Bay? |
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135 | (2) |
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Brief 5.14 The Military Commissions Act of 2006 |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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6 Separation Of Powers And Congress |
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139 | (24) |
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Introductory Remarks by Senator Robert C. Byrd |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (3) |
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Congress Then and Now: Comparing the 1st and 113th Congresses |
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142 | (1) |
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The Constitution and Congress |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (11) |
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The Legislative Power of Congress |
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144 | (1) |
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The Investigative Power of Congress |
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145 | (4) |
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Brief 6.1 The Filibuster: Protecting Minority Rights or Wasting Time? |
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145 | (3) |
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Brief 6.2 Congressional Attacks on the Supreme Court |
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148 | (1) |
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The Impeachment Power of Congress |
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149 | (6) |
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The Nixon Presidency: Executive Privilege and the Threat of Impeachment |
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150 | (1) |
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Brief 6.3 What Was Watergate? |
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151 | (1) |
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The Clinton Presidency and Impeachment |
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152 | (1) |
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Brief 6.4 The Starr Report and the Clinton Impeachment |
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153 | (2) |
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Congress at Work: An Overview |
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155 | (5) |
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Organizing and Staffing Government |
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155 | (2) |
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Brief 6.5 The Rise of Government Corporations |
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156 | (1) |
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The Power of the Purse: Taxing, Spending, and Borrowing |
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157 | (8) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (3) |
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7 Federalism: The Interaction Of National And State Governments |
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163 | (22) |
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Introductory Remarks by Vice President and Senator John C. Calhoun |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (3) |
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Federalism: A Comparative Perspective |
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165 | (1) |
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Origins of American Federalism |
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166 | (2) |
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Brief 7.1 Horizontal Federalism: Legacy of the Articles of Confederation |
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167 | (1) |
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National Supremacy: The Federalist Position |
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168 | (2) |
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The Judiciary Act of 1789 |
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168 | (1) |
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The Hamiltonian Economic Program |
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168 | (1) |
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John Marshall's Federalism: McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) |
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169 | (1) |
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States' Rights: The Anti-Federalist Position |
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170 | (6) |
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170 | (1) |
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Jeffersonianism and the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798) |
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170 | (3) |
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Brief 7.2 States' Rights and the Small Republic Argument |
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171 | (1) |
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Brief 7.3 Jeffersonians as Nationalists, Federalists as States'-Righters |
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172 | (1) |
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State Sovereignty: The Extension of States' Rights |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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Brief 7.4 States, Territories, and Federalism |
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173 | (1) |
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John C. Calhoun: State Sovereignty and Nullification |
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174 | (1) |
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Brief 7.5 The Webster-Hayne Debate |
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174 | (1) |
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Secession: The Nature of the Union |
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175 | (1) |
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Brief 7.6 The Constitution of the Confederate States of America |
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176 | (1) |
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Federalism in the Post-Civil War Era |
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176 | (2) |
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The New Deal and Federalism |
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176 | (1) |
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LBJ and the "Great Society" |
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177 | (1) |
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Ronald Reagan's Federalism and "Devolution" |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (5) |
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The Eleventh Amendment and Sovereign Immunity |
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178 | (3) |
