Foreword |
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xxxv | |
Introduction |
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xxxvii | |
Assessment Test |
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lvi | |
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Chapter 1 Overview of Wireless Standards, Organizations, and Fundamentals |
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1 | (38) |
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History of Wireless Local Area Networks |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (3) |
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Federal Communications Commission |
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5 | (1) |
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International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector |
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6 | (2) |
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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
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8 | (14) |
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Internet Engineering Task Force |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (10) |
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International Organization for Standardization |
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21 | (1) |
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Core, Distribution, and Access |
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22 | (2) |
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Communications Fundamentals |
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24 | (9) |
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Communication Terminology |
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24 | (1) |
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Understanding Carrier Signals |
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25 | (2) |
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Understanding Keying Methods |
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27 | (6) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (5) |
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Chapter 2 IEEE 802.11 Standard and Amendments |
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39 | (36) |
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Original IEEE 802.11 Standard |
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42 | (2) |
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IEEE 802.11-2020 Ratified Amendments |
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44 | (19) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (2) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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IEEE 802.11 Draft Amendments |
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63 | (3) |
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802.11ax (High Efficiency) |
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64 | (1) |
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802.11ay (Next-Generation |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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802.11az (Next-Generation Positioning) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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802.11bb (Light Communications) |
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65 | (1) |
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802.11bc (Enhanced Broadcast Service) |
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65 | (1) |
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802.11bd (Enhancements for Next-Generation V2X) |
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65 | (1) |
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802.11be (Extremely High Throughput) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (2) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (5) |
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Chapter 3 Radio Frequency Fundamentals |
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75 | (34) |
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What Is a Radio Frequency Signal? |
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77 | (1) |
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Radio Frequency Characteristics |
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78 | (9) |
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78 | (5) |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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Radio Frequency Behaviors |
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87 | (16) |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (2) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (2) |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (3) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (5) |
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Chapter 4 Radio Frequency Components, Measurements, and Mathematics |
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109 | (38) |
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Components of RF Communications |
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112 | (3) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power |
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114 | (1) |
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Units of Power and Comparison |
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115 | (8) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (3) |
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Decibels Relative to an Isotropic Radiator (dBi) |
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120 | (1) |
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Decibels Relative to a Half-Wave Dipole Antenna (dBd) |
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120 | (1) |
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Decibels Relative to 1 Milliwatt (dBm) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (7) |
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124 | (5) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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Signal-to-Interference-Plus-Noise Ratio |
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131 | (1) |
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Received Signal Strength Indicator |
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131 | (4) |
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135 | (5) |
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Fade Margin/System Operating Margin |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (2) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (4) |
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Chapter 5 Radio Frequency Signal and Antenna Concepts |
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147 | (52) |
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Azimuth and Elevation Charts (Antenna Radiation Envelopes) |
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150 | (2) |
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Interpreting Polar Charts |
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152 | (3) |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (12) |
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158 | (3) |
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Downtilt Omnidirectional Antennas |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (2) |
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Highly Directional Antennas |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (4) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output |
