1 Secure, Reliable Information |
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1 | (12) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Least Non-negative Residues and Clock Arithmetic |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (4) |
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1.4 Error Detection and Correction |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (4) |
2 Modular Arithmetic |
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13 | (14) |
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13 | (4) |
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2.2 Modular Arithmetic and Encryption |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (3) |
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22 | (2) |
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24 | (3) |
3 Linear Equations Modulo m |
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27 | (24) |
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3.1 The Greatest Common Divisor |
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28 | (2) |
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3.2 Finding the Greatest Common Divisor |
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30 | (3) |
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33 | (2) |
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3.4 Finding Bezout's Identity |
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35 | (6) |
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3.5 The Coprime Divisibility Lemma |
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41 | (1) |
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3.6 Solutions of Linear Diophantine Equations |
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42 | (3) |
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3.7 Manipulating and Solving Linear Congruences |
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45 | (2) |
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47 | (4) |
4 Unique Factorization in Z |
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51 | (14) |
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4.1 Unique Factorization into Products of Prime Numbers |
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51 | (5) |
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56 | (2) |
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4.3 The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (3) |
5 Rings and Fields |
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65 | (18) |
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5.1 Groups, Commutative Rings, Fields, Units |
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66 | (1) |
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5.2 Basic Properties of Groups and Rings |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (3) |
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5.5 Cosets and Integers Modulo m |
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73 | (3) |
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5.6 Zm is a Commutative Ring |
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76 | (2) |
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5.7 Complete Sets of Representatives for Z/mZ |
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78 | (1) |
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5.8 When is Z/mZ a Field? |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (3) |
6 Polynomials |
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83 | (10) |
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83 | (3) |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (3) |
7 Matrices and Hamming Codes |
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93 | (24) |
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93 | (8) |
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7.2 Error Correcting and Detecting Codes |
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101 | (1) |
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7.3 The Hamming (7, 4) Code: A Single Error Correcting Code |
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102 | (6) |
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7.4 The Hamming (8, 4) Code |
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108 | (2) |
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7.5 Why Do These Codes Work? |
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110 | (2) |
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112 | (5) |
8 Orders and Euler's Theorem |
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117 | (18) |
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117 | (4) |
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121 | (2) |
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123 | (2) |
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8.4 The Binomial Theorem and Fermat's Theorem |
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125 | (2) |
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8.5 Finding High Powers Modulo m |
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127 | (4) |
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131 | (4) |
9 RSA Cryptography and Prime Numbers |
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135 | (18) |
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135 | (3) |
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9.2 Why Is RSA Effective? |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (1) |
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9.4 Symmetric Versus Asymmetric Cryptosystems |
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141 | (1) |
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9.5 There are Many Large Primes |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (1) |
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9.7 The a-Pseudoprime Test |
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144 | (2) |
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9.8 The Strong a-Pseudoprime Test |
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146 | (4) |
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150 | (3) |
10 Groups, Cosets and Lagrange's Theorem |
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153 | (18) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (6) |
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10.3 Subgroups of Finite Cyclic Subgroups |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (5) |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (3) |
11 Solving Systems of Congruences |
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171 | (24) |
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11.1 Two Congruences: The "Linear Combination" Method |
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172 | (4) |
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11.2 More Than Two Congruences |
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176 | (1) |
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11.3 Some Applications to RSA Cryptography |
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177 | (4) |
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11.4 Solving General Systems of Congruences |
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181 | (1) |
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11.5 Solving Two Congruences |
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182 | (4) |
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11.6 Three or More Congruences |
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186 | (1) |
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11.7 Systems of Non-monic Linear Congruences |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (7) |
12 Homomorphisms and Euler's Phi Function |
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195 | (20) |
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12.1 The Formulas for Euler's Phi Function |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (3) |
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12.4 Fundamental Homomorphism Theorem |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (3) |
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12.6 The Product of Rings and the Chinese Remainder Theorem |
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204 | (4) |
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12.7 Units and Euler's Formula |
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208 | (3) |
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211 | (4) |
13 Cyclic Groups and Cryptography |
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215 | (26) |
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215 | (2) |
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13.2 The Discrete Logarithm |
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217 | (3) |
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13.3 Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange |
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220 | (1) |
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13.4 ElGamal Cryptography |
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221 | (1) |
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13.5 Diffie-Hellman in Practice |
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222 | (2) |
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13.6 The Exponent of an Abelian Group |
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224 | (4) |
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13.7 The Primitive Root Theorem |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (1) |
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13.9 The Pohlig-Hellman Algorithm |
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231 | (2) |
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13.10 Shanks' Baby Step-Giant Step Algorithm |
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233 | (3) |
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236 | (5) |
14 Applications of Cosets |
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241 | (18) |
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14.1 Group Homomorphisms, Cosets and Non-homogeneous Equations |
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241 | (5) |
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246 | (2) |
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248 | (2) |
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14.4 A Probabilistic Compositeness Test |
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250 | (1) |
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14.5 There Are No Strong Carmichael Numbers |
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251 | (2) |
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253 | (2) |
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255 | (4) |
15 An Introduction to Reed-Solomon Codes |
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259 | (14) |
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259 | (1) |
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15.2 Encoding a Reed-Solomon Code |
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260 | (3) |
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263 | (3) |
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266 | (5) |
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271 | (2) |
16 Blum-Goldwasser Cryptography |
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273 | (20) |
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16.1 Vernam Cryptosystems |
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273 | (2) |
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16.2 Blum, Blum and Shub's Pseudorandom Number Generator |
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275 | (1) |
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16.3 Blum-Goldwasser Cryptography |
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276 | (2) |
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16.4 The Period of a BBS Sequence |
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278 | (4) |
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16.5 Recreating a BBS Sequence from the Last Term |
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282 | (1) |
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16.6 Security of the B-G Cryptosystem |
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283 | (3) |
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16.7 Implementation of the Blum-Goldwasser Cryptosystem |
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286 | (5) |
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291 | (2) |
17 Factoring by the Quadratic Sieve |
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293 | (20) |
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293 | (1) |
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17.2 The Basic Idea Behind the Quadratic Sieve Method |
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294 | (2) |
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17.3 Fermat's Method of Factoring |
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296 | (1) |
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17.4 The Quadratic Sieve Method |
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297 | (9) |
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17.5 The Index Calculus Method for Discrete Logarithms |
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306 | (3) |
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309 | (1) |
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Appendix: Fermat's Method Versus Trial Division |
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310 | (3) |
18 Polynomials and Finite Fields |
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313 | (18) |
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18.1 Greatest Common Divisors |
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313 | (4) |
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18.2 Factorization into Irreducible Polynomials |
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317 | (3) |
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320 | (1) |
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18.4 Cosets and Quotient Rings |
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321 | (5) |
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18.5 Constructing Many Finite Fields |
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326 | (2) |
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328 | (3) |
19 Reed-Solomon Codes II |
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331 | (16) |
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19.1 Roots of Unity and the Discrete Fourier Transform |
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331 | (2) |
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19.2 A Field with 8 Elements |
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333 | (1) |
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19.3 A Reed-Solomon Code Using F8 |
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334 | (3) |
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19.4 An Example Using F13 |
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337 | (5) |
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342 | (1) |
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343 | (4) |
Index |
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347 | |