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Brief 7.7 Sovereign Immunity in a Democracy? |
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179 | (2) |
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Federal Preemption of State Law |
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181 | (1) |
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Federalism and September 11, 2001 |
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182 | (7) |
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Brief 7.8 Federal Homeland Security Grants to States |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (2) |
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8 Federalism: The Growth Of Federal Power And Economic Regulation |
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185 | (26) |
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An Introductory Conversation between Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Ronald Reagan |
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186 | (2) |
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Property Rights and Economic Liberty in the United States |
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188 | (1) |
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Brief 8.1 Can Government Take Your Property? |
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188 | (1) |
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The Early View of Due Process and Property: The Slaughterhouse Cases |
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189 | (5) |
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Brief 8.2 The Contract Clause: Only a Shadow of Its Former Self |
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190 | (1) |
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Brief 8.3 United States Citizenship |
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191 | (1) |
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The Rise and Fall of the Freedom of Contract |
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192 | (2) |
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Brief 8.4 Women and Wages: Challenges to the Freedom of Contract |
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193 | (1) |
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The Regulation of Commerce |
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194 | (12) |
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Chief Justice John Marshall and the Commerce Power |
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194 | (4) |
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Brief 8.5 The Shreveport Rate Cases: Offspring of the Marshall Legacy |
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197 | (1) |
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Chief Justice Roger Taney and Dual Federalism |
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198 | (1) |
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Commerce: Manufacturing, Monopolies, and the Economy |
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198 | (4) |
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Brief 8.6 The Sherman Anti-Trust Act and Monopolies |
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199 | (2) |
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Brief 8.7 The Federal Minimum Wage |
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201 | (1) |
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Commerce as a Federal Police Power |
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202 | (1) |
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Brief 8.8 Child Labor: Freedom of Contract or a National Shame? |
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203 | (1) |
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Recent Developments in Commerce and Spending Powers |
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203 | (2) |
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The Fight over "Obamacare": National Federation of Independent Business, et al. v. Sebelius (2012) |
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205 | (1) |
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The Congressional Power to Tax and Spend |
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206 | (4) |
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Brief 8.9 The Dormant Commerce Clause |
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207 | (1) |
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Brief 8.10 Direct Taxes and the Federal Income Tax |
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208 | (1) |
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Brief 8.11 Limitations on the Spending Power: National Federation of Independent Business, et al. v. Sebelius |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
| Part 3 Constitutional Rights and Liberties |
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211 | (278) |
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9 Racial Equality Under The Constitution |
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213 | (32) |
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Introductory Remarks by Frederick Douglass |
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214 | (1) |
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Racial Equality: An American Dilemma |
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215 | (1) |
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Slavery, Race, and the Constitution |
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216 | (1) |
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The Post-Civil War Amendments and Racial Equality |
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217 | (2) |
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Brief 9.1 Slavery under the Constitution: The Pre-Civil War Years |
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218 | (1) |
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Race and Constitutional Equality: The Court's Original Understanding |
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219 | (3) |
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Brief 9.2 Laundries and Jury Boxes: An Expansive Vision of Equal Protection |
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220 | (2) |
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Narrowing the Intention of the Framers |
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222 | (1) |
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Brief 9.3 Rationality Scrutiny Defined |
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222 | (1) |
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Toward Color Blindness: The Struggle for Racial Equality |
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223 | (1) |
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Racial Discrimination in Housing |
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223 | (3) |
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Brief 9.4 Congressional Authority under the Thirteenth Amendment: The Jones Case and Beyond |
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226 | (1) |
