|
|
1 | (4) |
|
2 Suggested Angiosperm Ancestors |
|
|
5 | (12) |
|
|
5 | (2) |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
|
10 | (2) |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
2.10 Dirhopalostachyaceae |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
3 Angiosperms: Characters and Criteria |
|
|
17 | (12) |
|
3.1 Angiospermous Characters |
|
|
17 | (7) |
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
3.1.2 Vessel Elements in the Xylem |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
3.1.3 Closed Carpel, or Enclosed Ovule/Seed |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
3.1.5 Double Fertilization |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
3.1.6 Tetrasporangiate Anther |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
3.1.8 Tectate-Columellate Pollen Grains |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
3.1.9 Developmental Pattern |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
3.2 Criterion for Criteria |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
3.3 Criterion for Fossil Angiosperms |
|
|
24 | (5) |
|
4 Background for the Plant Fossils |
|
|
29 | (8) |
|
|
29 | (5) |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
4.2.1 The Jiulongshan Fauna |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
|
35 | (2) |
|
4.3.1 The Jiulongshan Flora |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
5 Flowers from the Early Cretaceous |
|
|
37 | (54) |
|
|
37 | (27) |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
5.1.2 Misunderstanding and Clarification |
|
|
38 | (4) |
|
|
42 | (10) |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
|
53 | (2) |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
|
56 | (7) |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
|
64 | (6) |
|
5.2.1 Archaefructus, a Great Discovery |
|
|
64 | (3) |
|
5.2.2 Controversies over Archaefructus |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
5.2.3 Diagnosis After Emendation |
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
5.2.4 Ecology of Archaefructus |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
5.2.5 The Discovery of Archaefructus |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
|
71 | (20) |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
5.4.2 Misunderstanding and Clarification |
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
|
72 | (5) |
|
|
77 | (1) |
|
|
78 | (3) |
|
|
81 | (3) |
|
5.4.7 Pollination and Dispersal |
|
|
84 | (2) |
|
|
86 | (5) |
|
6 Flower-Related Fossils from the Jurassic |
|
|
91 | (64) |
|
|
91 | (31) |
|
|
91 | (3) |
|
6.1.2 Misunderstandings and Clarifications |
|
|
94 | (2) |
|
|
96 | (10) |
|
|
106 | (3) |
|
|
109 | (6) |
|
|
115 | (3) |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
|
119 | (2) |
|
6.1.10 Ecology and Environment |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
6.1.11 Comparison with Other Relatives |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
|
122 | (15) |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
6.2.2 Features of the Plant |
|
|
122 | (9) |
|
|
131 | (3) |
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
6.2.5 Evolutionary Implications |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
|
137 | (16) |
|
6.3.1 Possibly Related Previous Studies |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
6.3.2 New Information and Implications |
|
|
138 | (7) |
|
6.3.3 Diagnosis and Description |
|
|
145 | (6) |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
6.3.5 Implications for the Origin of Angiosperms |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
|
153 | (2) |
|
7 Trace of Possible Angiosperms in the Jurassic |
|
|
155 | (8) |
|
|
155 | (4) |
|
|
155 | (4) |
|
|
159 | (4) |
|
|
160 | (3) |
|
|
163 | (26) |
|
8.1 Definition of a Carpel |
|
|
163 | (10) |
|
8.1.1 Difficulties for Applying the Classic Definition |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
8.1.2 Converging on a New Definition |
|
|
164 | (5) |
|
8.1.3 Derivation of the Carpel |
|
|
169 | (4) |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
|
174 | (4) |
|
8.3.1 Isolation of Placenta from Carpel |
|
|
174 | (2) |
|
|
176 | (2) |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
8.6 Angiosperm Prototype and Its Relationship to Other Seed Plants |
|
|
180 | (2) |
|
8.7 Merits of the Unifying Theory |
|
|
182 | (2) |
|
8.7.1 Simplicity and Directness |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
8.7.2 Evidence from Various Fields |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
8.7.3 Difficulties Negotiated |
|
|
182 | (2) |
|
8.7.4 Wide Applicable Range |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
8.7.5 Controversies Settled |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
8.8 General Regularities in Seed Plant Evolution |
|
|
184 | (2) |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
8.8.2 Overgrowth and Reduction |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
8.8.3 Sterilization and Neofunctionalization |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
8.8.5 Diverted Development |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
8.9.1 From Unisexual to Bisexual |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
8.9.2 Boundary Between Cordaitales-Like Plants and Angiospermae |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
8.9.3 Prediction and Test |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
8.10 Implications for Seed Plant Phylogeny |
|
|
187 | (2) |
|
|
189 | (6) |
|
9.1 Origins and Ancestors of Angiosperms |
|
|
189 | (3) |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
9.1.2 Location and Habitat of Early Angiosperms |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
9.2 Monophyly or Polyphyly |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
9.5 The Idiosyncrasy of Angiospermae or a Grade of Evolution? |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
|
195 | (18) |
|
10.1 List of Morphological Characters Used for Cladistic Analysis |
|
|
195 | (4) |
|
10.2 Morphological Matrix |
|
|
199 | (5) |
|
10.3 List of Fauna Elements |
|
|
204 | (4) |
|
10.3.1 The Jiulongshan Fauna |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
|
205 | (3) |
|
10.4 List of Flora Elements |
|
|
208 | (2) |
|
10.4.1 The Jiulongshan Flora |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
10.5 Morphological Matrix for Seed Plant Cladistics |
|
|
210 | (3) |
References |
|
213 | (22) |
Index |
|
235 | |