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4Ds of Energy Transition: Decarbonization, Decentralization, Decreasing Use, and Digitalization [Kõva köide]

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  • Formaat: Hardback, 432 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 244x170x27 mm, kaal: 936 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Aug-2022
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 3527348824
  • ISBN-13: 9783527348824
Teised raamatud teemal:
4Ds of Energy Transition: Decarbonization, Decentralization, Decreasing Use, and DigitalizationSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 432 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 244x170x27 mm, kaal: 936 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Aug-2022
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 3527348824
  • ISBN-13: 9783527348824
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9783527348824.html
Märksõnad:
The 4Ds of Energy Transition

Enables readers to understand technology-driven approaches that address the challenges of todays energy scenario and the shift towards sustainable energy transition

This book provides a comprehensive account of the characteristics of energy transition, covering the latest advancements, trends, and practices around the topic. It charts the path to global energy sustainability based on existing technology by focusing on the four dynamic approaches of decarbonization, decreasing use, decentralization, and digitalization, plus the important technical, economic, social and policy perspectives surrounding those approaches.

Each technology is demonstrated with an introduction and a set of specific chapters. The work appropriately incorporates up-to-date data, case studies, and comparative assessments to further aid in reader comprehension. Sample topics discussed within the work by key thinkers and researchers in the broader fields of energy include:





Renewable energy and sustainable energy future Decarbonization in energy sector Hydrogen and fuel cells Electric mobility and sustainable transportation Energy conservation and management Distributed and off-grid generation, energy storage, and batteries Digitalization in energy sector; smart meters, smart grids, blockchain

This book is an ideal professional resource for engineers, academics, and policy makers working in areas related to the development of energy solutions.
Preface xv
Foreword xvii
1 Introduction to the Four-Dimensional Energy Transition
1(10)
Muhammad Asif
1.1 Energy: Resources and Conversions
1(2)
1.2 Climate Change in Focus
3(1)
1.3 The Unfolding Energy Transition
4(2)
1.4 The Four Dimensions of the Twenty-First Century Energy Transition
6(2)
1.4.1 Decarbonization
7(1)
1.4.2 Decentralization
7(1)
1.4.3 Digitalization
8(1)
1.4.4 Decreasing Energy Use
8(1)
1.5 Conclusions
8(3)
References
9(2)
Part I Decarbonization
11(228)
2 Global Energy Transition and Experiences from China and Germany
13(28)
Heiko Thomas
Bing Xue
2.1 Global Energy Transition
13(4)
2.2 China
17(6)
2.2.1 How to Achieve Carbon Neutrality Before 2060 and Keep the World's Largest Economy Running
17(2)
2.2.2 China as the World's Leader in Renewable Installations
19(1)
2.2.3 Particular Measures to Reduce GHG Emissions
20(3)
2.3 Germany
23(7)
2.3.1 Climate Action and GHG Emission Reduction Targets
23(1)
2.3.2 System Requirements to Achieve the GHG Emission Reduction Goals
24(3)
2.3.3 Potential for GHG Emission Reduction in the Building Sector
27(1)
2.3.4 Underachieving in the Transport Sector