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Racial Discrimination in Education |
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226 | (10) |
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School Desegregation under the Separate-but-Equal Doctrine: Sweatt v. Painter (1950) |
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227 | (1) |
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Brown v. Board of Education and the End of Segregation in Education |
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228 | (1) |
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The Positive Duty to Desegregate and Court-Ordered Busing |
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229 | (3) |
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Brief 9.5 Enforcing and Implementing the Brown Decision |
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230 | (2) |
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School Desegregation after Fifty Years: Advance or Retreat? |
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232 | (5) |
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Brief 9.6 School Desegregation Today: An Ongoing "American Dilemma" |
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235 | (1) |
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Racial Discrimination in Employment: The "Purposeful-Discrimination" Test Examined |
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236 | (1) |
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Racial Discrimination and the Franchise |
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237 | (2) |
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Methods of Disenfranchisement |
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238 | (2) |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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Congressional Action: The Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
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239 | (1) |
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Challenges to the Voting Rights Act: Shelby County v. Holder (2013) |
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240 | (3) |
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Brief 9.7 Black Voting Power: Representation or Influence? |
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241 | (1) |
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Electoral System Discrimination |
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241 | (8) |
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Brief 9.8 Racial or Partisan Gerrymandering: Equal Protection Challenges to State Legislative Redistricting |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (2) |
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10 The New Equal Protection |
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245 | (32) |
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Introductory Remarks by Elizabeth Cady Stanton |
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246 | (1) |
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Introduction: Equal Protection Old and New |
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247 | (1) |
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Origins of the New Equal Protection |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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Suspect Classifications and the Equal Protection Clause |
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249 | (1) |
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Affirmative Action: Denial of Equal Protection to Whites? |
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249 | (2) |
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Brief 10.1 What Makes a Classification Suspect? |
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250 | (1) |
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The Court's First Answer: The Bakke Decision |
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251 | (1) |
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Affirmative Action Resolved: The Croson and Adarand Decisions |
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252 | (3) |
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Brief 10.2 Bakke Revisited: Affirmative Action in Higher Education |
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254 | (1) |
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Gender-Based Discrimination and the Constitution |
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255 | (2) |
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Brief 10.3 The Long History of Women's Legal Inequality |
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255 | (2) |
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The Court's First Steps: Reed v. Reed and Progeny |
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257 | (2) |
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Sex Discrimination in Employment |
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259 | (2) |
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Brief 10.4 Is Differential Treatment of Pregnancy Sex Discrimination? |
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259 | (1) |
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Brief 10.5 The Expansion of Sexual Harassment Law in the 1990s |
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260 | (1) |
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Brief 10.6 The Equal Rights Amendment and Constitutional Equality for Women |
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261 | (1) |
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Age Discrimination and Equality |
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261 | (1) |
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Noncitizens and the Equal Protection Clause |
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262 | (1) |
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Disabled Persons and the Equal Protection Clause |
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263 | (1) |
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Sexual Orientation and the Constitution |
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264 | (2) |
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Brief 10.7 The Scope and Enforcement of the ADA |
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265 | (1) |
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Equal Protection and Same-Sex Marriage |
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266 | (3) |
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The Equal Protection Clause and the Poor: Wealth Classifications, Poverty, and the Fundamental "Necessities of Life" |
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269 | (1) |
|
Poverty as a Potentially Suspect Class: The Warren Court |
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270 | (1) |
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The Return to Rationality Scrutiny: The Burger Court |
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271 | (1) |
