| Section 1: Principles of Critical Care |
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1 The Critically Ill Patient |
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1 | (4) |
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2 The Pathophysiologic Foundations of Critical Care |
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5 | (5) |
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10 | (11) |
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4 Hemodynamic Support in the Critically Ill Patient |
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21 | (4) |
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5 Monitoring Organ Dysfunction in Critical Care |
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25 | (4) |
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6 Kidney-Specific Severity Scores |
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29 | (6) |
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| Section 2: Principles of Renal Physiology |
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7 The Physiology of the Glomerulus |
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35 | (7) |
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8 The Physiology of the Loop of Henle |
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42 | (6) |
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9 Glomerular Filtration Rate, Renal Functional Reserve, and Kidney Stress Testing |
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48 | (11) |
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10 Renal Energy Consumption and Metabolism |
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59 | (6) |
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| Section 3: Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Critical Care |
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11 Acute Kidney Injury: From Clinical to Molecular Diagnosis |
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65 | (10) |
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12 Community-and Hospital-Acquired Acute Kidney Injury |
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75 | (6) |
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13 Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients |
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81 | (4) |
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14 Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease |
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85 | (5) |
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| Section 4: Exposures and Patient Susceptibility |
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15 Genetic Predisposition for Acute Kidney Injury |
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90 | (4) |
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16 Risk Factors and Risk Assessment in Acute Kidney Injury |
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94 | (5) |
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17 Experimental Models of Acute Kidney Injury |
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99 | (7) |
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| Section 5: Humoral and Cellular Mechanisms of Kidney Damage |
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18 Renal Blood Flow and Perfusion Pressure |
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106 | (3) |
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19 Humoral Mediators in Sepsis |
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109 | (4) |
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20 Cell Death Pathways: Apoptosis and Regulated Necrosis |
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113 | (8) |
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21 Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns, Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns, and Their Receptors in Acute Kidney Injury |
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121 | (7) |
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| Section 6: Clinical Course of Acute Kidney Injury and Biomarkers |
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128 | (4) |
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23 Acute Kidney Disease, Renal Recovery, and Post-Acute Kidney Injury Care |
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132 | (6) |
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24 The Role of Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Kidney Injury |
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138 | (3) |
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141 | (4) |
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145 | (3) |
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27 Kidney Stress Biomarkers |
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148 | (6) |
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| Section 7: Mechanisms of Repair or Progression |
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28 Renal Repair and Recovery |
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154 | (5) |
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Christine Kinggaard Federspiel |
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29 Maladaptive Repair and Progression to CKD |
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159 | (5) |
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30 Biomarkers of Recovery and/or Repair Following Acute Kidney Injury |
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164 | (3) |
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| Section 8: Renal Histopathology in Acute Kidney Injury |
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31 Practical Considerations of Renal Biopsies in Critical Care Patients |
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167 | (6) |
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32 Localization of Injury and Repair Pathways |
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173 | (6) |
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| Section 9: Imaging Techniques in Critical Care Nephrology |
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33 Ultrasonography and Doppler Techniques |
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179 | (7) |
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34 Contrast Enhanced Renal Ultrasound |
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186 | (5) |
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Antoine Guillaume Schneider |
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35 Traditional Radiology, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Critical Care Nephrology |
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191 | (6) |
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36 Radionuclides Diagnostic Techniques |
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197 | (8) |
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| Section 10: Clinical Syndromes and Acute Kidney Injury |
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37 Multiple Organ Dysfunction |
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205 | (4) |
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38 Acute Kidney Injury in Burns and Trauma |
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209 | (5) |
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39 Drug-Induced Acute Kidney Injury |
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214 | (8) |
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Veronica Torres da Costa e Silva |
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Elerson Carlos Costalonga |
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40 Acute Kidney Injury in Pregnancy |
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222 | (12) |
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41 Acute Kidney Injury in Oncology and Tumor Lysis Syndrome |
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234 | (16) |
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42 Acute Kidney Injury in Cardiac Surgery |
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250 | (4) |
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43 Acute Kidney Injury in Major Surgery |
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254 | (3) |
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44 Acute Kidney Injury in Heart Failure |
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257 | (6) |
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45 Acute Kidney Injury in Cirrhosis |
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263 | (8) |
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46 Acute Renal Failure in Kidney Transplant Recipients |
