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Dawn Angiosperms: Uncovering the Origin of Flowering Plants 2010 ed. [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 238 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, kaal: 606 g, XXII, 238 p., 1 Hardback
  • Sari: Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 121
  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-Sep-2010
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • ISBN-10: 3642011608
  • ISBN-13: 9783642011603
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  • Formaat: Hardback, 238 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, kaal: 606 g, XXII, 238 p., 1 Hardback
  • Sari: Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 121
  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-Sep-2010
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • ISBN-10: 3642011608
  • ISBN-13: 9783642011603
Teised raamatud teemal:
Angiosperms are the most diversi ed plant group in the world, being represented by ca 300,000 species in about 400 families. Like all of Life, including ourselves, they have had their own history and gone through many evolutionary stages before they arrived at their current forms. The origin of Angiospermae ( owering plants) has been the subject of much dispute because this is a key event in the history of life, and has a far-reaching in uence on our understanding of relationships among seed plants as a whole as well as within the angiosperms. Until recently most of palae- otanists recognized angiosperms only from the Cretaceous and younger strata. This contradicts the results of molecular analyses. I have been working on Mesozoic fossil plants for the past two decades, during which time I have studied a number of fossil plants. Some of these fossil plants have been published as Jurassic angiosperms, and, unsurprisingly, many questions and doubts have been raised about them. These questions need to be addressed se- ously and journal papers do not provide suf cient space to compare and relate these early angiosperms. In this book these pioneer angiosperms are documented in detail, sometimes with new specimens not studied before. Also, I propose a de nition of angiosperms that could be adopted in palaeobotany. My aim is to improve clarity and objectivity of judgment about what constitutes a fossil angiosperm.
1 Introduction
1(4)
2 Suggested Angiosperm Ancestors
5(12)
2.1 Gnetales
5(2)
2.2 Gigantopteriales
7(1)
2.3 Glossopteridales
8(1)
2.4 Sanmiguelia
9(1)
2.5 Leptostrobus
9(1)
2.6 Caytonia
10(2)
2.7 Bennettitales
12(1)
2.8 Umkomasia
13(1)
2.9 Problematospermum
13(1)
2.10 Dirhopalostachyaceae
14(1)
2.11 Ktalenia
15(1)
2.12 Pentoxylales
15(1)
2.13 Summary
16(1)
3 Angiosperms: Characters and Criteria
17(12)
3.1 Angiospermous Characters
17(7)
3.1.1 Leaf Venation
18(1)
3.1.2 Vessel Elements in the Xylem
19(1)
3.1.3 Closed Carpel, or Enclosed Ovule/Seed
19(1)
3.1.4 Bitegmic Ovule
20(1)
3.1.5 Double Fertilization
20(1)
3.1.6 Tetrasporangiate Anther
21(1)
3.1.7 Pollen Tube
21(1)
3.1.8 Tectate-Columellate Pollen Grains
22(1)
3.1.9 Developmental Pattern
23(1)
3.1.10 Chemical Species
23(1)
3.2 Criterion for Criteria
24(1)
3.3 Criterion for Fossil Angiosperms
24(5)
4 Background for the Plant Fossils
29(8)
4.1 Stratigraphy
29(5)
4.2 Faunas
34(1)
4.2.1 The Jiulongshan Fauna
34(1)
4.2.2 The Yixian Fauna
35(1)
4.3 Floras
35(2)
4.3.1 The Jiulongshan Flora
35(1)
4.3.2 The Yixian Flora
36(1)
5 Flowers from the Early Cretaceous
37(54)
5.1 Chaoyangia
37(27)
5.1.1 Previous Studies
37(1)
5.1.2 Misunderstanding and Clarification
38(4)
5.1.3 New Information
42(10)