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Rationality Scrutiny Confirmed: San Antonio School District v. Rodriguez |
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271 | (2) |
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Equal Protection and Reform of the Electoral System: Bush v. Gore |
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273 | (2) |
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Brief 10.8 Electoral Reform in the Aftermath of the 2000 Election |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (2) |
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11 The Bill Of Rights And Due Process Of Law |
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277 | (36) |
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Introductory Remarks by Justice Thurgood Marshall |
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278 | (2) |
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280 | (1) |
|
Brief 11.1 The Twenty-Seventh Amendment |
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280 | (1) |
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The Fourteenth Amendment and Due Process of Law |
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281 | (4) |
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The Doctrine of Selective Incorporation |
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285 | (1) |
|
Incorporation of the First Amendment |
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285 | (1) |
|
Brief 11.2 The Case for Total Incorporation |
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286 | (1) |
|
Incorporation of the Second Amendment |
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286 | (3) |
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Incorporation of the Third Amendment |
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289 | (1) |
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Incorporation of the Fourth Amendment |
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289 | (2) |
|
Incorporation of the Fifth Amendment |
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291 | (1) |
|
Incorporation of the Sixth Amendment |
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291 | (1) |
|
Incorporation of the Eighth Amendment |
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292 | (1) |
|
Beyond the Bill of Rights: Fundamental Rights and Due Process of Law |
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292 | (3) |
|
Brief 11.3 What Does the Ninth Amendment Mean? |
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293 | (1) |
|
Brief 11.4 What Makes a Right Fundamental? |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
|
Legislative Apportionment |
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295 | (1) |
|
Equal Access to the Franchise |
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296 | (2) |
|
Brief 11.5 Can College Students Be Restricted from Voting on Campus? |
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297 | (1) |
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Brief 11.6 The Right to Vote and Convicted Felons |
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298 | (1) |
|
Equal Access to the Ballot: Williams v. Rhodes (1968) |
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298 | (1) |
|
The Right to Interstate Travel: Shapiro v. Thompson |
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298 | (2) |
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300 | (1) |
|
Right to Privacy: Origins and Foundations |
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300 | (2) |
|
The Right to Privacy and Abortion |
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302 | (2) |
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Limitations on Abortion Rights: State and Federal Funding Restrictions |
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304 | (2) |
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Brief 11.7 Using Restrictions on Speech to Restrict Abortion: Rust v. Sullivan |
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305 | (1) |
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Limitations on Abortion Rights: Government Regulations on Abortion Procedures |
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306 | (3) |
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Brief 11.8 Restrictions on Abortion Rights: The Webster and Casey Decisions |
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307 | (2) |
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The Right to Sexual Privacy: Lawrence v. Texas |
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309 | (2) |
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Fundamental Rights of Parents |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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12 The Fourth Amendment: Searches, Seizures, And Privacy |
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313 | (28) |
|
Introductory Remarks by James Otis |
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314 | (1) |
|
Liberty and Security in a Free Society |
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315 | (1) |
|
Brief 12.1 Crime in the United States: The Uniform Crime Report |
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315 | (1) |
|
The Trespass Doctrine and Reasonable Expectations of Privacy |
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316 | (1) |
|
The Fourth Amendment and Warrants |
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317 | (2) |
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Brief 12.2 Executing a Search Warrant |
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318 | (1) |
|
The Exclusionary Rule and the Fourth Amendment |
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319 | (3) |
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Brief 12.3 The "Good-Faith" Exception to the Exclusionary Rule |
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321 | (1) |
|
Exceptions to the Fourth Amendment's Warrant Requirements |
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322 | (10) |
|
The "Automobile" Exception |
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322 | (2) |
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Brief 12.4 "Reasonable Suspicion" and Warrantless Stops or Seizures |
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324 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
|
Brief 12.5 Police Checkpoints |
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325 | (1) |
|
The "Hot-Pursuit" Exception |
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325 | (1) |
|
The "Stop-and-Frisk" Exception |
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326 | (1) |
|
Brief 12.6 "Stop and Frisk" in New York City |
|
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327 | (1) |
|
The "Search-Incident-to-Arrest" Exception |
|
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327 | (3) |
|
Brief 12.7 Searches and Citations: Knowles v. Iowa (1998) and Virginia v. Moore (2008) |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
|