27(2)
2.3.5 A New Emission Trading Scheme Specifically Tackles the Heating and Transport Sectors
29(1)
2.4 Comparing Energy Transitions in China and Germany
30(7)
2.4.1 Different Strategies and Boundary Conditions
30(2)
2.4.2 Comparing the Mobility Sector
32(1)
2.4.3 Policy Instruments and Implementation
33(4)
2.5 Summary and Final Remarks
37(4)
References
38(3)
3 Decarbonization in the Energy Sector
41(10)
Muhammad Asif
3.1 Decarbonization
41(1)
3.2 Decarbonization Pathways
42(5)
3.2.1 Renewable Energy
43(1)
3.2.1.1 Solar Energy
43(1)
3.2.1.2 Wind Power
44(1)
3.2.1.3 Hydropower
44(1)
3.2.2 Electric Mobility
44(1)
3.2.3 Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
45(1)
3.2.4 Energy Storage
46(1)
3.2.5 Energy Efficiency
46(1)
3.2.6 Decarbonization of Fossil Fuel Sector
46(1)
3.3 Decarbonization: Developments and Trends
47(4)
References
48(3)
4 Renewable Technologies: Applications and Trends
51(22)
Muhammad Asif
4.1 Introduction
51(1)
4.2 Overview of Renewable Technologies
52(11)
4.2.1 Solar Energy
52(1)
4.2.1.1 Solar PV
52(2)
4.2.1.2 Solar Thermal Energy
54(3)
4.2.2 Wind Power
57(1)
4.2.3 Hydropower
58(1)
4.2.3.1 Dam/Storage
59(1)
4.2.3.2 Run-of-the-River
59(1)
4.2.3.3 Pumped Storage
59(1)
4.2.4 Biomass
60(1)
4.2.5 Geothermal Energy
61(1)
4.2.6 Wave and Tidal Power
62(1)
4.3 Renewables Advancements and Trends
63(6)
4.3.1 Market Growth
63(2)
4.3.2 Economics
65(1)
4.3.3 Technological Advancements
65(2)
4.3.4 Power Density
67(1)
4.3.5 Energy Storage
67(2)
4.4 Conclusions
69(4)
References
69(4)
5 Fundamentals and Applications of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
73(30)
Bengt Sunden
5.1 Introduction
73(1)
5.2 Hydrogen - General
74(3)
5.2.1 Production of Hydrogen
74(1)
5.2.2 Storage of Hydrogen
75(1)
5.2.3 Transportation of Hydrogen
76(1)
5.2.4 Concerns About Hydrogen
76(1)
5.2.5 Advantages of Hydrogen Energy
76(1)
5.2.6 Disadvantages of Hydrogen Energy
76(1)
5.3 Basic Electrochemistry and Thermodynamics
77(1)
5.4 Fuel Cells - Overview
78(19)
5.4.1 Types of Fuel Cells
79(4)
5.4.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) or Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (PEFC)
83(1)
5.4.2.1 Performance of a PEMFC
83(1)
5.4.3 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)
83(1)
5.4.4 Comparison of PEMFCs and SOFCs
84(1)
5.4.5 Overall Description of Basic Transport Processes and Operations of a Fuel Cell
85(1)
5.4.5.1 Electrochemical Kinetics
85(1)
5.4.5.2 Heat and Mass Transfer
85(1)
5.4.5.3 Charge and Water Transport
86(1)
5.4.5.4 Heat Generation
87(1)
5.4.6 Modeling Approaches for Fuel Cells
87(2)
5.4.6.1 Softwares
89(1)
5.4.7 Fuel Cell Systems and Applications
90(1)
5.4.7.1 Portable Power
90(1)
5.4.7.2 Backup Power
91(1)
5.4.7.3 Transportation
91(1)
5.4.7.4 Stationary Power
92(1)
5.4.7.5 Maritime Applications
93(1)
5.4.7.6 Aerospace Applications
94(1)
5.4.7.7 Aircraft Applications
95(1)
5.4.8 Bottlenecks for Fuel Cells
95(2)
5.5 Conclusions
97(6)
Acknowledgments 97(6)
Nomenclature
97(1)
Abbreviations
98(1)
References
99(4)
6 Decarbonizing with Nuclear Power, Current Builds, and Future Trends
103(50)
Hastiza Omar
Geordie Graetz
Mark Ho
6.1 Introduction
103(1)
6.2 The Historic Cost of Nuclear Power
104(5)
6.3 The Small Modular Reactor (SMR): Could Smaller Be Better?
109(4)
6.3.1 New Nuclear Reactor in Town
109(1)
6.3.2 Is It the Smaller the Better?
110(3)
6.4 Evaluating the Economic Competitiveness of SMRs
113(10)
6.4.1 Size Matters
113(1)
6.4.2 Construction Time
113(1)
6.4.3 Co-siting Economies
114(1)
6.4.4 Learning Rates
115(3)
