Preface |
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xi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xv | |
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Data Acquisition and Recording |
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1 | (158) |
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1 | (1) |
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Basic sampling requirements |
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2 | (6) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (1) |
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Burst sampling versus continuous sampling |
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6 | (1) |
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Regularly versus irregularly sampled data |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (25) |
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9 | (3) |
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The mechanical bathythermograph (MBT) |
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12 | (2) |
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Resistance thermometers (expendable bathythermograph: XBT) |
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14 | (4) |
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Salinity/conductivity-temperature-depth profilers |
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18 | (1) |
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Dynamic response of temperature sensors |
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19 | (3) |
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Response times of CTD systems |
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22 | (1) |
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Temperature calibration of STD/CTD profilers |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (6) |
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The modern digital thermometer |
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30 | (2) |
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Potential temperature and density |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (9) |
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Salinity and electrical conductivity |
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34 | (5) |
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The practical salinity scale |
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39 | (3) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (13) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (5) |
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48 | (6) |
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Other depth sounding methods |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (13) |
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58 | (4) |
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62 | (1) |
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Inverted echo sounder (IES) |
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63 | (4) |
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Wave height and direction |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (34) |
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Early current meter technology |
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70 | (1) |
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Rotor-type current meters |
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70 | (8) |
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Nonmechanical current meters |
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78 | (5) |
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Profiling acoustic Doppler current meters (ADCM) |
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83 | (11) |
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Comparisons of current meters |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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Other methods of current measurement |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (3) |
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Lagrangian current measurements |
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102 | (17) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (3) |
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Processing satellite-tracked drifter data |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (6) |
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Other types of surface drifters |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (3) |
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Surface displacements in satellite imagery |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (6) |
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125 | (2) |
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127 | (18) |
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128 | (10) |
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Light attenuation and scattering |
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138 | (4) |
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142 | (1) |
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Helium-3; helium/heat ratio |
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143 | (2) |
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Transient chemical tracers |
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145 | (14) |
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146 | (3) |
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149 | (4) |
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153 | (2) |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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Data Processing and Presentation |
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159 | (34) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (31) |
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162 | (5) |
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167 | (3) |
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170 | (2) |
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172 | (5) |
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177 | (4) |
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Characteristic or property versus property diagrams |
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181 | (4) |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (1) |
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New directions in graphical presentation |
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187 | (6) |
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Stastical Methods and Error Handling |
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193 | (112) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (3) |
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197 | (4) |
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Cumulative probability functions |
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200 | (1) |
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Moments and expected values |
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201 | (6) |
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Unbiased estimators and moments |
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203 | (1) |
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Moment generating functions |
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204 | (3) |
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Common probability density functions |
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207 | (4) |
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211 | (3) |
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214 | (2) |
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216 | (8) |
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Confidence interval for μ (σ known) |
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217 | (1) |
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Confidence interval for μ (σ unknown) |
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218 | (1) |
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Confidence interval for σ2 |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (4) |
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Selecting the sample size |
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224 | (1) |
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Confidence intervals for altimeter bias estimates |
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225 | (2) |
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227 | (6) |
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Minimum variance unbiased estimation |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (3) |
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Linear estimation (regression) |
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233 | (10) |
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234 | (4) |
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Standard error of the estimate |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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A computational example of matrix regression |
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240 | (2) |
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Polynomial curve fitting with least squares |
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242 | (1) |
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Relationship between least-squares and maximum likelihood |
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242 | (1) |
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Relationship between regression and correlation |
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243 | (6) |
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The effects of random errors on correlation |
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244 | (1) |
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The maximum likelihood correlation estimator |
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245 | (1) |
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Correlation and regression: cause and effect |
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246 | (3) |
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249 | (8) |
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Significance levels and confidence intervals for correlation |
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253 | (1) |
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Analysis of variance and the F-distribution |
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254 | (3) |
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Effective degrees of freedom |
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257 | (9) |
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Trend estimates and the integral time scale |
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261 | (5) |
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Editing and despiking techniques: the nature of errors |
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266 | (11) |
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Identifying and removing errors |
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266 | (7) |
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273 | (1) |
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Dealing with numbers: the statistics of roundoff |
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274 | (3) |
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277 | (1) |
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Interpolation: filling the data gaps |
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277 | (13) |
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Equally and unequally spaced data |
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277 | (2) |