Brief 12.8 The Fourth Amendment and the Court's Partisan Divide |
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331 | (1) |
|
The "Plain-View" Exception |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (2) |
|
Brief 12.9 Entering the Body to Obtain Evidence |
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332 | (2) |
|
Wiretapping and Electronic Surveillance |
|
|
334 | (2) |
|
Wiretapping and National Security |
|
|
336 | (2) |
|
Brief 12.10 Trespass Doctrine, Expectations of Privacy, and Technology |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
Brief 12.11 Technology and the Third Party Exception |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
The Fourth Amendment and Administrative Searches |
|
|
338 | (1) |
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339 | (2) |
|
13 Criminal Procedure And Due Process Of Law |
|
|
341 | (30) |
|
Introductory Remarks by Chief Justice Earl Warren |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
Due Process Guarantees in the Bill of Rights |
|
|
343 | (1) |
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343 | (6) |
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343 | (1) |
|
Brief 13.1 Juries and Double Jeopardy: Blueford v. Arkansas (2012) |
|
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344 | (1) |
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345 | (4) |
|
Self-Incrimination and Confessions |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
Brief 13.2 Miranda Is a "Constitutional Rule"...But It May Be Limited |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Brief 13.3 Can God Coerce a Confession? Colorado v. Connelly (1986) |
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349 | (1) |
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349 | (9) |
|
The Nature of a Fair Trial |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Brief 13.4 What Makes a Trial "Unfair"? |
|
|
350 | (1) |
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350 | (2) |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
|
Notice, Confrontation, and Securing of Witnesses |
|
|
352 | (2) |
|
Brief 13.5 Forensic Analysis, Lab Reports, and CSI: See You in Court |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (3) |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (8) |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
|
Brief 13.6 Some Non-Death Penalty "Cruel and Unusual Punishments" Cases |
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360 | (2) |
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362 | (1) |
|
Brief 13.7 Trends in the Death Penalty |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Execution of Minors and Those with Mental Problems |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
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363 | (1) |
|
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
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364 | (1) |
|
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
The Changing Nature of Due Process of Law |
|
|
366 | (3) |
|
Due Process for Juveniles |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Brief 13.8 The Changing Juvenile Justice System |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
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368 | (1) |
|
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Probationers, Parolees, and Prisoners |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Brief 13.9 Due Process and the "Supermax" Prison |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
14 The First Amendment In A Democratic Society: Political Speech And Other Forms Of Expression |
|
|
371 | (42) |
|
An Introductory Conversation between Justices Hugo Black and Felix Frankfurter |
|
|
372 | (2) |
|
The Theory and Scope of First Amendment Freedoms |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Freedom of Expression in Historical Perspective |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Contrasting Views of Freedom of Expression |
|
|
375 | (4) |
|
Political Speech and National Security: Conflicting Standards of Regulation |
|
|
377 | (2) |
|
Restricting Speech during War: "A Question of Proximity and Degree" |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
The Aftermath of Schenck: A New Standard Emerges |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
The Early Cold War and National Security Concerns: How Serious Is the Threat? |
|
|
380 | (2) |
|
Brief 14.1 The American Civil Liberties Union |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Dennis v. United States (1951) |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Yates v. United States (1957) |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Political Speech, the States, and Internal Security |
|
|
383 | (2) |
|
Modernization of the Bill of Rights Begins: Gitlow v. New York (1925) |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
A New Standard: Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Other Political Expression Issues before the Supreme Court |
|
|
385 | (4) |
|
Are Political Symbols Included in the Meaning of "Speech"? |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Symbolic Protest against Federal Policies |
|
|
386 | (3) |
|
"Speech Plus" and the First Amendment |
|
|
389 | (10) |
|
Brief 14.2 The Student's Right to Free Speech Can Be Regulated |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Labor Picketing and the First Amendment |
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
Peaceful Assembly and the First Amendment |
|
|
392 | (4) |
|
Brief 14.3 Anti-Abortionists and the First Amendment |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
Commercial Speech and the First Amendment |
|
|
396 | (3) |
|
Adult Entertainment and the First Amendment |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Campaign Finance and-the First Amendment: Corrupted Politics or Free Speech? |
|
|
399 | (6) |
|
Campaign Contributions versus Expenditures: Buckley v. Valeo |
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
Campaign Finance Reform, the BCRA, and the Citizens United Decision |
|
|
402 | (13) |
|
Brief 14.4 The Struggle to Abolish "Soft Money" |
|
|
403 | (2) |
|
Coerced Speech and the "Culture Wars" |
|
|
405 | (3) |
|
Brief 14.5 Gay Rights and Free Speech |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Brief 14.6 Can the Government Restrict Expression on State-Issued License Plates? The Case of Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans (2015) |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
The "Fighting-Words" Doctrine: Is Some Speech Not Protected? |
|
|
408 | (3) |
|
Brief 14.7 Does the First Amendment Protect False Speech? |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
|
|
411 | (2) |
|
|
|
413 | (38) |
|
Introductory Remarks by Benjamin Franklin |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
The Basic Theory of Freedom of the Press |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
The Anglo-American Context of a Free Press |
|
|
415 | (7) |
|
Brief 15.1 The Zenger Trial and the Quest for a Free Press |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
