| Letter from the Authors |
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xxi | |
| About the Authors |
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xxiii | |
| Preface |
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xxv | |
| 1 Anthropology: Asking Questions About Humanity |
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3 | (28) |
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How Did Anthropology Begin? |
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5 | (3) |
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The Disruptions of Industrialization |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Colonial Origins of Cultural Anthropology |
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7 | (1) |
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Anthropology as a Global Discipline |
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7 | (1) |
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What Are the Four Subfields of Anthropology and What Do They Share in Common? |
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8 | (7) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (2) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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How Do Anthropologists Know What They Know? |
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15 | (6) |
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The Scientific Method in Anthropology |
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17 | (3) |
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When Anthropology Is Not a Science: Interpreting Other Cultures |
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20 | (1) |
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How Is Anthropology Put to Work in the World? |
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21 | (3) |
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Applied and Practicing Anthropology: "The Fifth Subfield"? |
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22 | (1) |
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Putting Anthropology to Work |
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22 | (2) |
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What Ethical Issues Does Anthropology Raise? |
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24 | |
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Do Not Harm. But Is That Enough? |
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24 | (1) |
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To Whom Are Anthropologists Responsible? |
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25 | |
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Classic Contributions: E. B. Tylor And The Culture Concept |
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11 | (15) |
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Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Anthropological Responsibilities To Informants And People In Authority |
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26 | |
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Doing Fieldwork: Conducting Holistic Research With Stanley Ulijaszek |
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16 | (15) |
| 2 Culture: Giving Meaning to Human Lives |
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31 | (24) |
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33 | (7) |
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33 | (6) |
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Defining Culture in This Book |
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39 | (1) |
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If Culture Is Emergent and Dynamic, Why Does It Feel So Stable? |
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40 | (3) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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How Is Culture Expressed Through Social Institutions? |
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43 | (6) |
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Culture and Social Institutions |
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44 | (1) |
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American Culture Expressed Through Breakfast Cereals and Sexuality |
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44 | (5) |
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49 | |
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Classic Contributions: Franz Boas And The Relativity Of Culture |
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39 | (8) |
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Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Understanding Holism |
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47 | (3) |
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Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Michael Ames And Collaborative Museum Exhibits |
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50 | (5) |
| 3 Beyond Nature and Nurture: The Individual, Biology, and Culture |
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55 | (26) |
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What Can the Biology of Brain Development Teach Us About Culture? |
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57 | (3) |
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The Adaptable Human Brain |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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Uniting Mind and Matter: A Biocultural Perspective |
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59 | (1) |
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How Do Anthropologists Understand Other People's Psychologies? |
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60 | (7) |
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What Is an Individual Person? |
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60 | (1) |
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The Culture and Personality School |
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61 | (1) |
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The Individual: Persons and Selves |
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61 | (2) |
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63 | (1) |
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Culture and Mental Illness |
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63 | (4) |
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What Role Does Evolution Play in Human Lives? |
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67 | (5) |
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Understanding Evolution Among Human Populations |
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67 | (2) |
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Racism and Early Evolutionary Models in Anthropology |
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69 | (1) |
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Franz Boas and Antievolutionism |
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69 | (2) |
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Moving Beyond Purely Biological Notions of Evolution |
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71 | (1) |
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Is Biotechnology Changing Our Bodies? |
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72 | |
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How Genes Work: The Basics |
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73 | (1) |
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The Dilemmas of Geneticization |
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74 | |
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Classic Contributions: Ruth Benedict, The Individual, And Culture |
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62 | (13) |
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Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Controversies Over I.Q. Testing And Mother-Infant Bonding |
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75 | |
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Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Kim Hopper, Homelessness, and the Mentally Ill in New York City |
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65 | (16) |
| 4 Linguistic Anthropology: Relating Language and Culture |
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81 | (26) |
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Where Does Language Come From? |
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82 | (5) |
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Evolutionary Perspectives on Language |
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83 | (1) |