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177 | (2) |
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178 | (1) |
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Antenna Connection and Installation |
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179 | (8) |
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Voltage Standing Wave Ratio |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (6) |
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187 | (5) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (2) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (4) |
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Chapter 6 Wireless Networks and Spread Spectrum Technologies |
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199 | (46) |
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201 | (1) |
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Narrowband and Spread Spectrum |
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202 | (3) |
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204 | (1) |
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Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum |
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205 | (3) |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum |
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208 | (3) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing |
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211 | (7) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (2) |
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215 | (2) |
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Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access |
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217 | (1) |
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Industrial, Scientific, and Medical Bands |
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218 | (2) |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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5 GHz Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure Bands |
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220 | (3) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (3) |
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227 | (5) |
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Long-Term Evolution in 5 GHz |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (7) |
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235 | (1) |
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Automated Frequency Coordination |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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6 GHz Wi-Fi Considerations |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (5) |
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Chapter 7 Wireless LAN Topologies |
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245 | (30) |
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Wireless Networking Topologies |
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247 | (4) |
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Wireless Wide Area Network |
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248 | (1) |
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Wireless Metropolitan Area Network |
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248 | (1) |
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Wireless Personal Area Network |
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249 | (1) |
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Wireless Local Area Network |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (4) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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Wireless Distribution System |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (12) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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Basic Service Set Identifier |
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258 | (1) |
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Multiple Basic Service Set Identifiers |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (1) |
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Independent Basic Service Set |
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262 | (2) |
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Personal Basic Service Set |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (2) |
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266 | (1) |
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802.11 Configuration Modes |
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267 | (2) |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (2) |
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271 | (4) |
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Chapter 8 802.11 Medium Access |
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275 | (22) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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Distributed Coordination Function |
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278 | (8) |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (3) |
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Pseudo-Random Backoff Timer |
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283 | (2) |
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285 | (1) |
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Hybrid Coordination Function |
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286 | (2) |
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Enhanced Distributed Channel Access |
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287 | (1) |
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HCF Controlled Channel Access |
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288 | (1) |
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288 | (2) |
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290 | (2) |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (4) |
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297 | (60) |
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Packets, Frames, and Bits |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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802.11 and 802.3 Interoperability |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (12) |
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304 | (2) |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (7) |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (15) |
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318 | (7) |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (3) |
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329 | (2) |
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331 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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331 | (2) |
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333 | (8) |
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333 | (2) |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (2) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (3) |
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341 | (3) |
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QoS and Non-QoS Data Frames |
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342 | (1) |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (6) |
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345 | (2) |
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WMM-Power Save and U-APSD |