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271 | (4) |
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47 Acute Glomerulonephritis |
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275 | (7) |
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48 Contrast-induced Acute Kidney Injury |
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282 | (6) |
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49 Abdominal Compartment Syndrome |
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288 | (6) |
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50 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome |
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294 | (8) |
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| Section 11: Prevention and Treatment: General Treatment Concepts |
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51 Nonpharmacologic Management of Acute Renal Injury |
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302 | (5) |
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52 Novel Drugs for Acute Kidney Injury |
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307 | (7) |
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53 Remote Ischemic Preconditioning |
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314 | (6) |
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| Section 12: Fluid and Electrolytes |
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54 Blood Biochemistry: Measuring Major Plasma Electrolytes |
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320 | (3) |
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55 Assessment of Urine Biochemistry |
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323 | (5) |
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56 Disorders of Sodium and Water Balance |
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328 | (11) |
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Christian Overgaard-Steensen |
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57 Disorders of Potassium and Magnesium |
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339 | (6) |
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58 Calcium and Phosphate Physiology |
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345 | (5) |
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59 Principles of Fluid Therapy |
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350 | (3) |
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60 Blood Transfusion Therapy |
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353 | (5) |
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61 Loop and Thiazide Diuretics |
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358 | (6) |
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62 Vaptans and the Treatment of Hyponatremia |
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364 | (4) |
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63 Aldosterone Antagonists, Amiloride, and Triamterene |
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368 | (6) |
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| Section 13: Acid-Base |
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64 Laboratory Tests: Blood Gases, Anion Gap, and Strong Ion Gap |
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374 | (4) |
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65 Acid-Base Physiology and Diagnosis of Disorders |
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378 | (10) |
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388 | (6) |
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67 Hyperlactatemia and Lactic Acidosis |
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394 | (11) |
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68 Renal Tubular Acidosis |
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405 | (4) |
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409 | (2) |
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70 Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders |
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411 | (6) |
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71 latrogenic and Poison-Derived Acid Base Disorders |
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417 | (7) |
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| Section 14: Metabolism and Nutrition in Critical Illness and Acute Kidney Injury |
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72 Energy Requirement and Consumption in the Critically Ill Patient |
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424 | (5) |
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73 Impact of Renal Replacement Therapy on Metabolism and Nutrient Requirements in the Critically Ill Patient |
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429 | (5) |
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74 Amino Acid Turnover, Protein Metabolism, and Nitrogen Balance in Acute Kidney Injury |
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434 | (8) |
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75 Carbohydrates and Lipids |
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442 | (4) |
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76 Endocrinology of the Stress Response During Critical Illness |
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446 | (8) |
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77 Anemia of Critical Illness |
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454 | (5) |
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78 Management of Nutrition in Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Replacement Therapy |
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459 | (5) |
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79 Blood Glucose Control in Critical Care |
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464 | (5) |
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469 | (4) |
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| Section 15: Infectious Diseases and Sepsis |
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81 Microbiologic Considerations in the Intensive Care Patient |
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473 | (3) |
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82 Innate Immunity and the Kidney |
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476 | (7) |
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83 Adaptive Immunity and Critical Illness |
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483 | (4) |
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84 Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis and Hepatorenal Syndrome |
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487 | (5) |
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85 Tropical Infections Causing Acute Kidney Injury |
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492 | (8) |
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86 Sepsis and Septic Shock |
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500 | (4) |
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87 Complement and Its Consequences in Sepsis |
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504 | (4) |
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88 Coagulation Abnormalities in Sepsis |
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508 | (10) |
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89 Endothelial Dysfunction of the Kidney in Sepsis |
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518 | (6) |
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90 Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury |
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524 | (10) |
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91 Recommendations for Sepsis Management |
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534 | (5) |
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Richard Phillip Dellinger |
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92 Principles of Antimicrobial Prescription in Intensive Care Unit Patients With Acute Kidney Injury |
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539 | (4) |
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93 Renal Replacement Therapy for Septic Acute Kidney Injury |
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543 | (5) |
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94 Blood Purification for Sepsis |
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548 | (4) |
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95 Management of Infection in Patients With Kidney Transplant |
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552 | (8) |
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96 Critical Care Viral Infections |