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Historical Linguistics: Studying Language Origins and Change |
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84 | (3) |
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How Does Language Actually Work? |
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87 | (5) |
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87 | (1) |
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Phonology: Sounds of Language |
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87 | (1) |
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Morphology: Grammatical Categories |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (3) |
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Do People Speaking Different Languages Experience Reality Differently? |
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92 | (4) |
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The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (2) |
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Ethnoscience and Color Terms |
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94 | (1) |
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Is The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Correct? |
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95 | (1) |
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How Can Languages Be So Dynamic and Stable at the Same Time? |
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96 | (2) |
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Linguistic Change, Stability, and National Policy |
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96 | (1) |
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Language Stability Parallels Cultural Stability |
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97 | (1) |
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How Does Language Relate to Social Power and Inequality? |
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98 | |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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Language and Social Status |
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99 | (4) |
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Language and the Legacy of Colonialism |
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103 | |
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Classic Contributions: Edward Sapir On How Language Shapes Culture |
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93 | (7) |
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Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Exploring Relationships Of Power And Status In Local American Dialects |
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100 | (2) |
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Doing Fieldwork: Untangling Language Ideologies In Contemporary Egypt |
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102 | (5) |
| 5 Ethnography: Studying Culture |
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107 | (26) |
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What Is So Distinctive About Anthropological Fieldwork? |
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109 | (10) |
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109 | (5) |
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114 | (2) |
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Seeing the World From "The Native's Point of View" |
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116 | (1) |
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Avoiding Cultural "Tunnel Vision" |
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116 | (3) |
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Aside From Participant Observation and Interviews, Do Anthropologists Use Other Methods? |
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119 | (8) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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Anthropology at a Distance |
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122 | (1) |
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Analyzing Secondary Materials |
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122 | (2) |
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Special Issues Facing Anthropologists Studying Their Own Societies |
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124 | (3) |
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What Special Ethical Dilemmas Do Ethnographers Face? |
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127 | |
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Protecting Informant Identity |
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127 | (1) |
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Anthropology, Spying, and War |
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128 | |
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Classic Contributions: Bronislaw Malinowski On The Ethnographic Method |
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118 | |
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Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Fieldwork In An American Mall |
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110 | (15) |
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Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Alcida Rita Ramos And Indigenous Rights In Brazil |
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125 | (8) |
| 6 Globalization and Culture: Understanding Global Interconnections |
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133 | (24) |
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Is the World Really Getting Smaller? |
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135 | (5) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (4) |
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Are There Winners and Losers in Global Integration? |
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140 | (4) |
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140 | (2) |
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Resistance at the Periphery |
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142 | (1) |
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Globalization and Localization |
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142 | (2) |
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Doesn't Everyone Want to Be Developed? |
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144 | (3) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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Anthropology of Development |
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146 | (1) |
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Change on Their Own Terms |
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147 | (1) |
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If the World Is Not Becoming Homogenized, What Is It Becoming? |
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147 | (3) |
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Cultural Convergence Theories |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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What Strategies Can Anthropologists Use to Study Global Interconnections? |
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150 | |
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Defining an Object of Study |
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150 | (2) |
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152 | |
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Classic Contributions: Eric Wolf, Culture, And The World System |
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141 | |
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Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Understanding Global Integration Through Commodities |
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139 | (12) |
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Doing Fieldwork: Studying Chernobyl's Aftermath With Adriana Petryna |
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151 | (6) |
| 7 Foodways: Finding, Making, and Eating Food |
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157 | (28) |
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Why Is There No Universal Human Diet? |
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159 | (3) |
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Human Dietary Adaptability and Constraints |
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159 | (1) |
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Cultural Influences on Human Evolution: Digesting Milk |
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160 | (2) |
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Why Do People Eat Things That Others Consider Disgusting? |
