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Creation of Scientific Psychology [Kõva köide]

(McMaster University, Canada.), (Queens University, Canada.)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 226 pages, kõrgus x laius: 229x152 mm, kaal: 498 g, 16 Tables, black and white; 9 Line drawings, black and white; 9 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sari: Scientific Psychology Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Dec-2020
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • ISBN-10: 1138658154
  • ISBN-13: 9781138658158
  • Formaat: Hardback, 226 pages, kõrgus x laius: 229x152 mm, kaal: 498 g, 16 Tables, black and white; 9 Line drawings, black and white; 9 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sari: Scientific Psychology Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Dec-2020
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • ISBN-10: 1138658154
  • ISBN-13: 9781138658158
With an emphasis on developments taking place in Germany during the nineteenth century, this book provides in-depth examinations of the key contributions made by the pioneers of scientific psychology. Their works brought measurement and mathematics into the study of the mind.

Through unique analysis of measurement theory by Whewell, mathematical developments by Gauss, and theories of mental processes developed by Herbart, Weber, Fechner, Helmholtz, Müller, Delboeuf and others, this volume maps the beliefs, discoveries, and interactions that constitute the very origins of psychophysics and its offspring Experimental Psychology. Murray and Link expertly combine nuanced understanding of linguistic and historic factors to identify theoretical approaches to relating physicalintensities and psychological magnitudes. With an eye to interactions and influences on future work in the field, the volume illustrates the important legacy that mathematical developments in the nineteenth century have for twentieth and twenty-first century psychologists.

