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Cryogenic Mixed Refrigerant Processes [Kõva köide]

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  • Formaat: Hardback, 262 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, kaal: 588 g, XIII, 262 p., 1 Hardback
  • Sari: International Cryogenics Monograph Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 08-Sep-2008
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • ISBN-10: 0387785132
  • ISBN-13: 9780387785134
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Cryogenic Mixed Refrigerant ProcessesSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 262 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, kaal: 588 g, XIII, 262 p., 1 Hardback
  • Sari: International Cryogenics Monograph Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 08-Sep-2008
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • ISBN-10: 0387785132
  • ISBN-13: 9780387785134
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780387785134.html
Märksõnad:

Most conventional cryogenic refrigerators and liquefiers operate with pure fluids, the major exception being natural gas liquefiers that use mixed refrigerant processes. The fundamental aspects of mixed refrigerant processes, though very innovative, have not received the due attention in open literature in view of commercial interests. Hundreds of patents exist on different aspects of mixed refrigerant processes. However, it is difficult to piece together the existing information to choose an appropriate process and an optimum composition or a given application. The aim of the book is to teach (a.) the need for refrigerant mixtures, (b.) the type of mixtures that can be used for different refrigeration and liquefaction applications, (c.) the different processes that can be used and (d.) the methods to be adopted for choosing the components of a mixture and their concentration for different applications.



This much-needed work explains every aspect of mixed refrigerant processes using robust analytical methods based on sound thermodynamic principles. It draws on many case studies and examples, of which a number are unpublished.

Preface VII
Nomenclature XIII
1 Fundamental principles and processes 1
1.1 Applications
2
1.2 Sign convention
3
1.3 Ideal refrigeration and liquefaction processes
4
1.3.1 Ideal constant-temperature refrigeration process
4
1.3.2 Ideal gas-cooling/liquefaction process
6
1.4 Exergy
8
1.5 Exergy loss and exergy efficiency
10
1.6 Exergy efficiency of processes without any work interaction
14
1.7 Performance of an ideal gas cooler operating with a non-ideal expander
16
1.8 Precooled ideal liquefaction process
17
1.9 Linde–Hampson refrigerators and liquefiers
18
1.10 Joule–Thomson coefficient
23
1.11 Exergy efficiency of a Linde–Hampson liquefier
26
1.11.1 Exergy losses in a non-ideal Linde–Hampson liquefier
27
1.12 Temperature profiles in heat exchangers operating with single phase fluids
28
1.13 Heat exchanger effectiveness
32
1.14 Exergy efficiency of the Solvay and Linde–Hampson liquefaction processes
37
1.15 The Kapitza liquefaction process and its variants
39
1.16 Pinch points
46
1.17 Types of refrigerant mixtures
49
2 Simulation of cryogenic processes 51
2.1 Sequential modular simulators
52
2.1.1 Example: Open-cycle Linde—Hampson nitrogen liquefier
52
2.1.2 Tearing of recycle streams
57
2.2 Equation-oriented simulators
57
2.3 Simultaneous modular simulators
58
2.4 Simulation of heat exchangers with pinch points
59
2.5 Optimization of a Kapitza nitrogen liquefier
62
3 Need for refrigerant mixtures 65
3.1 Refrigeration systems
65
3.2 Exergy efficiency of ideal Linde—Hampson refrigerators operating with refrigerant mixtures
72
3.3 Cooling of gases using mixed refrigerant processes
81
3.4 Linde gas cooler operating with mixtures
83
3.5 Liquefaction of natural gas
86
4 Constant-temperature refrigeration processes 89
4.1 Gas refrigerant supply and liquid refrigerant supply (GRS/LRS) processes
90
4.2 Linde—Hampson refrigerators operating with refrigerant mixtures
91
4.3 Mixed refrigerant Linde—Hampson refrigerator operating at 90 K in GRS mode
94
4.3.1 Effect of pressure drop in the heat exchanger
98
4.3.2 Effect of compressor discharge pressure
99
4.4 Mixed refrigerant Linde—Hampson refrigerator operating at 100 K in LRS mode
101
4.5 Effect of the addition of neon or helium
106
4.5.1 Mixed refrigerant Linde—Hampson refrigerator operating at 85 K in GRS mode with N2-He-HC mixtures
106
4.6 Effect of precooling
113
4.6.1 Precooled mixed refrigerant process refrigerator operating at 100 K
115
4.7 Mixed refrigerant process refrigerator with a phase separator
120
4.7.1 Mixed refrigerant process with a phase separator operating at 100 K
121
4.7.2 Effect of separation efficiency
124
4.8 Mixed refrigerant process refrigerators with multiple phase separators
126
4.9 Summary
127
5 Optimum mixture composition 129
5.1 Choice of mixture constituents
129
5.2 Optimization of mixture composition for refrigeration processes
131
5.2.1 Optimization methods proposed in the literature
131
5.2.2 Maximization of exergy efficiency
135
5.2.3 Design variables
136
5.2.4 Example: Linde–Hampson refrigerator operating in GRS mode at 92 K with a mixture of nitrogen, methane, ethane, and propane
136
5.3 Example: Linde–Hampson refrigerator operating in GRS mode at 80 K
140
5.4 Comparison of performance of a Linde–Hampson refrigerator operating in GRS mode at 92 K with mixtures obtained using the method of Dobak et al. [ 32] and the present method
142
5.5 Optimization of mixture composition and operating pressures of liquefaction processes
143
6 Natural gas liquefaction processes 149
6.1 Classification of natural gas liquefaction processes
150
6.2 Classical cascade processes
151
6.3 Assumptions
153
6.4 Single-stage mixed refrigerant LNG process without phase separators
154
6.5 Precooled LNG process without phase separators
164
6.6 LNG processes with a phase separator
170
6.7 Precooled LNG process with a phase separator
178
6.8 Propane precooled phase separator (C3-MR) process
184
6.9 Mixed refrigerant precooled phase separator (DMR) processes
189
6.10 LNG process with multiple phase separators (Kleemenko process)
199
6.11 Cascade liquefaction process operating with mixtures
205
6.12 LNG processes with turbines
212
6.13 Summary
219
7 Cooling and liquefaction of air and its constituents 221
7.1 Single-stage processes for the sensible cooling of a pure fluid such as nitrogen
222
7.2 Single-stage process for the liquefaction of pure fluids such as nitrogen
227
7.3 Mixed refrigerant precooled Linde–Hampson liquefaction process
231
7.4 Mixed refrigerant precooled Kapitza liquefaction process
235
7.5 Liquefaction of nitrogen using the Kleemenko process
241
7.6 Other liquefaction processes and refrigerants
248
7.7 Summary
249
References 251
Index 257
Dr. G. Venkatarathnam is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras in southern India. He holds Ph.D. and Masters degree in Cryogenic Engineering and has more than 20 years research experience in the area of Cryogenic refrigerators and liquefiers. He works in the broad areas of Refrigeration, Cryogenic Engineering and Compact heat exchangers. His research interests are in refrigerant mixtures and mixed refrigerant processes for heat pumps, refrigerators, cryocoolers (cryogenic refrigerators) and liquefiers, process simulation and optimization, and development of cryogenic heat exchangers, refrigerators and liquefiers. He has taught Cryogenic Engineering, Refrigeration and related subjects at the Indian Institutes of Technology at Kharagpur and Madras, and at the Universitt Karlsruhe, Germany.  He also holds a few patents on refrigerant mixtures.