Introduction |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (2) |
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Research on Learning Styles: `Toward a Paradigm Shift' |
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3 | (2) |
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Languages, Cultures, Learning Styles: An Ecological Structure |
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5 | (3) |
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8 | (3) |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (4) |
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17 | (4) |
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1 Learning Styles: A `Somewhat Inappropriately Named Area' |
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21 | (14) |
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1.1 The Origin of Learning Styles |
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21 | (2) |
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1.2 Ways/Traits/Characteristics of Learning |
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23 | (1) |
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1.3 Patterns/Modes/Approaches of Learning |
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24 | (1) |
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1.4 Components/Elements/Dimensions of Learning Styles |
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25 | (2) |
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1.5 Learning Styles/Intelligences/Abilities |
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27 | (1) |
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1.6 The Trait-or-State Debate |
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28 | (2) |
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1.7 A `Style War', a Myth and a Leading Theme |
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30 | (5) |
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31 | (4) |
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2 Cultural Dimension of Learning Styles |
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35 | (31) |
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2.1 Culture and Learning Environments |
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36 | (5) |
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2.1.1 The Concept of `Culture' |
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36 | (3) |
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2.1.2 Learning Environments and Learning Contexts |
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39 | (2) |
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2.2 Dimensions of Learning Styles |
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41 | (4) |
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2.2.1 Meta-Analyses of Learning Style Theories/Models |
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41 | (2) |
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2.2.2 Dimensions and Types of Learning Styles |
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43 | (2) |
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2.3 Learning Environments in Learning Style Models |
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45 | (10) |
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2.3.1 Selection of Learning Style Models for Analysis |
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46 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Witkin's Dependent and Independent Self Model |
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47 | (2) |
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2.3.3 Myers---Briggs Type Indicator |
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49 | (2) |
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2.3.4 Kolb's Experiential Learning Theory |
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51 | (2) |
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2.3.5 Dunn and Dunn's Learning Style Theory |
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53 | (1) |
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2.3.6 Environmental Influence on Learning Styles: A Local Perspective |
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54 | (1) |
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2.4 Cultural Dimension of Learning Styles: A Global Perspective |
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55 | (11) |
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2.4.1 Cultural Variations among Learning Style Models |
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56 | (3) |
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2.4.2 Cultural Learning Styles: A Local---Global Nexus |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (6) |
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3 Learning Styles, Cognitive Styles and Thinking Styles |
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66 | (20) |
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3.1 Learning Styles and Cognitive Learning Styles |
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66 | (4) |
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3.1.1 Learning Styles and Cognitive Styles: Overlapping Areas |
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67 | (1) |
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3.1.2 Cognitive Styles and Cognitive Learning Styles |
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68 | (2) |
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3.2 Learning/Cognitive/Thinking Styles and Processes |
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70 | (4) |
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3.2.1 Learning/Cognising/Thinking: Overlapping Processes |
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70 | (3) |
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3.2.2 Learning/Cognitive/Thinking Styles and Teaching Styles |
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73 | (1) |
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3.3 Learning Intelligences /Abilities /Aptitude and Cultural Influence |
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74 | (4) |
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3.3.1 Learning Styles/Intelligences/Abilities |
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74 | (2) |
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3.3.2 Linguistic Aptitude and Communicative Competence |
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76 | (2) |
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3.4 Cognitive Learning Styles and Sociocultural Environments |
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78 | (8) |
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3.4.1 Thinking Styles: Variation among Learners across Cultures |
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78 | (2) |
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3.4.2 Learning Styles: `Culture-bound Cognitive Schemes' |
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80 | (2) |
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82 | (4) |
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4 Learning Styles and Learning Strategies |
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86 | (23) |
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4.1 Learning Strategies: A Historical Perspective |
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86 | (5) |
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4.1.1 Defining a `Good Language Learner' |
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87 | (2) |
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4.1.2 Cognitive, Affective and Social Dimensions of Learning Strategies |
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89 | (2) |
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4.2 Learning Styles and Learning Strategies: Where Do They Meet? |
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91 | (5) |
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4.2.1 In between Conscious and Unconscious Learning |
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91 | (3) |
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4.2.2 Interface Situating in Sociocultural Learning Environments |
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94 | (2) |
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4.3 Learning Strategies and Learning Styles in Diverse Contexts |
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96 | (4) |
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4.3.1 Learning Strategies and `Culture Types' |
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97 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Weaving a `Grand Tapestry' While `Walking in Another's Shoes' |
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98 | (2) |
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4.4 Learning Styles /Strategies in Language and Culture Learning |
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100 | (9) |
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4.4.1 Language Learning and Culture Learning |
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101 | (2) |
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4.4.2 Learning Styles/Strategies and Culture: What Are the `Shoes'? |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (4) |
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5 Hofstede's Cultural Systems Theory and Cultural Learning Styles |
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109 | (24) |
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5.1 Hofstede's Cultural Systems Theory |
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110 | (4) |
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5.1.1 Hofstede's Dimensions of Cultural Differences |