5.1.4 Emended Diagnosis
52(1)
5.1.5 Description
53(2)
5.1.6 Development
55(1)
5.1.7 Pollination
56(1)
5.1.8 Affinity
56(7)
5.1.9 Problem Unsolved
63(1)
5.2 Archaefructus
64(6)
5.2.1 Archaefructus, a Great Discovery
64(3)
5.2.2 Controversies over Archaefructus
67(1)
5.2.3 Diagnosis After Emendation
68(1)
5.2.4 Ecology of Archaefructus
69(1)
5.2.5 The Discovery of Archaefructus
69(1)
5.3 Sinocarpus
70(1)
5.4 Callianthus
71(20)
5.4.1 Previous Studies
71(1)
5.4.2 Misunderstanding and Clarification
72(1)
5.4.3 New Information
72(5)
5.4.4 Diagnosis
77(1)
5.4.5 Description
78(3)
5.4.6 Development
81(3)
5.4.7 Pollination and Dispersal
84(2)
5.4.8 Affinity
86(5)
6 Flower-Related Fossils from the Jurassic
91(64)
6.1 Schmeissneria
91(31)
6.1.1 Previous Studies
91(3)
6.1.2 Misunderstandings and Clarifications
94(2)
6.1.3 New Information
96(10)
6.1.4 Emended Diagnosis
106(3)
6.1.5 Description
109(6)
6.1.6 Development
115(3)
6.1.7 Pollination
118(1)
6.1.8 Fruit Dispersal
119(1)
6.1.9 Affinity
119(2)
6.1.10 Ecology and Environment
121(1)
6.1.11 Comparison with Other Relatives
121(1)
6.1.12 Summary
122(1)
6.2 Xingxueanthus
122(15)
6.2.1 Background
122(1)
6.2.2 Features of the Plant
122(9)
6.2.3 Description
131(3)
6.2.4 Affinity
134(1)
6.2.5 Evolutionary Implications
135(1)
6.2.6 Problem Unsolved
136(1)
6.2.7 Summary
137(1)
6.3 Solaranthus
137(16)
6.3.1 Possibly Related Previous Studies
137(1)
6.3.2 New Information and Implications
138(7)
6.3.3 Diagnosis and Description
145(6)
6.3.4 Affinity
151(1)
6.3.5 Implications for the Origin of Angiosperms
152(1)
6.4 General Summary
153(2)
7 Trace of Possible Angiosperms in the Jurassic
155(8)
7.1 Taxon A
155(4)
7.1.1 Diagnosis
155(4)
7.2 Taxon B
159(4)
7.2.1 Diagnosis
160(3)
8 Making of the Flower
163(26)
8.1 Definition of a Carpel
163(10)
8.1.1 Difficulties for Applying the Classic Definition
163(1)
8.1.2 Converging on a New Definition
164(5)
8.1.3 Derivation of the Carpel
169(4)
8.2 Ovule
173(1)
8.3 Placenta
174(4)
8.3.1 Isolation of Placenta from Carpel
174(2)
8.3.2 Origin of Placenta
176(2)
8.4 Enclosing Ovules
178(1)
8.5 Flower
179(1)
8.6 Angiosperm Prototype and Its Relationship to Other Seed Plants
180(2)
8.7 Merits of the Unifying Theory
182(2)
8.7.1 Simplicity and Directness
182(1)
8.7.2 Evidence from Various Fields
182(1)
8.7.3 Difficulties Negotiated
182(2)
8.7.4 Wide Applicable Range
184(1)
8.7.5 Controversies Settled
184(1)
8.8 General Regularities in Seed Plant Evolution
184(2)
8.8.1 Enclosure
184(1)
8.8.2 Overgrowth and Reduction
185(1)
8.8.3 Sterilization and Neofunctionalization
185(1)
8.8.4 Fusion
185(1)
8.8.5 Diverted Development
185(1)
8.9 Problems Unsolved
186(1)
8.9.1 From Unisexual to Bisexual
186(1)
8.9.2 Boundary Between Cordaitales-Like Plants and Angiospermae
186(1)
8.9.3 Prediction and Test
186(1)
8.10 Implications for Seed Plant Phylogeny
187(2)
9 General Conclusions
189(6)
9.1 Origins and Ancestors of Angiosperms
189(3)
9.1.1 Time of Origin
189(1)
9.1.2 Location and Habitat of Early Angiosperms
190(1)
9.1.3 Ancestors
191(1)
9.2 Monophyly or Polyphyly
192(1)
9.3 Animals and Plants
192(1)
9.4 Road to Success
193(1)
9.5 The Idiosyncrasy of Angiospermae or a Grade of Evolution?
193(1)
9.6 Digging Deeper
194(1)
10 Appendix
195(18)
10.1 List of Morphological Characters Used for Cladistic Analysis
195(4)
10.2 Morphological Matrix
199(5)
10.3 List of Fauna Elements
204(4)
10.3.1 The Jiulongshan Fauna
204(1)
10.3.2 The Yixian Fauna
205(3)
10.4 List of Flora Elements
208(2)
10.4.1 The Jiulongshan Flora
208(1)
10.4.2 The Yixian Flora
209(1)
10.5 Morphological Matrix for Seed Plant Cladistics
210(3)
References 213(22)
Index 235