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Critical Thinking: Your Guide to Effective Argument, Successful Analysis and Independent Study [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 328 pages, kõrgus x laius: 246x189 mm, kaal: 910 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 08-Nov-2017
  • Kirjastus: Sage Publications Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 1473947138
  • ISBN-13: 9781473947139
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  • Formaat: Hardback, 328 pages, kõrgus x laius: 246x189 mm, kaal: 910 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 08-Nov-2017
  • Kirjastus: Sage Publications Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 1473947138
  • ISBN-13: 9781473947139
Teised raamatud teemal:
Shortlisted for the British Book Design and Production Awards 2018, Educational Books category





Do you need to demonstrate a good argument or find more evidence?  Are you mystified by your tutors comment critical analysis needed?  What does it really mean to think well - and how do you learn to do it?



Critical thinking is a set of techniques. You just need to learn them.



So heres your personal toolkit for demystifying critical engagement. Ill show you how to sharpen your critical thinking by developing and practicing this set of skills, so you can







Spot an argument and get why reasoning matters Sniff out errors and evaluate evidence Understand and account for bias Become a savvy user of technology Develop clear, confident critical writing.



Designed to work seamlessly with a power pack of digital resources and exercises, youll find practical and effective tools to think and write critically in an information-saturated age.  No matter whether youre launching on your first degree or arriving as an international or mature student, Critical Thinking gives you the skills, insights and confidence to succeed.



In your critical thinking toolkit







Watch the 10 commandments videos life rules to change how you think Smart Study boxes share excellent tips to whip your work into shape BuzzFeed quizzes to test what (you think) you know Space to scribble! Journal your thoughts, questions, eureka moments as you go

Chat more online with #TalkCriticalThinking

Arvustused

This primer on critical thinking expertly introduces reasoning, argumentation, rhetoric, and bias, and how understanding those concepts can make us better readers, researchers, and writers. Chatfield chooses just the right combination of formal writing and casual address, creating the feeling that readers are learning from a trusted, witty friend. -- Michelle Glatt Tom Chatfields Critical Thinking contains sensible, grounded examples, and illustrations...serving as a useful primer to the subject. This is a book happy to be written on, queried and argued with. The exercises sprinkled throughout are well judged and encourage a deep reading. The consistency of tone and design make it an impressive achievement, bringing light and clarity to an area which can present as murky and vague. I recommend it strongly. It will certainly be a useful addition to the teaching materials my school already uses, but its appeal goes well beyond classroom walls due to its breadth, depth and the clarity of its outlook...I would be very happy to see students and colleagues alike walking around campus with dog-eared, annotated and bookmarked copies of Critical Thinking. -- Tim Jones I cant stress enough what an excellent addition this is to a rather - what I thought, anyway saturated market. Well done to all involved! Its a very comprehensive text, and one which Id happily recommend to staff and students alike. Ill certainly be drawing inspiration from it when building class resources in future. -- Sunny Dhillon Some people are naturally gifted critical thinkers (and, if youre a researcher, its pretty hard to advance without some skill in that area) but for those who need to rethink their thinking or want a crash course in how to develop and hone their analysis skills, Tom Chatfields new book is well worth picking up The engaging workbook-style layout helps keep the information being imparted consistently interesting and fun to absorb. -- Joseph Rydholm I was pleasantly surprised to discover how accessible and engaging this book is. Some other texts on the topic can be daunting and challenging to read, with concepts not always being easy to grasp. However, the subject is presented in a user friendly way. -- Andrew Southgate Tom Chatfields Critical Thinking is probably the most essential book Ive ever read. Not because it offers groundbreaking insights, but because it makes you stop and think, in a world whose pace is ever-increasing. If youre new to academia, the book prepares you for the challenges of evaluating established theories and forming cohesive, convincing and sound arguments of your own. -- Ludwig, 1st Year International Management The book provides you with hands-on skills that are directly applicable. Not only are they put forth through real-life example arguments, but they are strongly reinforced by academic arguments and grounding. [ Chatfield] deconstructs complicated concepts to its simplest form and renders it accessible to anyone that wishes to delve into their own mind and practices. -- Luca, 2nd Year Management Critical thinking is a greatly valued skill for employability and Chatfield emphasises the importance of being skeptical. Information presented to us should be questioned and evaluated, especially in a world where vast amounts of information are available at our fingertips. The book successfully achieves its aim of helping one be able to think critically for themselves in order to both benefit your own work and challenge the works of others. -- Marina, 1st Year Management Tom Chatfield has excelled at the way to interact with the independent learner in this book by explaining not just the skill of critical thinking, but the reasons behind its need in the day-to-day life. Critical Thinking will leave one with a universal skill which is crucial to any millennial in the modern world. A perfect guide to better learning and beyond. -- Yan, 1st Year Computer and Management Sciences This is a very comprehensive, well elaborated and clearly structured book. It provides readers with systematically organized concepts and skills to improve their critical thinking in an easily accessible way, laying a vital foundation for their future academic study, professional work and life. It is especially helpful for the first-year college students who are about to embark on their academic life. -- Shuo Zhao, CAES, Surrey International Institute (SII), Dongbei University of Finance and Economics (DUFE), Dalian, China Critical thinking is easy to read with an engaging format. As a researcher, I think it will be useful for thinking about written and verbal arguments: helping readers make and recognise an argument, and understand when a valid argument isnt being made. -- Imogen Birch, senior researcher, Citizens Advice The best illustrated and typeset book in academic publishing. -- Lee Fallin