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162 | (7) |
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162 | (1) |
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Foodways Are Culturally Constructed |
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163 | (1) |
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Foodways Communicate Symbolic Meaning |
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164 | (1) |
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Foodways Mark Social Boundaries and Identities |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (3) |
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How Do Different Societies Get Food? |
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169 | (6) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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How Are Contemporary Foodways Changing? |
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175 | |
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Growing Environmental Impacts of Industrial Agriculture |
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178 | (1) |
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Industrial Foods, Sedentary Lives, and the Nutrition Transition |
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178 | (1) |
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The Return of Local and Organic Foods? |
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179 | (1) |
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The Biocultural Logic of Local Foodways |
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180 | |
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Classic Contributions: Audrey Richards And The Study Of Foodways |
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163 | (4) |
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Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Food Preferences And Gender |
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167 | (9) |
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Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Migrant Farmworker Food Security In Vermont With Teresa Mares |
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176 | (9) |
| 8 Environmental Anthropology: Relating to the Natural World |
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185 | (26) |
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Do All People Conceive of Nature in the Same Way? |
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187 | (3) |
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187 | (2) |
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189 | (1) |
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How Is Non-Western Knowledge of Nature Similar to and Different From Science? |
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190 | (5) |
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191 | (1) |
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Traditional Ecological Knowledge |
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192 | (3) |
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Do Only Industrialized Western Societies Conserve Nature? |
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195 | (4) |
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195 | (1) |
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The Culture of Modern Nature Conservation |
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196 | (2) |
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Is Collaborative Conservation Possible? |
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198 | (1) |
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How Do Social and Cultural Factors Drive Environmental Destruction? |
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199 | |
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Population and Environment |
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200 | (2) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | |
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Classic Contributions: Roy Rappaport's Insider And Outsider Models |
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194 | (10) |
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Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Identifying Hidden Costs |
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204 | |
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Doing Fieldwork: James Fairhead And Melissa Leach On Misreading The African Landscape |
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201 | (10) |
| 9 Economics: Working, Sharing, and Buying |
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211 | (26) |
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Is Money Really the Measure of All Things? |
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213 | (7) |
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Culture, Economics, and Value |
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214 | (1) |
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The Neoclassical Perspective |
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214 | (1) |
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The Substantivist-Formalist Debate |
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215 | (3) |
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218 | (1) |
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The Cultural Economics Perspective |
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218 | (2) |
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How Does Culture Shape the Value and Meaning of Money Itself? |
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220 | (2) |
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The Types and Cultural Dimensions of Money |
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220 | (2) |
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Why Is Gift Exchange Such an Important Part of All Societies? |
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222 | (5) |
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Gift Exchange and Economy: Two Classic Approaches |
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222 | (4) |
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Gift Exchange in Market-Based Economies |
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226 | (1) |
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Why Does Having Some Things Make You Cool? |
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227 | (2) |
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Are There Distinct Cultures of Capitalism? |
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229 | |
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Culture and Social Relations on Wall Street |
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230 | (1) |
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Entrepreneurial Capitalism Among Malays |
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231 | |
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Classic Contributions: Marshall Sahlins On Exchange In Traditional Economies |
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217 | (7) |
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Thinking Like An Anthropologist: The Role Of Exchange In Managing Social Relationships |
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224 | (8) |
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Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Ashraf Ghani And The Reconstruction Of The Afghan Economy |
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232 | (5) |
| 10 Politics: Cooperation, Conflict, and Power Relations |
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237 | (28) |
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Does Every Society Have a Government? |
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239 | (5) |
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The Idea of "Politics" and the Problem of Order |
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240 | (1) |
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Structural-Functionalist Models of Political Stability |
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240 | (2) |
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Neo-Evolutionary Models of Political Organization: Bands, Tribes, Chiefdoms, and States |
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242 | (1) |
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Challenges to Traditional Political Anthropology |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (8) |
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245 | (1) |
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Political Power Is Action-Oriented |
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245 | (1) |
