Acknowledgements |
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xix | |
1 The Origins and Growth of the Market |
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1 | (16) |
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1 | (1) |
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Derivatives Building Blocks |
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1 | (2) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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Early Origins of Derivatives |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Overseas Developments, Innovation and Expansion |
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7 | (1) |
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An Example of Recent Innovation: Weather Derivatives |
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7 | (1) |
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Temperature-Linked Derivatives |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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The Wild Beast of Finance? |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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Lessons from Recent History |
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10 | (3) |
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Hanunersmith & Fulham Council (1988/9) |
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10 | (1) |
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Metallgesellschaft (1993) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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Long-Term Capital Management (1998) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Allied Irish Banks (2002) |
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12 | (1) |
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AIG, Merrill Lynch and Lehman Brothers (2008) |
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13 | (1) |
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Creative Destruction and Contagion Effects |
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13 | (1) |
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The Modern OTC Derivatives Market |
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13 | (2) |
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The Exchange-Traded Derivatives Market |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (2) |
2 Equity and Currency Forwards |
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17 | (14) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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Establishing the fair forward price |
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19 | (1) |
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Components of the forward price |
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19 | (1) |
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The Forward Price and Arbitrage Opportunities |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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The forward price and commodities |
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20 | (1) |
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The Forward Price and the Expected Payout |
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20 | (1) |
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Expected payout from a forward |
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21 | (1) |
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Foreign Exchange Forwards |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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Profits and losses on the export deal |
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22 | (1) |
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Hedging with an Outright Forward FX Deal |
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23 | (1) |
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Showing the results in a graph |
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23 | (1) |
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The Forward Foreign Exchange Rate |
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24 | (1) |
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The Forward FX Rate and Arbitrage Opportunities |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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Calculating forward points |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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Effects of the FX swap deal |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (3) |
3 Forward Rate Agreements |
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31 | (8) |
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31 | (1) |
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FRA Case Study: Corporate Borrower |
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31 | (2) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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The FRA hedge illustrated |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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The FRA as Two Payment Legs |
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34 | (2) |
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Net position with FRA hedge |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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The dealer's overall position |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (2) |
4 Commodity and Bond Futures |
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39 | (8) |
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39 | (1) |
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The Margining System and the Clearing House |
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39 | (1) |
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Users of Futures Contracts |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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Futures Prices and the Basis |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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Bond futures profit and loss calculations |
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44 | (1) |
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US Treasury Bond Futures: Delivery Procedures |
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44 | (1) |
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Conversion or price factors |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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The Cheapest-To-Deliver (CTD) Bond |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
5 Interest Rate and Equity Futures |
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47 | (12) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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Trading Eurodollar Futures |
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48 | (2) |
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Calculating trading profits and losses |
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49 | (1) |
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Profits and losses in interest rate terms |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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Hedging with Interest Rate Futures |
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50 | (1) |
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Eurodollar futures hedge in a graph |
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50 | (1) |
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Interest Rate Futures Prices |
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50 | (2) |
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51 | (1) |
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No arbitrage relationships |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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CME S&P 500 futures price quotation and basis |
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52 | (1) |
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Other major equity index futures contracts |
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53 | (1) |
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Applications of S&P 500 Index Futures |
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53 | (1) |
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Hedging with equity index futures |
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53 | (1) |
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FT-SE 100 Index Futures Contracts |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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Establishing Net Profits and Losses |
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55 | (1) |
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Exchange delivery settlement price (EDSP) |
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56 | (1) |
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Single Stock Futures (SSFs) |
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56 | (1) |
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The future of single stock futures |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (2) |
6 Interest Rate Swaps |
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59 | (10) |
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59 | (1) |
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Interest Rate Swap Structure |
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59 | (1) |
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Basic Single-Currency Interest Rate Swap |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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Swap payment in two years |
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61 | (1) |
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The Swap as a Package of Spot and Forward Deals |
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61 | (1) |
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Rationale for the Swap Deal |
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62 | (1) |
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Swap Terminology and Swap Spreads |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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Typical Swap Applications |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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Asset–liability management (ALM) |
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64 | (1) |
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Switching to a fixed return |
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64 | (1) |
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Interest Rate Swap Variants |
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64 | (1) |
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Cross-Currency Interest Rate Swaps |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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Net Borrowing Costs Using a Cross-Currency Swap |
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66 | (1) |
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The swap dealer's position |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
7 Equity and Credit Default Swaps |
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69 | (14) |
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Introduction to Equity Swaps |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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Other Applications of Equity Swaps |
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71 | (2) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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Hedging an Equity Index Swap |