6.4.5 The Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE): Is It a Reliable Measure?
118(2)
6.4.6 The Overnight Capital Cost (OCC): SMRs vs. a Large Reactor
120(3)
6.5 Nuclear Energy: Looking Beyond Its Perceived Reputation
123(8)
6.5.1 Load-Following and Cogeneration
123(2)
6.5.2 Industrial Heat (District and Process)
125(2)
6.5.3 Hydrogen Production
127(3)
6.5.4 Seawater Desalination
130(1)
6.6 Western Nuclear Industry Trends
131(6)
6.6.1 The United States
131(1)
6.6.2 The United Kingdom
132(3)
6.6.3 Canada
135(2)
6.7 Conclusions
137(16)
References
141(12)
7 Decarbonization of the Fossil Fuel Sector
153(24)
Tian Goh
Beng Wah Ang
7.1 Introduction
153(1)
7.2 Technologies for the Decarbonization of the Fossil Fuel Sector
154(3)
7.2.1 Historical Developments
154(1)
7.2.2 Hydrogen Economy
155(1)
7.2.3 Carbon Capture and Storage
156(1)
7.3 Recent Advancements and Potential
157(3)
7.3.1 Carbon Capture and Storage
158(1)
7.3.2 Carbon Capture and Utilization
158(2)
7.4 Future Emission Scenarios and Challenges to Decarbonization
160(7)
7.4.1 Application in Future Emission Scenarios
160(4)
7.4.2 Challenges to Decarbonization
164(3)
7.5 Controversies and Debates
167(4)
7.5.1 Opposing Narratives
167(2)
7.5.2 Public Perceptions
169(2)
7.6 Conclusions
171(6)
References
172(5)
8 Electric Vehicle Adoption Dynamics on the Road to Deep Decarbonization
177(30)
Emit Dimanchev
Davood Qorbani
Magnus Korpds
8.1 Introduction
177(1)
8.2 Current State of Electric Vehicles
178(3)
8.2.1 Electric Vehicle Technology
178(1)
8.2.2 Electric Vehicle Environmental Attributes
179(1)
8.2.3 Competing Low-Carbon Vehicle Technologies
180(1)
8.3 Contribution of Road Transport to Decarbonization Policy
181(9)
8.3.1 State and Trends of C02 Emissions from Transportation and Passenger Vehicles
181(1)
8.3.2 Decarbonization of Transport
182(1)
8.3.3 Decarbonization Pathways for Passenger Vehicles and the Role of Electric Vehicles
183(7)
8.4 Dynamics of Vehicle Fleet Turnover
190(4)
8.4.1 Illustrative Fleet Turnover Model
190(1)
8.4.2 Implications of Fleet Turnover Dynamics for Meeting Decarbonization Targets
191(3)
8.5 Electric Vehicle Policy
194(2)
8.5.1 Case Study of Electric Vehicle Policy in Norway
195(1)
8.6 Prospects for Electric Vehicle Technology and Economics
196(3)
8.7 Conclusions
199(8)
References
200(7)
9 Integrated Energy System: A Low-Carbon Future Enabler
207(32)
Pengfei Zhao
Chenghong Gu
Zhidong Cao
Shuangqi Li
9.1 Paradigm Shift in Energy Systems
207(3)
9.2 Key Technologies in Integrated Energy Systems
210(5)
9.2.1 Conversion Technologies
211(1)
9.2.1.1 Combined Heat and Power
211(1)
9.2.1.2 Heat Pump and Gas Furnace
211(1)
9.2.1.3 Power to Gas
211(1)
9.2.1.4 Gas Storage
212(1)
9.2.1.5 Battery Energy Storage Systems
212(1)
9.2.2 Energy Hub Systems
213(1)
9.2.3 Modeling of Integrated Energy Systems
214(1)
9.3 Management of Integrated Energy Systems
215(4)
9.3.1 Optimization Techniques for Integrated Energy Systems
215(1)
9.3.1.1 Stochastic Optimization
215(1)
9.3.1.2 Robust Optimization
215(2)
9.3.1.3 Distributionally Robust Optimization
217(1)
9.3.2 Supply Quality Issues
217(1)
9.3.2.1 Voltage Issues
217(1)
9.3.2.2 Gas Quality Issues
218(1)
9.4 Volt-Pressure Optimization for Integrated Energy Systems
219(10)
9.4.1 Research Gap
219(1)
9.4.2 Problem Formulation
220(1)
9.4.2.1 Day-Ahead Constraints of VPO
220(2)
9.4.2.2 Real-Time Constraints of VPO
222(1)
9.4.2.3 Objective Function of Two-Stage VPO
222(1)
9.4.3 Results and Discussions
223(1)
9.4.3.1 Studies on WO
223(4)
9.4.3.2 Studies on Economic Performance
227(1)
9.4.3.3 Studies on Gas Quality Management
228(1)
9.5 Conclusions
229(10)
A Appendix: Nomenclature
230(1)
A.1 Indices and Sets
230(1)
A.2 Parameters
230(2)
A.3 Variables and Functions
232(1)
References
233(6)
Part II Decreasing Use
239(48)
10 Decreasing the Use of Energy for Sustainable Energy Transition
241(6)