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279 | (7) |
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Interpolating gappy records: practical examples |
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286 | (4) |
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Covariance and the covariance matrix |
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290 | (4) |
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Convariance and structure functions |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (2) |
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Multivariate distributions |
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293 | (1) |
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Bootstrap and jackknife methods |
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294 | (11) |
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295 | (6) |
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301 | (4) |
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The Spatial Analyses of Data Fields |
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305 | (66) |
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Traditional block and bulk averaging |
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305 | (4) |
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309 | (10) |
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Objective mapping: examples |
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314 | (5) |
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Empirical orthogonal functions |
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319 | (25) |
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Principal axes of a single vector time series (scatter plot) |
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325 | (3) |
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EOF computation using the scatter matrix method |
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328 | (4) |
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EOF computation using singular value decomposition |
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332 | (2) |
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An example: deep currents near a mid-ocean ridge |
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334 | (2) |
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336 | (4) |
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Variations on conventional EOF analysis |
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340 | (4) |
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344 | (12) |
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344 | (3) |
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An example: normal modes of semidiurnal frequency |
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347 | (3) |
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Coastal-trapped waves (CTWs) |
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350 | (6) |
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356 | (15) |
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356 | (5) |
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Inverse theory and absolute currents |
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361 | (5) |
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The IWEX internal wave problem |
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366 | (4) |
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Summary of inverse methods |
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370 | (1) |
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Time-series Analysis Methods |
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371 | (198) |
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371 | (2) |
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Stochastic processes and stationarity |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (6) |
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380 | (12) |
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381 | (3) |
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384 | (3) |
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387 | (1) |
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Fourier analysis for specified frequencies |
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388 | (2) |
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The fast Fourier transform |
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390 | (2) |
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392 | (12) |
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392 | (3) |
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395 | (2) |
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Harmonic analysis of tides |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (1) |
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A computational example for tides |
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399 | (3) |
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402 | (2) |
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404 | (60) |
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Spectra of deterministic and stochastic processes |
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409 | (4) |
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Spectra of discrete series |
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413 | (4) |
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Conventional spectral methods |
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417 | (8) |
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425 | (7) |
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Effect of sampling on spectral estimates |
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432 | (9) |
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Smoothing spectral estimates (windowing) |
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441 | (9) |
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Smoothing spectra in the frequency domain |
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450 | (4) |
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Confidence intervals on spectra |
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454 | (1) |
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Zero-padding and prewhitening |
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455 | (5) |
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Spectral analysis of unevenly spaced time series |
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460 | (1) |
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General spectral bandwidth and Q of the system |
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461 | (1) |
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Summary of the standard spectral analysis approach |
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461 | (3) |
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Spectral analysis (parametric methods) |
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464 | (16) |
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467 | (1) |
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Autoregressive power spectral estimation |
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468 | (10) |
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Maximum likelihood spectral estimation |
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478 | (2) |
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480 | (21) |
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Cross-correlation functions |
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480 | (2) |
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482 | (1) |
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482 | (2) |
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Phase and cross-amplitude functions |
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484 | (1) |
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Coincident and quadrature spectra |
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485 | (1) |
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Coherence spectrum (coherency) |
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486 | (4) |
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Frequency response of a linear system |
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490 | (5) |
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Rotary cross-spectral analysis |
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495 | (6) |
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501 | (15) |
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502 | (2) |
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504 | (1) |
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505 | (3) |
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508 | (3) |
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The multiple filter technique |
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511 | (5) |
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516 | (41) |
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518 | |
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517 | (2) |
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519 | (8) |
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Design of oceanographic filters |
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527 | (5) |
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532 | (3) |
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535 | (1) |
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Lanczos-window cosine filters |
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536 | (7) |
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543 | (8) |
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Frequency-domain (transform) filtering |
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551 | (6) |
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557 | (12) |
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The scaling exponent method |
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561 | (1) |
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562 | (1) |
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563 | (1) |
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564 | (1) |
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Dimensions of multifractal functions |
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564 | (3) |
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567 | (2) |
Appendices |
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569 | (28) |
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Appendix A Units in physical oceanography |
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570 | (2) |
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Appendix B Glossary of statistical terminology |
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572 | (4) |
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Appendix C Means, variances and moment-generating functions for some common continuous variables |
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576 | (1) |
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Appendix D Statistical tables |
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577 | (8) |
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Appendix E Correlation coefficents at the 5% and 1% levels of significance for various degrees of freedom v |
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585 | (1) |
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Appendix F Approximations and nondimensional numbers in physical oceanography |
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586 | (7) |
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593 | (4) |
References |
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597 | (24) |
Index |
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621 | |