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347 | (2) |
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349 | (1) |
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802.11ax Power Management |
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349 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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350 | (2) |
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352 | (5) |
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Chapter 10 MIMO Technology: HT and VHT |
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357 | (52) |
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360 | (11) |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (3) |
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MIMO versus SISO diversity |
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366 | (1) |
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366 | (1) |
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367 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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368 | (2) |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (5) |
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373 | (3) |
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376 | (6) |
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376 | (1) |
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377 | (2) |
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379 | (1) |
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80 MHz and 160 MHz Channels |
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380 | (2) |
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382 | (2) |
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384 | (4) |
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388 | (2) |
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388 | (1) |
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388 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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390 | (9) |
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390 | (1) |
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391 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
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392 | (2) |
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Modulation and Coding Scheme |
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394 | (3) |
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397 | (2) |
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HT/VHT Protection Mechanisms |
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399 | (1) |
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HT Protection Modes (0-3) |
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399 | (1) |
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Wi-Fi Alliance Certification |
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400 | (3) |
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403 | (1) |
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403 | (2) |
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405 | (4) |
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Chapter 11 WLAN Architecture |
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409 | (54) |
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411 | (10) |
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802.11 Radio Form Factors |
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412 | (6) |
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418 | (1) |
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418 | (3) |
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Management, Control, and Data Planes |
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421 | (2) |
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422 | (1) |
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422 | (1) |
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423 | (1) |
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423 | (14) |
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Autonomous WLAN Architecture |
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423 | (2) |
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Centralized Network Management Systems |
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425 | (2) |
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Centralized WLAN Architecture |
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427 | (7) |
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Distributed WLAN Architecture |
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434 | (2) |
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436 | (1) |
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Specialty WLAN Infrastructure |
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437 | (8) |
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Enterprise WLAN Branch Routers |
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437 | (1) |
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438 | (1) |
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439 | (2) |
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Real-Time Location Systems |
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441 | (2) |
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443 | (2) |
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445 | (3) |
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Application Programming Interface |
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448 | (3) |
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Transport and Data Formats |
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449 | (1) |
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450 | (1) |
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450 | (1) |
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Infrastructure Management |
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451 | (5) |
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452 | (4) |
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456 | (1) |
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457 | (1) |
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458 | (5) |
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Chapter 12 Power over Ethernet (PoE) |
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463 | (34) |
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464 | (3) |
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465 | (1) |
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465 | (1) |
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IEEE Std 802.3-2005, Clause 33 |
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465 | (1) |
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465 | (1) |
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IEEE Std 802.3-2018, Clause 33 |
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466 | (1) |
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466 | (1) |
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467 | (17) |
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467 | (2) |
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469 | (1) |
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470 | (6) |
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476 | (8) |
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Planning and Deploying PoE |
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484 | (6) |
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484 | (3) |
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487 | (1) |
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Downgrade PoE Capabilities |