Muhammad Asif
10.1 Why Decrease the Use of Energy?
241(2)
10.2 Energy Efficiency Approaches
243(1)
10.2.1 Change of Attitude
243(1)
10.2.2 Performance Enhancement
244(1)
10.2.3 New Technologies
244(1)
10.3 Scope of Energy Efficiency
244(3)
References
245(2)
11 Energy Conservation and Management in Buildings
247(20)
Wahhaj Ahmed
Muhammad Asif
11.1 Energy and Environmental Footprint of Buildings
247(1)
11.2 Energy-Efficiency Potential in Buildings
248(2)
11.3 Energy-Efficient Design Strategies
250(5)
11.3.1 Passive and Active Design Strategies
251(1)
11.3.2 Energy Modeling to Design Energy-Efficient Strategies
251(4)
11.4 Building Energy Retrofit
255(5)
11.4.1 Building Energy-Retrofit Classifications
256(1)
11.4.1.1 Pre-and Post-Retrofit Assessment Strategies
256(1)
11.4.1.2 Number and Type of EEMs
257(1)
11.4.1.3 Modeling and Design Approach
258(2)
11.5 Sustainable Building Standards and Certification Systems
260(1)
11.6 Conclusions
261(6)
References
261(6)
12 Methodologies for the Analysis of Energy Consumption in the Industrial Sector
267(20)
Vincenzo Bianco
12.1 Introduction
267(2)
12.2 Overview of Basic Indexes for Energy Consumption Analysis
269(3)
12.2.1 Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
269(1)
12.2.2 Energy Consumption Elasticity (ECE)
270(1)
12.2.3 Energy Intensity (EI)
270(1)
12.2.4 Linear Correlation Index (LCI)
271(1)
12.2.5 Weather Adjusting Coefficient (WAC)
271(1)
12.3 Decomposition Analysis of Energy Consumption
272(2)
12.4 Case Study: The Italian Industrial Sector
274(9)
12.4.1 Index-Based Analysis
274(2)
12.4.2 Decomposition of Energy Consumption
276(7)
12.5 Relationship Between Energy Efficiency and Energy Transition
283(1)
12.6 Conclusions
284(3)
References
285(2)
Part III Decentralization
287(60)
13 Decentralization in Energy Sector
289(10)
Muhammad Asif
13.1 Introduction
289(1)
13.2 Overview of Decentralized Generation Systems
290(3)
13.2.1 Classification
290(2)
13.2.2 Technologies
292(1)
13.3 Decentralized and Centralized Generation - A Comparison
293(2)
13.3.1 Advantages of Decentralized Generation
293(1)
13.3.1.1 Cost-Effectiveness
293(1)
13.3.1.2 Enhanced Energy Access
293(1)
13.3.1.3 Environment Friendliness
294(1)
13.3.1.4 Security
294(1)
13.3.1.5 Reliability
294(1)
13.3.1.6 Peak Shaving
294(1)
13.3.1.7 Supply Resilience
294(1)
13.3.1.8 New Business Streams
294(1)
13.3.1.9 Other Benefits
295(1)
13.3.2 Disadvantages of Decentralized Generation
295(1)
13.3.2.1 Power Quality
295(1)
13.3.2.2 Effect on Gird Stability
295(1)
13.3.2.3 Energy Storage Requirement
295(1)
13.3.2.4 Institutional Resistance
295(1)
13.4 Developments and Trends
295(4)
References
296(3)
14 Decentralizing the Electricity Infrastructure: What Is Economically Viable?
299(26)
Moritz Vogel
Marion Wingenbach
Dierk Bauknecht
14.1 Introduction
299(1)
14.2 Decentralization of Electricity Systems
300(1)
14.3 Technological Dimensions of Decentralization
301(2)
14.3.1 Grid Level of Power Plants
302(1)
14.3.2 Regional Distribution of Power Plants
302(1)
14.3.3 Grid Level of Flexibility Options
302(1)
14.3.4 Level of Optimization
303(1)
14.4 Decentralization: Costs and Benefits
303(7)
14.4.1 Grid Level of Power Plants
304(1)
14.4.2 Regional Distribution of Power Plants
305(1)
14.4.3 Grid Level of Flexibility Options
306(1)
14.4.4 Level of Optimization
307(3)
14.5 Germany's Decentralization Experience: A Case Study
310(7)
14.5.1 System Cost
310(4)
14.5.2 Grid Expansion
314(2)
14.5.3 Key Findings
316(1)
