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Derivatives Demystified: A Step-by-Step Guide to Forwards, Futures, Swaps and Options 2nd edition [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 288 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 246x175x31 mm, kaal: 680 g
  • Sari: The Wiley Finance Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-Jul-2010
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0470749377
  • ISBN-13: 9780470749371
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Formaat: Hardback, 288 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 246x175x31 mm, kaal: 680 g
  • Sari: The Wiley Finance Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-Jul-2010
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0470749377
  • ISBN-13: 9780470749371
Teised raamatud teemal:
Derivatives are everywhere in the modern world. They are constantly discussed (and sometimes vilified). It is now more important than ever for participants in the banking, investment and finance sectors to fully understand the building blocks, uses and limitations of these important financial products.

Fully revised and updated to take into account the many changes the industry has seen over the last few years, Derivatives Demystified is a step-by-step guide to financial derivatives, enabling the reader to build a solid, working knowledge of key derivative products. It is based on the author's many years of experience teaching the subject to market practitioners, ranging from the most senior managers in the global banking industry to recent MBA and graduate hires. Adopting a highly accessible and structured approach, the author explains derivative products in straightforward terms and without the complex mathematics that underlie the subject. The focus is on practical applications, case studies and examples of how products are used to solve real-world problems. It follows a sequence that is designed to show that, although there are many applications of derivatives, there are only a small number of basic building blocks. The book examines how each building block is applied to different markets and to the solution of various risk management, investment and trading problems.

It features a wealth of updated and new material covering the latest developments in the derivatives markets, including the role of derivative products in the global financial crisis, settlement and risk-management, market regulation, commodity derivatives, credit derivatives, later-generation or 'exotic' options, structured products including collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), and inflation-linked and weather derivatives.

Derivatives Demystified is essential reading for anyone who operates in the financial markets or within the corporate environment requiring a solid understanding of these critical financial instruments.

"Concise, practical, and above all, extremely clearly written. It takes a subject of great importance and makes it accessible to a broad audience. This book is essential reading for anyone interested in modern business and finance."-Stephen Richardson, Principal Consultant, Glowinkowski International, former CEO of Flemings Global Banking and Executive Vice President, Bank of New York

"This book does exactly what it says on the cover. It makes the world of derivatives understandable and non-threatening to an audience which is expanding all the time as derivatives assume an ever-growing role in many aspects of management. I have no hesitation in recommending this book"-Sir George Mathewson CBE, DUniv, LLD, FRSE, FCIBS, Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers in Scotland and former Chairman of the Royal Bank of Scotland Group plc

Derivatives are everywhere in the modern world and it is important for everyone in banking, investment and finance to have a good understanding of the subject. Derivatives Demystified provides a step-by-step guide to the subject, enabling the reader to have a solid, working understanding of key derivative products.

Adopting a highly accessible approach, the author explains derivative products in straightforward terms and without the complex mathematics that underlie the subject, focusing on practical applications, case studies and examples of how the products are used to solve real-world problems. Derivatives Demystified follows a sequence that is designed to show that, although there are many applications of derivatives, there are only a small number of basic building blocks, namely forwards and futures, swaps and options. The book shows how each building block is applied to different markets and to the solution of various risk management and trading problems.

This new edition will be fully revised to reflect the many changes the derivatives markets have seen over the last three years.  New material will include a comprehensive history of derivatives, leading up to their use and abuse in the current credit crisis.  It will also feature new chapters on regulation and control of derivatives, commodity derivatives, credit derivatives and structured products and new derivative markets including inflation linked and insurance linked products. 

Derivatives Demystified is essential reading for everyone who operates in the financial markets or within the corporate environment who requires a good understanding of these important financial instruments.