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488 | (1) |
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802.3bt Power Considerations |
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488 | (2) |
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490 | (1) |
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491 | (1) |
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492 | (5) |
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Chapter 13 WLAN Design Concepts |
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497 | (72) |
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499 | (6) |
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500 | (1) |
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501 | (2) |
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503 | (1) |
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504 | (1) |
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505 | (7) |
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Primary and Secondary Coverage |
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508 | (1) |
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509 | (1) |
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510 | (2) |
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512 | (22) |
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Adjacent Channel Interference |
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512 | (1) |
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513 | (3) |
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516 | (3) |
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519 | (2) |
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521 | (6) |
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527 | (2) |
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Static Channels and Transmit Power vs. Adaptive RF |
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529 | (2) |
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Single-Channel Architecture |
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531 | (3) |
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534 | (12) |
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535 | (4) |
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539 | (3) |
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542 | (1) |
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543 | (3) |
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546 | (2) |
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Dual 5 GHz and Software-Defined Radios |
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548 | (3) |
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551 | (6) |
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552 | (1) |
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553 | (1) |
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553 | (1) |
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554 | (2) |
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556 | (1) |
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557 | (1) |
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558 | (4) |
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562 | (1) |
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563 | (1) |
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564 | (1) |
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565 | (4) |
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Chapter 14 Site Survey and Validation |
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|
569 | (52) |
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WLAN Site Survey and Design Interview |
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572 | (10) |
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572 | (1) |
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573 | (1) |
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Capacity and Coverage Requirements |
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574 | (2) |
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Existing Wireless Network |
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576 | (1) |
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Upgrading an Existing WLAN |
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577 | (1) |
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Infrastructure Connectivity |
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578 | (2) |
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580 | (1) |
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581 | (1) |
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581 | (1) |
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582 | (1) |
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Vertical Market Considerations |
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|
582 | (3) |
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583 | (1) |
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583 | (1) |
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583 | (1) |
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584 | (1) |
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Warehouses and Manufacturing |
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584 | (1) |
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585 | (1) |
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Legacy AP-on-a-Stick Survey |
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585 | (10) |
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586 | (4) |
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590 | (5) |
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595 | (4) |
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595 | (2) |
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597 | (2) |
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599 | (5) |
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601 | (1) |
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602 | (1) |
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603 | (1) |
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603 | (1) |
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603 | (1) |
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604 | (5) |
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604 | (3) |
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Outdoor Site Survey Tools |
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607 | (2) |
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609 | (5) |
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Forms and Customer Documentation |
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610 | (2) |
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612 | (1) |
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613 | (1) |
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614 | (1) |
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615 | (1) |
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|
616 | (5) |
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Chapter 15 WLAN Troubleshooting |
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|
621 | (66) |
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Five Tenets of WLAN Troubleshooting |
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|
623 | (6) |
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Troubleshooting Best Practices |
|
|
623 | (2) |
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Troubleshoot the OSI Model |
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|
625 | (2) |
|
Most Wi-Fi Problems Are Client Issues |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
Proper WLAN Design Reduces Problems |