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Political Power Is Structural |
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246 | (1) |
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Political Power Is Gendered |
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247 | (1) |
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Political Power in Non-State Societies |
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248 | (2) |
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The Political Power of the Contemporary Nation-State |
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250 | (2) |
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Why Do Some Societies Seem More Violent Than Others? |
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252 | (5) |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (2) |
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Explaining the Rise of Violence in Our Contemporary World |
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255 | (2) |
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How Do People Avoid Cycles of Aggression, Brutality, and War? |
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257 | |
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What Disputes Are "About" |
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257 | (1) |
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How People Manage Disputes |
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257 | (3) |
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Is Restoring Harmony Always the Best Way? |
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260 | |
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Classic Contributions: E.E. Evans-Pritchard On Segmentary Lineages |
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241 | (8) |
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Thinking Like An Anthropologist: The Power Of Personal Connections |
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249 | (2) |
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Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Maxwell Owusu And Democracy In Ghana |
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251 | (14) |
| 11 Race, Ethnicity, and Class: Understanding Identity and Social Inequality |
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265 | (26) |
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Are Differences of Race Also Differences of Biology? |
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267 | (3) |
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The Biological Meanings (and Meaningless) of "Human Races" |
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268 | (2) |
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Race Does Have Biological Consequences |
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270 | (1) |
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How Is Race Culturally Constructed? |
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270 | (6) |
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The Absence of Race in Colonial Virginia |
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271 | (1) |
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How Africans Became "Black" and Europeans Became "White" in Seventeenth-Century Virginia |
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271 | (2) |
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273 | (1) |
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Racialization in Latin America |
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273 | (3) |
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Saying "Race Is Culturally Constructed" Is Not Enough |
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276 | (1) |
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How Are Other Social Classifications Like Ethnicity, Class, and Caste Naturalized? |
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276 | (5) |
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Ethnicity: Common Descent |
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277 | (1) |
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Class: Economic Hierarchy in Capitalist Societies |
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278 | (1) |
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Caste: Moral Purity and Pollution |
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279 | (2) |
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Are Prejudice and Discrimination Inevitable? |
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281 | (2) |
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282 | (1) |
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Discrimination, Explicit and Disguised |
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282 | (5) |
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The Other Side of Discrimination: Unearned Privilege |
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287 | |
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Classic Contributions: Hortense Powdermaker On Prejudice |
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283 | |
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Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Counting And Classifying Race In The American Census |
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274 | (11) |
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Doing Fieldwork: Tamie Tsuchiyama And Fieldwork In A Japanese-American Internment Camp |
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285 | (6) |
| 12 Gender, Sex, and Sexuality: The Lives of Women and Men |
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291 | (26) |
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In What Ways Are Males and Females Different? |
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293 | (5) |
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Toward a Biocultural Perspective on Male and Female Differences |
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293 | (2) |
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Rethinking the Male-Female Dichotomy |
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295 | (2) |
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Hormones and Differences in Male and Female Behavior |
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297 | (1) |
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In What Ways Are Men and Women Unequal? |
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298 | (4) |
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Debating "The Second Sex" |
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299 | (1) |
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Taking Stock of the Debate |
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300 | (1) |
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Reproducing Gender/Sex Inequalities |
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300 | (2) |
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What Does It Mean to Be Neither Male Nor Female? |
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302 | (6) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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"Transgender" in the United States |
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305 | (3) |
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Is Human Sexuality Just a Matter of Being Straight or Queer? |
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308 | |
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Cultural Perspectives on Same-Sex Sexuality |
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308 | (4) |
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312 | |
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Classic Contributions: Margaret Mead And The Sex/gender Distinction |
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294 | (13) |
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Thinking Like An Anthropologist: The Ethics Of Research And Advocacy With Transgender People |
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307 | (3) |
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Doing Fieldwork: Don Kulick And "Coming Out" In The Field |
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310 | (7) |
| 13 Kinship, Marriage, and the Family: Love, Sex, and Power |
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317 | (24) |
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What Are Families, and How Are They Structured in Different Societies? |
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319 | (9) |
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319 | (1) |
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Nuclear and Extended Families |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (2) |