14.6 How Far Should Decentralization Go?
317(3)
14.6.1 Grid Level of Power Plants
317(1)
14.6.2 Regional Distribution of Power Plants
317(2)
14.6.3 Grid Level of Flexibility Options
319(1)
14.6.4 Level of Optimization
319(1)
14.7 Conclusions
320(5)
References
320(5)
15 Governing Decentralized Electricity: Taking a Participatory Turn
325(22)
Marie Claire Brisbois
15.1 Introduction
325(1)
15.2 How Is Decentralization Affecting Traditional Modes of Electricity Governance?
326(2)
15.2.1 Sticking Points for Shifting to Decentralized Governance
327(1)
15.3 What Kinds of Governance Does Decentralization Require?
328(4)
15.3.1 Security
328(1)
15.3.2 Affordability
329(2)
15.3.3 Sustainability
331(1)
15.4 What Do We Know About Decentralized Governance from Other Spheres?
332(7)
15.4.1 Nested, Multilevel Governance of Common Pool Resources
333(1)
15.4.2 Key Components of Common Pool Resource Governance
334(1)
15.4.2.1 Roles and Responsibilities
334(1)
15.4.2.2 Policy Coherence
335(1)
15.4.2.3 Capacity Development
336(1)
15.4.2.4 Transparent and Open Data
336(1)
15.4.2.5 Appropriate Regulations
337(1)
15.4.2.6 Stakeholder Participation
338(1)
15.5 Moving Toward a Decentralized Governance System
339(2)
15.5.1 Phase One
339(1)
15.5.2 Phase Two
340(1)
15.5.3 Phase Three
341(1)
15.6 Conclusions
341(6)
References
342(5)
Part IV Digitization
347(52)
16 Digitalization in Energy Sector
349(8)
Muhammad Asif
16.1 Introduction
349(1)
16.2 Overview of Digital Technologies
350(2)
16.2.1 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
350(1)
16.2.2 Blockchain
351(1)
16.2.3 Robotics and Automated Technologies
351(1)
16.2.4 Internet of Things
351(1)
16.2.5 Big Data and Data Analytics
352(1)
16.3 Digitalization: Prospects and Challenges
352(5)
References
354(3)
17 Smart Grids and Smart Metering
357(24)
Haroon Farooq
Waqas Ali
Intisar A. Sajjad
17.1 Introduction
357(1)
17.2 Grid Modernization and Its Need in the Twenty-First Century
358(2)
17.3 Smart Grid
360(2)
17.4 Smart Grid vs. Traditional Grid
362(1)
17.5 Smart Grid Composition and Architecture
362(3)
17.6 Smart Grid Technologies
365(2)
17.7 Smart Metering
367(2)
17.8 Role of Smart Metering in Smart Grid
369(1)
17.9 Key Challenges and the Future of Smart Grid
370(2)
17.10 Implementation Benefits and Positive Impacts
372(1)
17.11 Worldwide Development and Deployment
373(2)
17.12 Conclusions
375(6)
References
376(5)
18 Blockchain in Energy
381(18)
Bernd Teufel
Anton Sentic
18.1 Transformation of the Electricity Market and an Emerging Technology
381(1)
18.2 Blockchain in the Energy Sector
382(7)
18.2.1 Defining Blockchain
383(2)
18.2.2 Utilizing Blockchain in Energy Systems
385(1)
18.2.3 Case Examples for Blockchain Energy
386(1)
18.2.4 Utilization of Blockchain Energy: Introducing an Innovation Perspective
387(2)
18.3 Blockchain as a (Disruptive) Innovation in Energy Transitions
389(3)
18.3.1 Transition Studies, Regimes, and Niche Innovations
389(1)
18.3.2 Blockchain Technologies Between Niche Innovation and the Socio-Technical System
390(2)
18.4 Conclusions and Venues for Further Inquiry
392(7)
Acknowledgment
394(1)
References
394(5)
Epilogue 399(6)
Fereidoon Sioshansi
Index 405
Dr Muhammad Asif is a Professor at the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. He is Charted Engineer, Certified Energy Manager, and Member of the Energy Institute. He has 20 years of teaching and research experience. His research interests include renewable energy, energy policy, energy security, sustainable buildings, and life cycle assessment. He has authored/edited six books and has published over 100 journal and conference papers.