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110 | (2) |
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5.1.2 Hofstede's Collectivist Versus Individualist Styles of Learning |
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112 | (2) |
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5.2 East versus West Dichotomy and Stereotyping |
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114 | (2) |
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5.2.1 Eastern versus Western Learning Traditions |
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114 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Cultural Perceptions versus Stereotyping |
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115 | (1) |
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5.3 Hofstede's Cultural Systems and Learning Styles: The Conceptual Link |
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116 | (4) |
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5.3.1 Hofstede's Cultural Systems Theory and Kolb's Experiential Learning Theory |
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111 | (8) |
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5.3.2 Hofstede's Cultural Systems Theory and Intellectual Styles: The `Most Obvious' Choice |
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119 | (1) |
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5.4 Cultural Learning Styles and Language Education |
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120 | (5) |
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5.4.1 Reid's Perceptual Learning Style Model and Language Learning |
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121 | (2) |
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5.4.2 Cultural Learning Styles and Language Learning |
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123 | (2) |
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5.5 Cultural Learning Styles: Connecting East and West |
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125 | (8) |
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5.5.1 Cultural Learning Styles: The Concept |
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125 | |
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5.5.2 Fascination with Hofstede's Cultural Systems Theory |
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121 | (7) |
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128 | (5) |
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6 Cultural Learning Styles and Asian Learning Styles |
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133 | (24) |
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6.1 Asian Learners and Chinese Learners |
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134 | (4) |
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134 | |
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131 | (7) |
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6.2 Confucian Culture and Asian Learning Styles |
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138 | (5) |
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6.2.1 Confucian Heritage Culture |
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138 | (2) |
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6.2.2 Confucian Learning Tradition and Chinese Learning Styles |
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140 | (3) |
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6.3 Asian Learning Style as a Cultural Learning Style |
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143 | |
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6.3.1 Features of Asian Learning Styles |
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143 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Asian Learning Styles Structured in Cultural Learning Styles |
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144 | |
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6.4 Asian Learners and Asian Learning Styles: Some Misconceptions |
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141 | (11) |
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6.4.1 Memorising as a Learning Strategy and a Learning Process |
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148 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Group Learning Strategies versus Group Learning Styles |
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149 | (2) |
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6.4.3 Cooperating with Others versus Cooperative Learning Styles |
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151 | (1) |
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6.5 Cultural/Asian Learning Styles: Balance and Cohesiveness |
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152 | (5) |
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153 | (4) |
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7 Cultural Learning Styles and Teachers' Teaching Styles |
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157 | (21) |
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7.1 Learning/Teaching Styles versus Learning/Teaching Approaches |
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158 | (3) |
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7.1.1 Learning Styles versus Learning Approaches |
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158 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Teaching Styles versus Teaching Approaches |
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159 | (2) |
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7.2 Cultural Learning/Teaching Styles and Teaching Approaches |
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161 | (2) |
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7.2.1 Teaching Styles: A Reflection of Learning Styles |
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161 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Alignment with Teaching Approaches |
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162 | (1) |
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7.3 When Cultural Learning Styles Click with Teachers' Teaching Styles |
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163 | (5) |
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7.3.1 Matching Cultural Learning Styles and Teaching Styles |
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163 | (3) |
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7.3.2 Switching between Cultural Learning Styles and Teaching Styles |
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166 | (2) |
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7.4 A Curriculum Empowered by Cultural Learning/Teaching Styles |
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168 | (10) |
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7.4.1 Alignment with Sociocultural Curriculum Approach |
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168 | (2) |
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7.4.2 Transforming Education Philosophy |
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170 | (2) |
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7.4.3 Bridging Eastern and Western Styles of Learning |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (4) |
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8 Cultural Learning Styles and Collaborative Learning |
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178 | (23) |
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8.1 Cultural Learning Styles: From Trait to State |
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179 | (5) |
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8.1.1 Learning Styles on the Trait-or-State Continuum |
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179 | (3) |
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8.1.2 Learnability, Adjustability and Adaptability |
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182 | (2) |
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8.2 Cultural Learning Styles: A Matter of Difference |
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184 | (5) |
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8.2.1 Heeding Individual Differences |
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185 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Individuality and Uniqueness |
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186 | (2) |
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8.2.3 Awareness and Reinforcement |
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188 | (1) |
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8.3 Cultural Learning Styles: A Matter of Style |
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189 | (3) |
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8.3.1 Learners' Personal Design with Creativity |
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189 | (2) |
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8.3.2 Programme Design with Art of Flexibility |
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191 | (1) |
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8.4 Cultured Learning Styles: A Matter of Collaboration |
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192 | (9) |
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8.4.1 Cultural Learning Styles: A Concept for Collaboration |
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192 | (2) |
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8.4.2 Cultural Learning Styles: A Concept for Harmony and Peace |
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194 | (2) |
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196 | (5) |
Afterword |
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201 | (1) |
References |
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202 | |