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323 | (5) |
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How Do Families Control Power and Wealth? |
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328 | (3) |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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The Dowry in India: Providing a Financial Safety Net for a Bride |
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329 | (1) |
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Controlling Family Wealth Through Inheritance |
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330 | (1) |
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Inheritance Rules in Nonindustrial Societies |
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330 | (1) |
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Why Do People Get Married? |
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331 | (4) |
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331 | (2) |
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333 | (1) |
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Sex, Love, and the Power of Families Over Young Couples |
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333 | (2) |
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How Are Technological Changes Reshaping How People Think About Family? |
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335 | |
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335 | (1) |
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Surrogate Mothers and Sperm Donors |
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336 | |
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Classic Contributions: A.L. Kroeber On Classificatory Systems Of Relationship |
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324 | (3) |
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Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Genealogical Amnesia In Bali, Indonesia, And The United States |
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327 | (5) |
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Doing Fieldwork: Ellen Lewin On Studying Lesbian And Gay Commitment Ceremonies |
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332 | (9) |
| 14 Religion: Ritual and Belief |
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341 | (30) |
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How Should We Understand Religion and Religious Beliefs? |
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343 | (7) |
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Understanding Religion version 1.0: Edward B. Tylor and Belief in Spirits |
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343 | (1) |
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Understanding Religion version 2.0: Anthony F. C. Wallace on Supernatural Beings, Powers, and Forces |
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344 | (1) |
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Understanding Religion version 3.0: Religion as a System of Symbols |
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345 | (1) |
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Understanding Religion version 4.0: Religion as a System of Social Action |
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346 | (1) |
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Understanding Suicide Bomber Attacks |
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347 | (3) |
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What Forms Does Religion Take? |
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350 | (6) |
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Clan Spirits and Clan Identities in New Guinea |
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351 | (1) |
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Totemism in North America |
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351 | (1) |
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Shamanism and Ecstatic Religious Experiences |
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352 | (1) |
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Ritual Symbols That Reinforce a Hierarchical Social Order |
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353 | (1) |
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Polytheism and Monotheism in Ancient Societies |
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354 | (1) |
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World Religions and Universal Understandings of the World |
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355 | (1) |
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How Does Atheism Fit in the Discussion? |
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356 | (1) |
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356 | (7) |
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Magical Thought in Non-Western Cultures |
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356 | (1) |
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Sympathetic Magic: The Law of Similarity and the Law of Contagion |
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357 | (3) |
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Magic in Western Societies |
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360 | (1) |
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Rites of Passage and the Ritual Process |
|
|
360 | (3) |
|
How Is Religion Linked to Political and Social Action? |
|
|
363 | |
|
The Rise of Fundamentalism |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Understanding Fundamentalism |
|
|
364 | |
|
Classic Contributions: Sir James G. Frazer On Sympathetic Magic |
|
|
358 | (3) |
|
Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Examining Rites Of Passage |
|
|
361 | (4) |
|
Doing Fieldwork: Studying The Sikh Militants |
|
|
365 | (6) |
| 15 Medical Anthropology: Health, Illness, and Culture |
|
371 | (22) |
|
What Do We Mean by Health and Illness? |
|
|
373 | (3) |
|
The Individual Subjectivity of Illness |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
The "Sick Role": The Social Expectations of Illness |
|
|
374 | (2) |
|
How and Why Do Doctors and Other Health Practitioners Gain Social Authority? |
|
|
376 | (7) |
|
The Disease-Illness Distinction: Professional and Popular Views of Sickness |
|
|
377 | (3) |
|
The Medicalization of the Non-Medical |
|
|
380 | (3) |
|
|
|
383 | (3) |
|
Clinical Therapeutic Processes |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Symbolic Therapeutic Processes |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Persuasion: The Placebo Effect |
|
|
384 | (2) |
|
What Can Anthropology Contribute to Addressing Global Health Problems? |
|
|
386 | |
|
Understanding Global Health Problems |
|
|
386 | (2) |
|
Anthropological Contributions to Tackling the International HIV/AIDS Crisis |
|
|
388 | |
|
Classic Contributions: Arthur Kleinman And The New Medical Anthropological Methodology |
|
|
379 | (2) |
|
Thinking Like An Anthropologist: The Emergence Of New Disease Categories |
|
|
381 | (8) |
|
Anthropologist As Problem Solver: Nancy Scheper-Hughes On An Engaged Anthropology Of Health |
|
|
389 | (4) |
| 16 The Arts: Objects, Images, and Commodities |
|
393 | (28) |
|
How Should We Look at Art Objects Anthropologically? |
|
|
395 | (7) |
|
The Many Dimensions of Objects |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
A Shiny New Bicycle, in Multiple Dimensions |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
An Anthropological Perspective on Aesthetics |
|
|
398 | (4) |
|
Why and How Do the Meanings of Things Change Over Time? |
|
|
402 | (7) |
|
The Social Life of Things |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Three Ways Objects Change Over Time |
|
|
403 | (6) |
|
How Do Certain Objects Come to Represent People's Goals and Aspirations? |
|
|
409 | (5) |
|
The Cultural Biography of Things |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
The Culture of Mass Consumption |
|
|
410 | (3) |
|
How Can Some People Use Objects to Manipulate Us? |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
How Do Images Shape the Worlds in Which People Live? |
|
|
414 | |
|
The Power of Visual Media |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
|
415 | (2) |
|
Films Have Social Lives, Too |
|
|
417 | |
|
Classic Contributions: Nancy Munn On Graphic Signs Among The Walbiri Of The Australian Desert |
|
|
400 | (7) |
|
Thinking Like An Anthropologist: Looking At Objects From Multiple Perspectives |
|
|
407 | (4) |
|
Doing Fieldwork: Christina Kreps Studies Indigenous Indonesian Perceptions Of Museums |
|
|
411 | (10) |
| Glossary |
|
421 | (6) |
| References |
|
427 | (12) |
| Credits |
|
439 | (5) |
| List of Boxes |
|
444 | (1) |
| Index |
|
445 | |