Acknowledgements xix
1 The Origins and Growth of the Market 1(16)
Definitions
1(1)
Derivatives Building Blocks
1(2)
Forwards
2(1)
Futures
2(1)
Swaps
2(1)
Options
2(1)
Market Participants
3(1)
Dealers
3(1)
Hedgers
3(1)
Speculators
4(1)
Arbitrageurs
4(1)
Supporting Organizations
4(1)
Early Origins of Derivatives
5(1)
Derivatives in the USA
6(1)
Overseas Developments, Innovation and Expansion
7(1)
An Example of Recent Innovation: Weather Derivatives
7(1)
Temperature-Linked Derivatives
8(1)
The value connection
8(1)
Summary and basis risks
9(1)
The Wild Beast of Finance?
9(1)
Enter Warren Buffett
10(1)
Lessons from Recent History
10(3)
Hanunersmith & Fulham Council (1988/9)
10(1)
Metallgesellschaft (1993)
10(1)
Orange County (1994)
11(1)
Barings Bank (1995)
11(1)
Long-Term Capital Management (1998)
12(1)
Enron (2001)
12(1)
Allied Irish Banks (2002)
12(1)
AIG, Merrill Lynch and Lehman Brothers (2008)
13(1)
Creative Destruction and Contagion Effects
13(1)
The Modern OTC Derivatives Market
13(2)
The Exchange-Traded Derivatives Market
15(1)
Chapter Summary
15(2)
2 Equity and Currency Forwards 17(14)
Introduction
17(1)
Equity Forward Contract
17(1)
The Forward Price
18(1)
Establishing the fair forward price
19(1)
Components of the forward price
19(1)
The Forward Price and Arbitrage Opportunities
19(1)
Closing the gap
20(1)
The forward price and commodities
20(1)
The Forward Price and the Expected Payout
20(1)
Expected payout from a forward
21(1)
Foreign Exchange Forwards
21(1)
The forward FX rate
22(1)
Managing Currency Risk
22(1)
Profits and losses on the export deal
22(1)
Hedging with an Outright Forward FX Deal
23(1)
Showing the results in a graph
23(1)
The Forward Foreign Exchange Rate
24(1)
The Forward FX Rate and Arbitrage Opportunities
25(1)
Forward Points
26(1)
Calculating forward points
26(1)
FX Swaps
27(1)
Applications of FX Swaps
28(1)
Effects of the FX swap deal
28(1)
Chapter Summary
28(3)
3 Forward Rate Agreements 31(8)
Introduction
31(1)
FRA Case Study: Corporate Borrower
31(2)
The FRA settlement
32(1)
Effective borrowing rate
32(1)
Results of the FRA Hedge
33(1)
The FRA hedge illustrated
33(1)
The FRA contract period
34(1)
The FRA as Two Payment Legs
34(2)
Net position with FRA hedge
35(1)
Dealing in FRAs
36(1)
The dealer's overall position
36(1)
FRA bid and ask rates
36(1)
Forward Interest Rates
37(1)
Chapter Summary
37(2)
4 Commodity and Bond Futures 39(8)
Introduction
39(1)
The Margining System and the Clearing House
39(1)
Users of Futures Contracts
40(1)
Hedgers
40(1)
Speculators
40(1)
Arbitrageurs
40(1)
Commodity Futures
41(1)
Futures Prices and the Basis
42(1)
The basis
42(1)
US Treasury Bond Futures
43(1)
Tick size and tick value
43(1)
Bond futures profit and loss calculations
44(1)
US Treasury Bond Futures: Delivery Procedures
44(1)
Conversion or price factors
44(1)
Gilt Futures
45(1)
The Cheapest-To-Deliver (CTD) Bond
45(1)
Chapter Summary
46(1)
5 Interest Rate and Equity Futures 47(12)
Introduction
47(1)
Eurodollar Futures
47(1)
Final settlement value
48(1)
Trading Eurodollar Futures
48(2)
Calculating trading profits and losses
49(1)
Profits and losses in interest rate terms
49(1)
Close out before expiry
49(1)
Hedging with Interest Rate Futures
50(1)
Eurodollar futures hedge in a graph
50(1)
Interest Rate Futures Prices
50(2)
Arbitrage example
51(1)
No arbitrage relationships
51(1)
Equity Index Futures
52(1)
CME S&P 500 futures price quotation and basis
52(1)
Other major equity index futures contracts
53(1)
Applications of S&P 500 Index Futures
53(1)
Hedging with equity index futures
53(1)
FT-SE 100 Index Futures Contracts
54(1)
Trading campaign: Day 1
54(1)
Trading campaign: Day 2
55(1)
Trading campaign: Day 3
55(1)
Establishing Net Profits and Losses
55(1)
Exchange delivery settlement price (EDSP)