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560 | (7) |
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97 Principles of Antibiotic Prescription in Intensive Care Unit Patients and Patients With Acute Renal Failure |
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567 | (7) |
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| Section 16: Acute Intoxication and Poisoning |
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98 Drugs and Antidotes in Acute Intoxication |
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574 | (14) |
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99 Extracorporeal Therapies in Acute Intoxication and Poisoning |
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588 | (7) |
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100 Plasmapheresis in Acute Intoxication and Poisoning |
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595 | (5) |
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101 Poisoning: Kinetics to Therapeutics |
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600 | (30) |
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| Section 17: Acute Kidney Injury and Organ Crosstalk |
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102 Bleeding and Hemostasis in Acute Renal Failure |
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630 | (5) |
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103 Gastrointestinal Problems in Acute Kidney Injury |
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635 | (6) |
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104 Cardiovascular Problems in Acute Kidney Injury |
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641 | (4) |
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105 Water and Electrolyte Disturbances in Acute Renal Failure |
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645 | (4) |
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106 Neurological Problems in Acute Renal Failure |
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649 | (5) |
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107 Immunologic and Infectious Complications of Acute Kidney Injury |
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654 | (5) |
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108 Cellular Response to Acute Kidney Injury |
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659 | (5) |
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| Section 18: Interaction of the Heart and the Kidney |
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109 Heart-Kidney Cross-Talk |
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664 | (6) |
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110 Classification of Cardiorenal Syndrome |
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670 | (7) |
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111 Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 1 |
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677 | (13) |
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112 Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 2 |
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690 | (5) |
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113 Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 3 |
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695 | (7) |
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114 Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 4 |
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702 | (2) |
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115 Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 5 |
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704 | (8) |
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116 Renal Function During Cardiac Mechanical Support and the Artificial Heart |
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712 | (6) |
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117 The Kidney in Diastolic Dysfunction |
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718 | (3) |
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118 Principles of Diuretic Management in Heart Failure |
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721 | (6) |
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119 Management of Overhydration in Heart Failure Patients |
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727 | (9) |
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120 Recent Advances for Stroke Prevention in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Advanced Kidney Disease |
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736 | (5) |
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| Section 19: Interaction of the Lung and Kidney |
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121 Lung-Kidney Cross-Talk |
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741 | (6) |
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122 The Kidney During Mechanical Ventilation |
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747 | (4) |
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123 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Renal Function |
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751 | (4) |
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124 Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal |
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755 | (4) |
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125 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Adults and Children |
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759 | (5) |
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126 Pulmonary-Renal Syndrome |
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764 | (6) |
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| Section 20: The Liver and the Kidney |
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127 Liver-Kidney Interaction |
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770 | (4) |
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128 Pathophysiology and Management of the Hepatorenal Syndrome |
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774 | (7) |
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129 Kidney Dysfunction after Liver Transplantation |
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781 | (12) |
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130 Extracorporeal Liver Support Devices |
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793 | (7) |
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| Section 21: Interaction of the Brain and the Kidney |
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131 Treatment of Combined Acute Renal Failure and Cerebral Edema |
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800 | (5) |
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132 Renal Protection in the Organ Donor |
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805 | (6) |
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133 Effect of Extracorporeal Therapies on the Brain |
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811 | (5) |
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| Section 22: Fluid Balance and its Management in the Critically Ill |
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134 Components of Fluid Balance and Monitoring |
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816 | (5) |
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Rolando Claure-Del Granado |
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135 Non-Invasive Methods of Fluid Status Assessment in Critically Ill Patients |
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821 | (4) |
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Luis Ignacio Bonilla-Resendiz |
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136 Management of Fluid Overload in Cardiorenal Patients: The Five B Approach |
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825 | (10) |
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137 Mechanical Fluid Removal |
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835 | |
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| Section 23: General Principles of Acute Renal Replacement Therapy |
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138 Indications for Renal Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill |
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831 | (10) |
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139 Principles of Extracorporeal Circulation and Transport Phenomena |
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841 | (6) |
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140 Membranes and Filters for Use in Acute Renal Failure |