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|
628 | (1) |
|
WLAN Always Gets the Blame |
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|
629 | (1) |
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629 | (7) |
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|
629 | (1) |
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630 | (1) |
|
|
630 | (4) |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
636 | (12) |
|
|
636 | (3) |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
Adjacent Channel Interference |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
|
641 | (5) |
|
|
646 | (2) |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
|
648 | (13) |
|
|
649 | (2) |
|
802.1X/EAP Troubleshooting |
|
|
651 | (8) |
|
|
659 | (2) |
|
|
661 | (4) |
|
|
665 | (2) |
|
Layers 3-7 Troubleshooting |
|
|
667 | (4) |
|
WLAN Troubleshooting Tools |
|
|
671 | (8) |
|
WLAN Discovery Applications |
|
|
671 | (1) |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
|
673 | (2) |
|
|
675 | (2) |
|
Standard IP Network Test Commands |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
|
680 | (7) |
|
Chapter 16 Wireless Attacks, Intrusion Monitoring, and Policy |
|
|
687 | (36) |
|
|
688 | (18) |
|
|
689 | (3) |
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
|
693 | (4) |
|
|
697 | (1) |
|
|
698 | (1) |
|
|
698 | (1) |
|
|
699 | (2) |
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
Management Interface Exploits |
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
Denial-of-Service Attacks |
|
|
703 | (2) |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
|
706 | (6) |
|
Wireless Intrusion Prevention System |
|
|
706 | (3) |
|
Rogue Detection and Mitigation |
|
|
709 | (3) |
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
Wireless Security Policies |
|
|
712 | (4) |
|
General Security Policies |
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
Functional Security Policies |
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
802.11 Wireless Policy Recommendations |
|
|
715 | (1) |
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
|
718 | (5) |
|
Chapter 17 802.11 Network Security Architecture |
|
|
723 | (54) |
|
|
725 | (4) |
|
Data Privacy and Integrity |
|
|
726 | (2) |
|
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
|
729 | (7) |
|
|
730 | (1) |
|
|
731 | (4) |
|
|
735 | (1) |
|
|
735 | (1) |
|
|
736 | (21) |
|
|
737 | (1) |
|
Authentication and Authorization |
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
|
738 | (3) |
|
Proprietary PSK Authentication |
|
|
741 | (2) |
|
Simultaneous Authentication of Equals |
|
|
743 | (3) |
|
|
746 | (3) |
|
|
749 | (2) |
|
Dynamic Encryption-Key Generation |
|
|
751 | (1) |
|
|
752 | (2) |
|
|
754 | (1) |
|
|
755 | (1) |
|
|
756 | (1) |
|
|
756 | (1) |
|
Management Frame Protection |
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
|
758 | (3) |
|
|
758 | (1) |
|
|
759 | (2) |
|
|
761 | (1) |
|
|
762 | (1) |
|
|
763 | (3) |
|
|
763 | (2) |
|
|
765 | (1) |
|
|
766 | (4) |
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
|
768 | (1) |
|
|
768 | (1) |
|
|
768 | (2) |
|
|
770 | (1) |
|
|
770 | (2) |
|
|
772 | (5) |
|
Chapter 18 Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) and Guest Access |
|
|
777 | (54) |
|
|
780 | (1) |
|
Company-Issued Devices vs. Personal Devices |
|
|
781 | (14) |
|
|
782 | (2) |
|
|
784 | (4) |
|
|
788 | (2) |
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
|
791 | (2) |
|
|
793 | (2) |
|
Self-Service Device Onboarding for Employees |
|
|
795 | (3) |
|
|
796 | (1) |
|
|
796 | (1) |
|
MDM vs. Self-Service Onboarding |
|
|
797 | (1) |
|
|
798 | (13) |
|
|
798 | (1) |
|
|
799 | (1) |
|
|
800 | (1) |
|
|
801 | (3) |
|
Client Isolation, Rate Limiting, and Web Content Filtering |
|
|
804 | (1) |
|
|
805 | (1) |
|
|
806 | (2) |
|
|
808 | (1) |
|
|
809 | (1) |
|
|
810 | (1) |
|
Hotspot 2.0 and Passpoint |
|
|
811 | (5) |
|
Access Network Query Protocol |
|
|
811 | (2) |
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
802.1X/EAP and Hotspot 2.0 |
|
|
814 | (1) |
|
|
815 | (1) |
|
|
816 | (1) |
|
|
816 | (8) |
|
|
817 | (1) |
|
|
818 | (2) |
|
|
820 | (1) |
|
RADIUS Change of Authorization |
|
|
821 | (1) |
|
|
822 | (2) |
|
|
824 | (1) |
|
|
825 | (1) |
|
|
826 | (5) |
|
Chapter 19 802.11 ax: High Efficiency (HE) |
|
|
831 | (48) |
|
|
833 | (1) |
|
|
834 | (2) |
|
|
836 | (1) |
|
|
837 | (1) |
|
|
838 | (13) |
|
|
839 | (1) |
|
|
840 | (4) |
|
|
844 | (3) |
|
|
847 | (1) |
|
|
848 | (1) |
|
|
849 | (1) |
|
Operating Mode Indication |
|
|
850 | (1) |
|
|
851 | (4) |
|
BSS Color and Spatial Reuse |
|
|
855 | (6) |
|
|
855 | (2) |
|
|
857 | (1) |
|
|
858 | (3) |
|
|
861 | (1) |
|
Additional 802.11 ax PHY and MAC Capabilities |
|
|
862 | (5) |
|
|
862 | (1) |
|
Long Symbol Time and Guard Intervals |
|
|
863 | (1) |
|
|
864 | (1) |
|
|
865 | (2) |
|
|
867 | (1) |
|
|
867 | (6) |
|
|
867 | (1) |
|
|
868 | (2) |
|
|
870 | (1) |
|
|
871 | (1) |
|
80 MHz and 160 MHz Channels |
|
|
872 | (1) |
|
|
873 | (1) |
|
|
874 | (1) |
|
|
875 | (4) |
|
Chapter 20 WLAN Deployment and Vertical Markets |
|
|
879 | (30) |
|
Deployment Considerations for Commonly Supported WLAN Applications and Devices |
|
|
881 | (4) |
|
|
881 | (1) |
|
|
882 | (1) |
|
|
882 | (1) |
|
Real-Time Location Services |
|
|
883 | (1) |
|
|
883 | (2) |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
Corporate Data Access and End-User Mobility |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
Network Extension to Remote Areas |
|
|
886 | (1) |
|
Bridging: Building-to-Building Connectivity |
|
|
887 | (1) |
|
Wireless ISP: Last-Mile Data Delivery |
|
|
888 | (1) |
|
|
888 | (1) |
|
Temporary Office Networking |
|
|
889 | (1) |
|
|
890 | (1) |
|
|
890 | (1) |
|
Educational/Classroom Use |
|
|
891 | (1) |
|
Industrial: Warehousing and Manufacturing |
|
|
892 | (1) |
|
|
892 | (2) |
|
|
894 | (1) |
|
|
895 | (1) |
|
Hotspots: Public Network Access |
|
|
895 | (2) |
|
|
897 | (1) |
|
|
897 | (1) |
|
|
898 | (1) |
|
|
899 | (1) |
|
Managed Service Providers |
|
|
900 | (1) |
|
|
900 | (1) |
|
|
901 | (1) |
|
|
901 | (1) |
|
|
902 | (2) |
|
|
904 | (1) |
|
|
904 | (1) |
|
|
905 | (4) |
|
Appendix A Answers to Review Questions |
|
|
909 | (52) |
|
Chapter 1 Overview of Wireless Standards, Organizations, and Fundamentals |
|
|
910 | (1) |
|
Chapter 2 IEEE 802.11 Standard and Amendments |
|
|
911 | (3) |
|
Chapter 3 Radio Frequency Fundamentals |
|
|
914 | (1) |
|
Chapter 4 Radio Frequency Components, Measurements, and Mathematics |
|
|
915 | (3) |
|
Chapter 5 Radio Frequency Signal and Antenna Concepts |
|
|
918 | (1) |
|
Chapter 6 Wireless Networks and Spread Spectrum Technologies |
|
|
919 | (3) |
|
Chapter 7 Wireless LAN Topologies |
|
|
922 | (2) |
|
Chapter 8 802.11 Medium Access |
|
|
924 | (2) |
|
|
926 | (3) |
|
Chapter 10 MIMO Technology: HT and VHT |
|
|
929 | (3) |
|
Chapter 11 WLAN Architecture |
|
|
932 | (2) |
|
Chapter 12 Power over Ethernet (PoE) |
|
|
934 | (3) |
|
Chapter 13 WLAN Design Concepts |
|
|
937 | (3) |
|
Chapter 14 Site Survey and Validation |
|
|
940 | (3) |
|
Chapter 15 WLAN Troubleshooting |
|
|
943 | (3) |
|
Chapter 16 Wireless Attacks, Intrusion Monitoring, and Policy |
|
|
946 | (2) |
|
Chapter 17 802.11 Network Security Architecture |
|
|
948 | (3) |
|
Chapter 18 Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) and Guest Access |
|
|
951 | (3) |
|
Chapter 19 802.1 lax: High Efficiency (HE) |
|
|
954 | (3) |
|
Chapter 20 WLAN Deployment and Vertical Markets |
|
|
957 | (4) |
|
Appendix B Abbreviations and Acronyms |
|
|
961 | (20) |
|
|
962 | (1) |
|
Organizations and Regulations |
|
|
962 | (1) |
|
|
963 | (1) |
|
|
964 | (17) |
Index |
|
981 | |