56(1)
Single Stock Futures (SSFs)
56(1)
The future of single stock futures
57(1)
Chapter Summary
57(2)
6 Interest Rate Swaps 59(10)
Introduction
59(1)
Interest Rate Swap Structure
59(1)
Basic Single-Currency Interest Rate Swap
60(1)
Swap payment in one year
60(1)
Swap payment in two years
61(1)
The Swap as a Package of Spot and Forward Deals
61(1)
Rationale for the Swap Deal
62(1)
Swap Terminology and Swap Spreads
62(1)
Overnight index swaps
63(1)
Typical Swap Applications
63(1)
Fixing a borrowing rate
63(1)
Asset swap
64(1)
Asset–liability management (ALM)
64(1)
Switching to a fixed return
64(1)
Interest Rate Swap Variants
64(1)
Cross-Currency Interest Rate Swaps
65(1)
1 Swap with Americo
66(1)
2 Swap with Britco
66(1)
Net Borrowing Costs Using a Cross-Currency Swap
66(1)
The swap dealer's position
67(1)
Why does everyone win?
67(1)
Inflation Swaps
67(1)
Chapter Summary
68(1)
7 Equity and Credit Default Swaps 69(14)
Introduction to Equity Swaps
69(1)
Equity Swap Case Study
69(2)
First swap payment
70(1)
Second swap payment
71(1)
Economic exposure
71(1)
Other Applications of Equity Swaps
71(2)
Total return equity swap
72(1)
Equity Index Swaps
73(1)
DAX equity index swap
73(1)
Hedging an Equity Index Swap
74(1)
Profit on the hedged swap
75(1)
Credit Default Swaps
75(1)
Credit Default Swap: Basic Structure
76(1)
CDS physical settlement
76(1)
CDS cash settlement
76(1)
Credit events
77(1)
Credit Default Swap Applications
77(1)
Credit Spreads
78(1)
The CDS Premium and the Credit Spread
78(2)
Cheapest-to-deliver (CTD) option
79(1)
Counterparty risk and CDS contracts
79(1)
Pricing Models for CDS Premium
80(1)
Establishing the CDS premium
80(1)
Index Credit Default Swaps
80(1)
Index CDS example
80(1)
Applications of index CDS deals
81(1)
Basket Credit Default Swaps
81(1)
FTD basket default swap
81(1)
STD basket default swap
82(1)
Chapter Summary
82(1)
8 Fundamentals of Options 83(10)
Introduction
83(1)
Definitions
83(1)
Types of Options
83(1)
Basic Option Trading Strategies
84(1)
Intrinsic value
85(1)
Time value
85(1)
Total option value
85(1)
Long Call: Expiry Payoff Profile
85(2)
Downside and upside
86(1)
Long call and cash position compared
86(1)
Short Call: Expiry Payoff Profile
87(1)
Long Put: Expiry Payoff Profile
88(2)
Long put expiry payoff profile
89(1)
Long put versus shorting the stock
89(1)
Short Put: Expiry Payoff Profile
90(1)
Summary: Intrinsic and Time Value
90(3)
9 Hedging with Options 93(10)
Chapter Overview
93(1)
Futures Hedge Revisited
93(1)
Results of a futures hedge
93(1)
Protective Put
93(3)
Protective put example
94(1)
Maximum loss with protective put
95(1)
Other break-even levels
96(1)
Hedging with ATM Put Option
96(1)
Covered Call Writing
97(1)
Maximum profit on the covered call
97(1)
Equity Collar
98(1)
Zero-Cost Equity Collar
99(1)
Protective PUT with a Barrier Option
100(1)
Barrier option terms
101(1)
Advantages and disadvantages
101(1)
Behaviour of Barrier Options
101(1)
Chapter Summary
102(1)
10 Exchange-Traded Equity Options 103(8)
Introduction
103(1)
Basic Concepts
103(1)
Covered warrants
104(1)
CBOE Stock Options
104(2)
Expiry payoff profile
105(1)
Early exercise
105(1)
UK Stock Options on NYSE Life
106(1)
Exercise style
106(1)
Corporate actions and early exercise
107(1)
CME S&P 500 Index Options
107(2)
Option premium
107(1)
Long S&P 500 put: expiry payoff profile
108(1)
FT-SE 100 Index Options
109(1)
Chapter Summary
109(2)
11 Currency or FX Options 111(8)
Introduction
111(1)
Users of Currency Options
111(1)
Hedging FX Exposures with Options: Case Study
112(1)
Performance of the hedge
112(1)
Graph of Hedged and Unhedged Positions
113(1)
Hedging with a Zero-Cost Collar
114(1)
Reducing Premium on FX Hedges
115(1)
Barrier option
115(1)
Pay-later option
115(1)