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847 | (6) |
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141 Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Machine Technology |
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853 | (7) |
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142 Principles of Anticoagulation in Extracorporeal Circuits |
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860 | (7) |
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Rolando Claure-Del Granado |
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143 Dialysis Solutions and Replacement Fluids |
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867 | (6) |
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144 Starting and Stopping Renal Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill |
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873 | (6) |
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145 The Concept of Renal Replacement Therapy Dose and Efficiency |
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879 | (4) |
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146 Quantification of Acute Renal Replacement Therapy |
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883 | (9) |
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147 Principles of Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Drugs Used in Extracorporeal Therapies |
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892 | (4) |
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148 Ethical Considerations in Acute Renal Replacement Therapy |
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896 | (9) |
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| Section 24: Intermittent Renal Replacement Therapies |
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149 Intermittent Techniques for Acute Dialysis |
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905 | (4) |
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150 Solute and Water Transport in Hemodialysis: Dialyzers, Flow Distribution, and Cross-Filtration |
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909 | (9) |
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151 Biocompatibility of the Dialysis System |
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918 | (4) |
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152 Composition of Hemodialysis Fluid |
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922 | (6) |
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153 Indications for and Contraindications to Intermittent Hemodialysis in Critically Ill Patients |
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928 | (5) |
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154 Technical and Clinical Complications of Intermittent Hemodialysis in the Intensive Care Unit |
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933 | (8) |
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155 Correction of Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Derangements by Hemodialysis and Derived Techniques |
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941 | (6) |
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156 Urea Kinetics, Efficiency, and Adequacy of Hemodialysis and Other Intermittent Treatments |
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947 | (9) |
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157 Assessment of Fluid Status and Body Composition and Control of Fluid Balance With Intermittent Hemodialysis in the Critically Ill Patient |
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956 | (4) |
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158 Outcomes of Intermittent Hemodialysis in Critically Ill Patients With Acute Kidney Injury |
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960 | (6) |
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159 Hybrid Dialysis Techniques in the Intensive Care Unit |
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966 | (7) |
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160 The Role of Plasmapheresis in Critical Illness |
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973 | (4) |
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161 Cascade Filtration for ABO Incompatible Transplant |
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977 | (3) |
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162 Nursing Issues and Procedures in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy |
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980 | (7) |
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| Section 25: Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies (CRRT) |
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163 Indications for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Renal Replacement Versus Renal Support |
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987 | (6) |
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Rolando Claure-Del Granado |
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164 Beginning and Ending Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in the Intensive Care Unit |
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993 | (7) |
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165 Solute and Water Kinetics in Continuous Therapies |
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1000 | (5) |
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166 Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Modalities and Their Selection |
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1005 | (5) |
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167 Vascular Access for Acute Renal Replacement Therapy |
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1010 | (8) |
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168 Anticoagulation Strategies for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy |
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1018 | (6) |
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Heleen M. Oudemans-van Straaten |
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169 Nursing Strategies to Prevent Coagulation of the Extracorporeal Circuit |
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1024 | (5) |
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170 Adequacy of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Prescription and Delivery |
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1029 | (5) |
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171 High-Volume Hemofiltration in the Intensive Care Unit |
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1034 | (4) |
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172 Pulse High-Volume Hemofiltration in Management of Critically Ill Patients With Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock |
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1038 | (4) |
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173 High Cutoff Membranes for Mediators Removal |
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1042 | (4) |
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174 Clinical Effects of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies |
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1046 | (5) |
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175 Antibiotic Adjustment in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy |
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1051 | (17) |
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176 Nomenclature: Basic Principles |
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1068 | (9) |
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177 Nomenclature: Techniques |
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1077 | (7) |
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| Section 26: Peritoneal Dialysis in the Intensive Care Unit |
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178 Peritoneal Dialysis System |
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1084 | (4) |
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179 Indications, Contraindications, and Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Renal Failure |
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1088 | (8) |
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180 Solute and Water Transport across the Peritoneal Barrier |
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1096 | (6) |
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181 Choice of Peritoneal Dialysis Technique: Intermittent or Continuous |
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1102 | (3) |