Brief 15.2 The "Press" Then and Now |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
The Classic Case: Near v. Minnesota (1931) |
|
|
417 | (3) |
|
Brief 15.3 Freedom of the Press at Home and Around the World |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
Prior Restraint and the Vietnam War: New York Times v. United States (1971) |
|
|
420 | (2) |
|
Brief 15.4 The Students' Right to Publish Can Be Regulated |
|
|
420 | (2) |
|
Free Press and Fair Trial: Problems When Rights Collide |
|
|
422 | (5) |
|
Brief 15.5 Prior Restraint as a Condition for Government Employment: Snepp v. United States (1980) |
|
|
422 | (2) |
|
Brief 15.6 Television in the Courtroom |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Pretrial Publicity and "Gag Orders" |
|
|
424 | (2) |
|
Media Access to Pretrial Hearings |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Media Access at the Trial Stage |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Brief 15.7 The Limits of Press Regulation |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
Free Press Issues and Criminal Justice |
|
|
427 | (2) |
|
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
Publishing and Profiting from Crime |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
Intercepting Private Conversations |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
Confidentiality of Sources: Privilege for Journalists? |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
Obscenity and the First Amendment |
|
|
430 | (10) |
|
Early Attempts to Define Obscenity |
|
|
430 | (3) |
|
Brief 15.8 Animal Cruelty and Violence: Protected or Unprotected Speech? |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
Search for a National Standard: The Roth Test |
|
|
433 | (2) |
|
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Brief 15.9 Who Is the "Average Person"? |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Brief 15.10 Private Possession of Child Pornography |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
Confusion, Politics, and Obscenity Law |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
Advent of a New Standard: Miller v. California (1973) |
|
|
435 | (2) |
|
Brief 15.11 Federal Regulation of "Dial-a-Porn" |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Government Subsidies and Free Expression: NEA Grants |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
|
|
437 | (3) |
|
Brief 15.12 Is "Sexting" Child Porn? |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
|
|
440 | (6) |
|
Libel Law in the Twentieth Century |
|
|
440 | (2) |
|
The "Actual-Malice" Doctrine: New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
"Public Figures" and Actual Malice |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
Private Citizens and Libel Law |
|
|
444 | (2) |
|
Brief 15.13 Larry Flynt vs. The Reverend Jerry Falwell |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
Refining the Law of Libel |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
Government Regulation of the Airwaves |
|
|
446 | (3) |
|
Brief 15.14 Regulating "Fleeting Expletives" |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
|
449 | (2) |
|
|
|
451 | (38) |
|
Introductory Remarks by President John F. Kennedy |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
The Constitution, Religious Freedom, and American Culture |
|
|
453 | (2) |
|
Early English and American Colonial Experience |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
American Experience during and after the Founding |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
The Bill of Rights and the Religion Clauses |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Brief 16.1 Two Sons of Virginia Labor for Religious Freedom |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
The Free Exercise Clause and Religious Freedom |
|
|
455 | (9) |
|
Early Conflicts with the Free Exercise of Religion |
|
|
455 | (3) |
|
Interpreting the Free Exercise Clause: Two Competing Standards |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Brief 16.2 Jehovah's Witnesses, Free Exercise, and the Flag Salute Cases |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Compelling State Interest Standard |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
The "Generally Applicable Law" Standard |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
Brief 16.3 The Religious Freedom Restoration Act |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
The Issue of Exceptions to Generally Applicable Laws |
|
|
462 | (3) |
|
Compulsory School Attendance and the Old Amish Order |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
The Meaning of "Religion" and Conscientious Objectors |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
Brief 16.4 May a Religious Sect Have Its Own School District? |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
The Establishment of Religion |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
Brief 16.5 Competing Theories of the Establishment Clause |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
Public Assistance to Parochial Schools: The Constitutional Foundation |
|
|
465 | (3) |
|
Emergence of the Three-Pronged Test |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
The Movement toward Neutrality and Accommodation |
|
|
469 | (4) |
|
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District (1993) |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
Brief 16.6 The "Ministerial Exception": Avoiding Excessive Entanglement |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
Agostini v. Felton (1997) |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002) |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
The Neutrality Principle in Equal Access and Taxation |
|
|
473 | (6) |
|
Equal Access and Public Facilities |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
Brief 16.7 When Free Exercise and Establishment Clash: Locke v. Davey (2004) |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
Brief 16.8 Hastings Christian Fellowship v. Martinez (2010) |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Taxation and Religion: Rendering Unto Caesar |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
Religious Activities in Public Schools and Society |
|
|
477 | (2) |
|
Brief 16.9 RLUIPA and Accommodating Religion in Prison |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
The Delicate Issue of School Prayer |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
Religious Invocations and Benedictions |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
Brief 16.10 Prayer and Football Games: Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
Tale of Two Theories: Evolution versus Creationism |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
Brief 16.11 The Scopes "Monkey Trial": In the Image of Man or Monkey? |
|
|
483 | (2) |
|
Public Religious Displays |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
Brief 16.12 The Ten Commandments: Religious, Historical, or Both? |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
|
487 | (2) |
| Appendix |
|
489 | (12) |
| Endnotes |
|
501 | (16) |
| Glossary |
|
517 | (8) |
| Index |
|
525 | |