Thanks and acknowledgements ix
Welcome to the book!
1(2)
What this book will help you to do
1(1)
Thinking critically for yourself
2(1)
Thinking critically online
2(1)
What is critical thinking (and why does it matter)?
3(16)
The opposite of uncritical thinking
3(3)
Scepticism and objectivity
6(3)
The battle against bias
9(1)
Fast and slow thinking
10(2)
Allocating your attention
12(1)
Your toolkit for critical thinking
13(2)
What is critical thinking for?
15(1)
Summary
16(3)
PART I THE ART AND SCIENCE OF BEING REASONABLE
19(130)
1 Understanding the reasons behind things
21(20)
What is an argument? Persuasion through reasoning
23(2)
Spotting arguments by searching for a conclusion
25(3)
What isn't an argument? Information without reasoning
28(4)
Explanations: the business of reasoning backwards
32(3)
What isn't an argument? Persuasion without reasoning
35(4)
Summary
39(2)
2 Spelling out arguments and assumptions
41(24)
Premises and conclusions: the standard form
43(3)
Reconstructing extended arguments
46(4)
A step-by-step guide to reconstructing arguments
50(7)
A few further words about assumptions
57(2)
Putting it all together
59(4)
Summary
63(2)
3 Reasoning with logic and certainty
65(16)
Introducing deductive reasoning
67(1)
Valid and invalid arguments
68(2)
Necessary and sufficient conditions
70(3)
Two types of valid and invalid reasoning
73(4)
Sound and unsound arguments
77(1)
Summary
78(3)
4 Reasoning with observation and uncertainty
81(20)
Argument by induction
83(2)
Introducing inductive force
85(3)
Induction and everyday language
88(1)
Addressing uncertainty through probability
89(2)
Making use of samples
91(3)
The problem of induction
94(1)
Induction and falsification
95(3)
Summary
98(3)
5 Developing explanations and theories
101(20)
Introducing abduction
103(2)
Explanations, theories and hypotheses
105(1)
Moving towards better explanations
106(3)
Moving from evidence to proof
109(2)
Correlation and causation
111(4)
Conducting meaningful research
115(4)
Summary
119(2)
6 Assessing evidence and planning your reading strategy
121(28)
Engaging critically with primary and secondary sources
123(8)
Creating a strategy for critical reading
131(5)
Note-taking and critical engagement
136(7)
Summary
143(6)
Intermission
145(4)
PART II BEING REASONABLE IN AN UNREASONABLE WORLD
149(136)
7 Getting to grips with rhetoric
151(20)
The power of language and rhetoric
153(2)
Putting persuasion in context
155(2)
Analysing a message in detail: emotion and human stories
157(3)
Aiming for impartiality
160(4)
Rhetorical devices
164(3)
Summary
167(4)
8 Seeing through faulty reasoning
171(26)
Fallacious arguments and faulty reasoning
173(2)
Fallacies, truths and hidden assumptions
175(2)
Informal fallacies of relevance (red herrings)
177(4)
Informal fallacies of ambiguity (linguistic fallacies)
181(2)
Informal fallacies of presumption (material fallacies)
183(4)
Two formal fallacies: affirming the consequent and denying the antecedent
187(1)
The undistributed middle: a formal fallacy
187(1)
Base rate neglect: another formal fallacy
188(1)
From base rate neglect to Bayes's theorem
189(5)
Summary
194(3)
9 Understanding cognitive bias
197(22)
Four types of heuristic
200(6)
When to trust heuristics and when to distrust them
206(2)
Biases based on how things are presented
208(3)
Biases born from over-simplification
211(2)
Biases born from a lack of insight
213(2)
Behavioural Economics and the research context
215(2)
Summary
217(2)
10 Overcoming bias in yourself and others
219(22)
Attaching excessive significance to random events
221(7)
Failing to consider things that didn't happen
228(3)
Over-estimating regularity and predictability
231(6)
Humans: good at social situations, bad with numbers
237(2)
Summary
239(2)
11 Thinking critically about technology
241(28)
From data to knowledge via fake news
244(4)
Social proof and system biases
248(6)
Time, attention and other people
254(2)
Search, discovery and categories of knowledge
256(5)
Practical tips for search, discovery and beyond
261(5)
Summary
266(3)
12 Putting it all together: critical thinking in study, work and life
269(16)
Good writing in general
271(1)
Good academic writing in particular
272(4)
Writing and rewriting in practice
276(3)
Getting the work done: what is holding you back?
279(2)
Critical thinking and you
281(2)
Ten commandments for critical thinking
283(1)
Summary
284(1)
And finally ... 285(2)
Reading guide 287(2)
Glossary 289(10)
A synopsis of five valid forms of argument 299(4)
Endnotes 303(6)
Index 309
Dr Tom Chatfield is a British author, independent scholar and philosopher of technology. His textbooks for SAGE publishing include Critical Thinking, How To Think and Think Critically. Hes also the author of half a dozen non-fiction books exploring digital culture, published in over thirty territories and languages; of an award-winning thriller, This Is Gomorrah (Hodder); and of books and educational resources for audiences ranging from K12 to graduate and business schools. Tom took his doctorate at St Johns College, Oxford, and is a former Associate at the Oxford Internet Institute, guest faculty member at the Said Business School, and senior Associate at the interdisciplinary think-tank Perspectiva. A TED Global speaker, Non Executive Director and Advisor at a number of not-for-profits, he writes and broadcasts internationally on technology, ethics and education.