This detailed and engaging account fills a deep gap in the history of psychology. The Creation of Scientific Psychology will appeal to researchers, academics, and students in the fields of history of psychology, psychophysics, scientific, and mathematical psychology.
Editor's Introduction xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xxi
Prologue: Physical Science Before 1800 xxiii
1 Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841) and Psychophysics
1(36)
Introduction
1(3)
Herbart's Career
1(2)
Herbart's Educational Psychology
3(1)
A Short Introduction to Herbart's Theory
4(14)
"Clear and Distinct" Ideas: Vorstellungen
4(2)
How Herbart Arrived at His Mathematical Psychology
6(2)
Herbart's Statics
8(1)
Herbart's Model Applied to Two Vorstellungen
9(3)
Herbart's Model Applied to Time Vorstellungen
12(2)
The Threshold Equation
14(1)
Combinations of Vorstellungen
14(1)
Herbart's Mechanics
15(3)
Herbart's Theory Compared to Alternatives
18(4)
Herbart's Success Compared with Newton's
18(1)
Herbart's Theory of the Origin of the Time-Concept Compared with Hooke's
19(2)
The Measurement of a Vorstellung's Strength Presented a Dilemma for Herbart
21(1)
Chapter 1A: Herbart's Fragment on the Measurement of Vorstellungen
22(1)
A Confrontation
22(13)
The Discovery of the Confrontation
22(2)
My Rendering of Herbart's Confrontation
24(8)
Interpreting the Fragment
32(3)
Summary
35(2)
2 The Measurement and Variability of Physical Intensities
37(17)
Introduction
37(1)
William Wheweli on "Extensive" and "Intensive" Measurements
37(10)
Measurement from a Present-Day Perspective
37(2)
Whewcll's Beliefs
39(2)
Of the Idea of a Medium as Commonly Employed
41(1)
On the Measurement of Secondary Qualities
42(5)
The Gaussian Distribution
47(1)
The Problem it Poses for Non-Mathematicians
47(1)
On the History of the Gaussian Distribution
48(5)
Abraham de Moivre (1667-1754)
48(2)
Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749-1827): After 1817, the Marquis de Laplace
50(2)
Johann Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855)
52(1)
Summary
53(1)
3 An Introduction to Weber's Law
54(19)
Introduction
54(3)
Preliminary Remarks
54(1)
The Connection between Gauss and the Scientist Members of Weber's Family
54(3)
E. H. Weber's Experimental Work on the Touch-Sense
57(12)
Weber's Writings on the Touch-Sense
57(1)
The Contents and Importance of Weber's DeTactu (1834)
58(9)
The Contents and Importance of Weber's DerTastsinn (1846)
67(2)
Weber as a Pioneer of Experimental Psychology
69(3)
Summary
72(1)
4 An Introduction to Fechner's Law
73(39)
The Historical Background to Fechner's Law
73(11)
Fechner's Early Research on Electricity
73(3)
Fechner the Invalid
76(6)
From Weber's Law to Fechner's Law: Fechner's Own Argument
82(2)
The Absolute Thrcshold
84(5)
"Sense-Distances"
84(2)
A Numerical Demonstration of Fechner's Law
86(3)
Fechner's Own Research Findings
89(9)
General Overview
89(1)
Using Lifted Weights to Examine the Validity of Weber's Law: Fechner's Large Experiment
90(1)
Fechner's "Parallel Law" to Weber's Law
91(7)
Fechner on Outer Versus Inner Psychophysics
98(6)
Fechner's Outer Psychophysics
98(1)
Fechner's Inner Psychophysics
99(5)
Fechner's Passing
104(1)
Summary
105(1)
Appendix 1 Fechner's Theory and D. Bernoulli's (1738) Conjecture
105(4)
Appendix 2 Fechner's Theory and Ideal Observer Theory
109(3)
5 Psychophysics at Gottingen
112(15)
G.E. Muller (1850-1934)
112(14)
G. E. Mailer's Reputation among Historians of Psychology
112(2)
Muller and Schumann (1889) on Expectation ("Set") in Psychophysical Tasks
114(6)
Martin and Muller (1899) on Individual Differences in Psychophysical Tasks
120(6)
Summary
126(1)
6 Measuring Psychological Magnitudes: I. Variability Measures
127(12)
Measuring Variability
127(5)
Titchener's Achievements
127(2)
Titchener (1901a, 1901b) on Qualitative Experimentation
129(1)
Titchener (1905a, 1905b) on Quantitative Experimentation
130(1)
Fechner's Own Equation Expressing how Variability Can Be Determined for Response Proportions
131(1)
The Cumulative Gaussian Distribution
132(3)
The Psychometric Function
132(1)
The Muller-Urban weights
133(2)
Other Estimations Used in Fechner's Psychophysics
135(2)
Estimating the Numerical Value of an "Absolute" or "Differential" Threshold
135(1)
Estimating the Numerical Value of the Proportion of Right Responses, (r/n)
136(1)
Summary
137(2)
7 Measuring Psychological Magnitudes: II. The Quantity Objection
139(15)
Objections to Fechner's Psychophysics
139(10)
The Meaning of "Quantity Objection"
139(1)
Tannery's Importance in the History of the Quantity Objection
140(2)
Von Kries (1882) on the "Equality" of Measurement-Units
142(2)
Stadler (1878) on the Lack of "Homogeneity" between Stimulus and Sensation
144(4)
The Arbitrary Aspects of Assigning Magnitudes to Sensations
148(1)
Ernst Mach (1838-1916) on Why Sensations Matter in Physics
149(3)
Mach's Career
149(1)
Mach's View that Sensations Precede the Mechanical Sciences
150(2)
Summary
152(2)
8 The Power Law in Early Psychophysics
154(18)
A Question in Visual Psychophysics
154(1)
J.A.F. Plateau (1801-1883)
154(2)
Plateau's (1872) Experiments
154(2)
Hering's (1875) Criticism of Fechner's Psychophysics
156(4)
Hering's Experimental Contributions
157(2)
Hering's Thought-Experiment
159(1)
Delboeuf's Contributions to Psychophysics
160(2)
Delboeuf's Career
160(1)
Delboeuf's (1883) Ideas about Psychophysics
161(1)
Helmholtz on Psychophysics
162(7)
Delboeuf's (1873) Experiments on Psychophysics
163(6)
Delboeuf's Influence on Titchener
169(1)
Summary
169(2)
Appendix: The Role of the Weight of the Apparatus Itself in Determining Hering's (1875) Weber Fractions
171(1)
9 William James and Psychophysics
172(12)
What James's Principles of Psychology Said about Fechner
172(1)
James's
Chapter 13 on "Discrimination and Comparison"
172(8)
The Four Sections of
Chapter 13
173(3)
James on Fechner's Originality
176(1)
An Evaluation of the Final Paragraph of
Chapter 13
177(3)
Late Nineteenth-Century Research on Confidence Ratings and Response Times in Psychophysics
180(2)
Summary
182(5)
Passing the Torch 184(9)
Plateau, Hering, Delboeuf and Later Psychophysics
187(6)
Plateau's Influence
187(1)
Hering's Influence
188(5)
References 193(19)
Index 212
David J. Murray is Emeritus Professor of Psychology, Queens University, Canada.

Stephen W. Link is Emeritus Professor of Psychology, McMaster University, Canada.