This book describes the development of ocean sciences over the past 50 years, highlighting the contributions of the National Science Foundation (NSF) to the field's progress. Many of the individuals who participated in the exciting discoveries in biological oceanography, chemical oceanography, physical oceanography, and marine geology and geophysics describe in the book how the discoveries were made possible by combinations of insightful individuals, new technology, and in some cases, serendipity. In addition to describing the advance of ocean science, the book examines the institutional structures and technology that made the advances possible and presents visions of the field's future. This book is the first-ever documentation of the history of NSFa (TM)s Division of Ocean Sciences, how the structure of the division evolved to its present form, and the individuals who have been responsible for ocean sciences at NSF as a /rotatorsa and career staff over the past 50 years.
KEYNOTE LECTURE The Emergence of the National Science Foundation as a Supporter of Ocean Sciences in the United States 3(8) John A. Knauss LANDMARK ACHIEVEMENTS OF OCEAN SCIENCES Achievements in Biological Oceanography 11(11) Richard T. Barber Anna K. Hilting Achievements in Chemical Oceanography 22(22) John W. Farrington Achievements in Physical Oceanography 44(7) Walter Munk Achievements in Marine Geology and Geophysics 51(14) Marcia K. McNutt Deep Submergence: The Beginnings of Alvin as a Tool of Basic Research 65(2) Sandra Toye The History of Woods Holes Deep Submergence Program 67(20) Robert D. Ballard CREATING INSTITUTIONS TO MAKE SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES POSSIBLE A Chronology of the Early Development of Ocean Sciences at NSF 87(6) Michael R. Reeve Ocean Sciences at the National Science Foundation: Early Evolution 93(3) Mary Johrde Ocean Sciences at the National Science Foundation: An Administrative History 96(11) Sandra Toye Two Years of Turbulence Leading to a Quarter Century of Cooperation: The Birth of UNOLS 107(10) John V. Byrne Robertson P. Dinsmore Scientific Ocean Drilling, from AMSOC to COMPOST 117(11) Edward L. Winterer Technology Development for Ocean Sciences at NSF 128(9) H. Lawrence Clark LARGE AND SMALL SCIENCE PROGRAMS: A DELICATE BALANCE The Great Importance of ``Small Science Programs 137(4) G. Michael Purdy The Role of NSF in ``Big Ocean Science: 1950 to 1980 141(8) Feenan D. Jennings Major Physical Oceanography Programs at NSF: IDOE Through Global Change 149(3) Richard B. Lambert, Jr. Major International Programs in Ocean Sciences: Ocean Chemistry 152(13) Peter G. Brewer OCEAN SCIENCES TODAY AND TOMORROW Futures Workshops The Future of Physical Oceanography 165(4) William R. Young The Future of Ocean Chemistry in the United States 169(3) The Future of Marine Geology and Geophysics: A Summary 172(12) Marcia K. McNutt Out Far and In Deep: Shifting Perspectives in Ocean Ecology 184(8) Peter A. Jumars Global Ocean Science: Toward an Integrated Approach 192(3) Education in Oceanography: History, Purpose, and Prognosis 195(6) Arthur R. M. Nowell Evolving Institutional Arrangements for U.S. Ocean Sciences 201(6) William J. Merrell Mary Hope Katsouros Glenn P. Boledovich NSFs Commitment to the Deep 207(3) Rita Colwell Fifty Years of Ocean Discovery 210(2) Paul G. Gaffney II Argo to ARGO 212(2) D. James Baker The Importance of Ocean Sciences to Society 214(49) James D. Watkins APPENDICES A Symposium Program 219(4) B Symposium Participants 223(10) C Poster Session 233(2) D NSF Division of Ocean Sciences: Senior Science Staff, Rotators, IPAs, and Visiting Scientists 235(12) E Support of Ocean Sciences at NSF from 1966 to 1999 247(3) F Organizational Charts 250(8) G NRC Project Oversight 258(1) H Acronyms 259(4) Index 263
Ocean Studies Board, National Research Council