Installment option
115(1)
Compound Options
116(1)
Hedging application
116(1)
Compound option structure
116(1)
Exchange-Traded Currency Options
117(1)
CME currency options
117(1)
PHLX world currency options
117(1)
Chapter Summary
118(1)
12 Interest Rate Options 119(12)
Introduction
119(1)
OTC Interest Rate Options
119(1)
OTC Interest Rate Option Case Study
120(1)
Caplet exercise and settlement
121(1)
Hedging a Loan with a Caplet
121(2)
Results of the hedge
122(1)
Interest Rate Cap
123(1)
Pricing caplets and caps
123(1)
Interest Rate Collar
123(1)
Zero-cost collar case study
124(1)
Interest Rate Swap and Swaption
124(1)
Payer swaption
125(1)
Summary of Interest Rate Hedging Strategies
125(1)
Eurodollar Options
126(1)
Trading Eurodollar options
126(1)
Profits and losses on Eurodollar options
126(1)
Euro and Sterling Interest Rate Options
127(1)
Bond Options
127(1)
Hedging
128(1)
Zero-cost collar
128(1)
Covered call writing
128(1)
Leveraged position taking
128(1)
Exchange-Traded Bond Options
128(2)
Euro-bund options (OGBL)
129(1)
Long gilt option
129(1)
Chapter Summary
130(1)
13 Option Valuation Concepts (1) 131(10)
Introduction
131(1)
Black-Scholes model
131(1)
The Concept of a Riskless Hedge
132(1)
A Simple Option Pricing Model
132(2)
Constructing a riskless hedge
133(1)
Purpose of the hedge
133(1)
Option Fair Value
134(1)
Extending the Binomial Model
134(1)
Dynamic hedging
135(1)
Cost of Dynamic Hedging
135(1)
The Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model
136(1)
Inputs to Black-Scholes
136(1)
Model inputs: spot price and strike price
136(1)
Model inputs: time to expiry and cost of carry
137(1)
Model input: volatility
137(1)
Historical Volatility
137(2)
Standard deviation
138(1)
Measuring and Using Historical Volatility
139(1)
Application to Black-Scholes
140(1)
Chapter Summary
140(1)
14 Option Valuation Concepts (2) 141(8)
Introduction
141(1)
Problems with Historical Volatility
141(1)
Implied Volatility
142(1)
Applications of implied volatility
142(1)
Black-Scholes Model Assumptions
143(1)
Normal distribution
143(1)
Continuous random walk
143(1)
Dynamic hedging
143(1)
Fixed volatility
143(1)
Value of a Call Option
143(1)
Time value for an in-the-money option
144(1)
Value of a Put Option
144(1)
Equity Index and Currency Options
145(1)
Value of an FX call option
146(1)
Pricing Interest Rate Options
146(2)
Bond option pricing example
146(1)
Black model
147(1)
The Black model and interest rates
147(1)
Chapter Summary
148(1)
15 Option Sensitivities: The 'Greeks' 149(12)
Introduction
149(1)
Delta (Δ or δ)
149(1)
Delta Behaviour
150(1)
Delta as the slope on the option price curve
150(1)
Delta as the Hedge Ratio
151(1)
Constructing the delta hedge
151(1)
The Effects of Changes in Delta
152(1)
Sensitivity of the delta hedge
152(1)
Readjusting the Delta Hedge
153(1)
Gamma (Γ or γ)
153(1)
Position gamma
154(1)
Gamma and the Spot Price of the Underlying
154(1)
Gamma curve
155(1)
Gamma and Time to Expiry
155(1)
Gamma curve
156(1)
Theta (θ)
156(1)
Measuring theta
157(1)
Vega or Kappa (kappa)
157(1)
Vega graph
158(1)
Rho (ρ)
158(1)
Rho on call options
158(1)
Rho on put options
159(1)
Summary of Greeks
159(1)
Chapter Summary
160(1)
16 Option Trading Strategies (1) 161(10)
Introduction
161(1)
Bull Spread
161(1)
Bull spread with puts
162(1)
Bull Position with Digital Options
162(1)
Spot Price and Con Value
163(1)
Bear Spread
164(1)
Closing out before expiry
165(1)
The Greeks for the Bear Spread
165(1)
A high gamma trade
166(1)
Put or Bear Ratio Spread
166(1)
Long Straddle
167(1)
Long Straddle Current Payoff Profile
168(1)
Positive gamma
168(1)
Potential Risks with a Long Straddle
169(1)
Chapter Summary
170(1)
17 Option Trading Strategies (2) 171(10)
Introduction
171(1)
Chooser Option
171(1)
Value of the chooser