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182 Correction of Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Derangements by Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Kidney Injury |
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1105 | (3) |
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183 Feasibility, Efficiency, and Adequacy of Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Kidney Injury |
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1108 | (5) |
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184 Clinical Results and Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Kidney Injury |
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1113 | (7) |
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185 Treatment of Peritonitis and Other Clinical Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis in the Critically Ill Patient |
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1120 | (5) |
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186 Comparison of Peritoneal Dialysis With Other Treatments for Acute Kidney Injury |
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1125 | (3) |
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187 Continuous-Flow Peritoneal Dialysis as Acute Therapy |
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1128 | (6) |
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188 Nursing and Procedure Issues in Peritoneal Dialysis |
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1134 | (3) |
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| Section 27: Extracorporeal Blood Purification Techniques Beyond Dialysis |
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189 Sorbents: From Basic Structure to Clinical Application |
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1137 | (17) |
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190 Therapeutic Apheresis in Critically Ill Patients: Indications, Modalities and Techniques, Clinical Results |
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1154 | (7) |
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191 Extracorporeal Blood Purification Techniques Beyond Dialysis: Coupled Plasmafiltration-Adsorption |
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1161 | (6) |
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1167 | (2) |
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193 Toraymyxin and Other Endotoxin Adsorption Systems |
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1169 | (5) |
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194 Plasmafiltration-Adsorption-Dialysis System |
|
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1174 | (5) |
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195 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Cardiac Support |
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1179 | (4) |
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196 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Pulmonary Support |
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1183 | (7) |
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1190 | (4) |
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| Section 28: Critical Care Nephrology in Pediatrics |
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198 Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Acute Kidney Injury |
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1194 | (11) |
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199 Epidemiology of Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury |
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1205 | (2) |
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200 Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury in Children: Conservative Management to Renal Replacement Therapy |
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1207 | (3) |
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201 Technical Aspects of Pediatric Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy |
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1210 | (5) |
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202 Multiple Organ Dysfunction in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit |
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1215 | (3) |
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203 Drug Dosing in Pediatric Acute Kidney Insufficiency and Renal Replacement Therapy |
|
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1218 | (6) |
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204 Nutrition of Critically Ill Children With Acute Renal Failure |
|
|
1224 | (4) |
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205 Outcome of Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury |
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1228 | (2) |
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206 Renal Replacement Therapy for the Critically Ill Infant |
|
|
1230 | (5) |
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207 Neonatal Hyperammonemia and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy |
|
|
1235 | (3) |
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208 Modified Ultrafiltration in Pediatric Heart Surgery |
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|
1238 | (6) |
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209 Techniques and Machines for Pediatric Renal Replacement Therapy |
|
|
1244 | (3) |
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210 Antibiotics in Critically Ill Newborns and Children: Nephrotoxicity and Management During Renal Replacement Therapy |
|
|
1247 | (17) |
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|
| Section 29: Kidney Transplantation and Critical Care |
|
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211 Patient Selection and Pretransplantation Care for Kidney Transplant Recipients |
|
|
1264 | (6) |
|
Maria P. Martinez Cantarin |
|
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|
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212 Kidney Support and Perioperative Care in Kidney Transplantation |
|
|
1270 | (9) |
|
|
|
Maria P. Martinez Cantarin |
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213 Acute Renal Failure in Kidney Transplant Recipients |
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|
1279 | (7) |
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| Section 30: Special Kidney Problems in the Intensive Care Unit |
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214 Management of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Kidney Disease Patients in the Intensive Care Unit |
|
|
1286 | (7) |
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215 Management of Patients with Diabetes in the Intensive Care Unit |
|
|
1293 | (3) |
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216 Diagnosis and Management of Acute Kidney Injury in the Emergency Department |
|
|
1296 | (6) |
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217 Anticancer Drugs and the Kidney |
|
|
1302 | (4) |
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|
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218 Antiinflammatory Drugs and the Kidney |
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|
1306 | (3) |
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|
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219 Calcineurin Inhibitors and Other Immunosuppressive Drugs and the Kidney |
|
|
1309 | (4) |
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|
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220 Alternative Medicine and Chinese Herbs and the Kidney |
|
|
1313 | (7) |
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|
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221 Environment, Smoking, Obesity, and the Kidney |
|
|
1320 | (4) |
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|
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222 Lead and Heavy Metals and the Kidney |
|
|
1324 | (6) |
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|
|
223 Statins and the Kidney |
|
|
1330 | (3) |
|
|
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|
|
224 Erythropoietin Therapy in Critically Ill and Acute Kidney Injury Patients |
|
|
1333 | (11) |
|
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|
|
225 Vasoactive Drugs, Renal Function, and Acute Kidney Injury |
|
|
1344 | (5) |
|
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|
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|
|
226 End Points for Clinical Trials in Acute Kidney Injury |
|
|
1349 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
|
227 Hypothermia and the Kidney |
|
|
1353 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
228 Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers and Acute Kidney Injury |
|
|
1357 | (5) |
|
|
|
|
| Index |
|
1362 | |