171(1)
Short Straddle
172(1)
Expiry payoff profile
172(1)
Short Straddle Current Payoff Profile
172(3)
Negative gamma
173(2)
Potential Profits with a Short Straddle
175(1)
Current payoff recalculated
175(1)
Managing the Risk on a Short Straddle
175(2)
Dynamic hedging
176(1)
Short Strangle
177(1)
New Ways of Trading Volatility
177(1)
Calendar or Time Spread
178(1)
Theta values
179(1)
Risks with the calendar spread
179(1)
Chapter Summary
179(2)
18 Convertible and Exchangeable Bonds 181(12)
Introduction
181(1)
Investors in Convertible Bonds
181(1)
Issuers of Convertible Bonds
182(1)
Advantages for issuers
182(1)
CB Measures of Value
183(1)
Bond value
183(1)
Parity or conversion value
183(1)
Conversion premium
184(1)
Conversion Premium and Parity
184(1)
The conversion premium
185(1)
Other Factors Affecting CB Value
185(1)
Convertible Arbitrage
186(1)
Classic CB arbitrage
186(1)
Convertible Arbitrage Example
186(1)
Profits and Risks with the CB Arbitrage Trade
187(1)
Risks with CB arbitrage trade
188(1)
Mandatorily Convertibles and Exchangeables
188(1)
Simple example of ME bond
188(1)
Structuring a Mandatorily Exchangeable (ME) Bond
189(1)
Capital gains and losses on the ME bond
189(1)
Chapter Summary
190(3)
19 Structured Securities 193(14)
Introduction
193(1)
Capital Protection Equity-Linked Notes
193(2)
ELN maturity value
194(1)
Capital guarantee
194(1)
Generating the participation
194(1)
Calculating the participation rate
195(1)
Expiry Value of 100% Capital Protection Notes
195(1)
100% Participation Equity-Linked Notes
196(1)
Features of the 100% participation notes
197(1)
Capped Participation Equity-Linked Notes
197(2)
Structure of the capped ELNs
198(1)
Average Price Notes
199(1)
Cost of average price options
199(1)
Locking in Interim Gains: Cliquet Options
200(1)
Using a cliquet option
200(1)
Securitization and CDOs
201(1)
The Basic CDO Structure
202(1)
Credit enhancement
202(1)
The senior tranche
202(1)
Rationale for Securitization
203(1)
Arbitrage CDOs
203(1)
The future of the CDO market
203(1)
Synthetic CDOs
203(2)
Risk on the AAA tranche
204(1)
Chapter Summary
205(2)
20 Clearing, Settlement and Operational Risk 207(8)
Introduction
207(1)
Risk Management in General
207(1)
Settlement of Exchange-Traded Derivatives
208(1)
Major Clearing Houses
209(1)
Confirmation and Settlement of OTC Deals
210(1)
Default risk on OTC deals
210(1)
Controlling Counterparty Risk on OTC Derivatives
211(1)
Operational Risk
211(2)
Trade capture
211(1)
Confirmation
212(1)
Settlement
212(1)
Nostro reconciliation
212(1)
Position valuation
212(1)
Collateral and funding management
212(1)
Management information systems (MIS)
212(1)
Best Practice in Operational Risk Management
213(1)
Segregation of duties
213(1)
Chapter Summary
213(2)
Appendix A: Financial Calculations 215(20)
Appendix B: Exotic Options 235(4)
Appendix C: Glossary of Terms s 239(16)
Index 255
ANDREW M. CHISHOLM MA MBA PhD is a Visiting Fellow at the International Capital Market Association (ICMA) Centre at the University of Reading in England. He has designed, developed and taught programmes in derivatives and finance for more than 25 years. In that time, he has worked with many of the largest financial institutions around the world, teaching corporate financiers, traders, sales and marketing staff, risk managers, analysts, fund managers, operations and technology professionals. He has worked extensively on seminars at senior management level as well as training programmes designed to introduce new graduate and MBA entrants to the securities industry. He was formerly Head of Professional Development for Europe at JP Morgan and is the author of An Introduction to International Capital Markets, the second edition of which was published by John Wiley and Sons in 2009.