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74 | (1) |
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Profit on the hedged swap |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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Credit Default Swap: Basic Structure |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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Credit Default Swap Applications |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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The CDS Premium and the Credit Spread |
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78 | (2) |
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Cheapest-to-deliver (CTD) option |
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79 | (1) |
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Counterparty risk and CDS contracts |
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79 | (1) |
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Pricing Models for CDS Premium |
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80 | (1) |
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Establishing the CDS premium |
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80 | (1) |
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Index Credit Default Swaps |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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Applications of index CDS deals |
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81 | (1) |
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Basket Credit Default Swaps |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
8 Fundamentals of Options |
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83 | (10) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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Basic Option Trading Strategies |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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Long Call: Expiry Payoff Profile |
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85 | (2) |
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86 | (1) |
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Long call and cash position compared |
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86 | (1) |
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Short Call: Expiry Payoff Profile |
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87 | (1) |
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Long Put: Expiry Payoff Profile |
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88 | (2) |
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Long put expiry payoff profile |
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89 | (1) |
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Long put versus shorting the stock |
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89 | (1) |
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Short Put: Expiry Payoff Profile |
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90 | (1) |
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Summary: Intrinsic and Time Value |
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90 | (3) |
9 Hedging with Options |
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93 | (10) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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Results of a futures hedge |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (3) |
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94 | (1) |
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Maximum loss with protective put |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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Hedging with ATM Put Option |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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Maximum profit on the covered call |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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Protective PUT with a Barrier Option |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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Advantages and disadvantages |
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101 | (1) |
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Behaviour of Barrier Options |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
10 Exchange-Traded Equity Options |
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103 | (8) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (2) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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UK Stock Options on NYSE Life |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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Corporate actions and early exercise |
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107 | (1) |
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CME S&P 500 Index Options |
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107 | (2) |
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107 | (1) |
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Long S&P 500 put: expiry payoff profile |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (2) |
11 Currency or FX Options |
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111 | (8) |
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111 | (1) |
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Users of Currency Options |
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111 | (1) |
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Hedging FX Exposures with Options: Case Study |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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Graph of Hedged and Unhedged Positions |
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113 | (1) |
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Hedging with a Zero-Cost Collar |
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114 | (1) |
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Reducing Premium on FX Hedges |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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Compound option structure |
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116 | (1) |
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Exchange-Traded Currency Options |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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PHLX world currency options |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
12 Interest Rate Options |
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119 | (12) |
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119 | (1) |
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OTC Interest Rate Options |
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119 | (1) |
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OTC Interest Rate Option Case Study |
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120 | (1) |
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Caplet exercise and settlement |
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121 | (1) |
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Hedging a Loan with a Caplet |
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121 | (2) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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Zero-cost collar case study |
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124 | (1) |
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Interest Rate Swap and Swaption |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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Summary of Interest Rate Hedging Strategies |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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Trading Eurodollar options |
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126 | (1) |
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Profits and losses on Eurodollar options |
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126 | (1) |
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Euro and Sterling Interest Rate Options |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Leveraged position taking |
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128 | (1) |
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Exchange-Traded Bond Options |
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128 | (2) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
13 Option Valuation Concepts (1) |
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131 | (10) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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The Concept of a Riskless Hedge |
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132 | (1) |
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A Simple Option Pricing Model |
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132 | (2) |
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Constructing a riskless hedge |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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Extending the Binomial Model |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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The Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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Model inputs: spot price and strike price |
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136 | (1) |
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Model inputs: time to expiry and cost of carry |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (2) |
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138 | (1) |
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Measuring and Using Historical Volatility |
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139 | (1) |
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Application to Black-Scholes |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
14 Option Valuation Concepts (2) |
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141 | (8) |
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141 | (1) |
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Problems with Historical Volatility |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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Applications of implied volatility |
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142 | (1) |
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Black-Scholes Model Assumptions |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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Time value for an in-the-money option |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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Equity Index and Currency Options |
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145 | (1) |
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Value of an FX call option |
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146 | (1) |
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Pricing Interest Rate Options |
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146 | (2) |
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Bond option pricing example |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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The Black model and interest rates |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
15 Option Sensitivities: The 'Greeks' |
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149 | (12) |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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Delta as the slope on the option price curve |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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Constructing the delta hedge |
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151 | (1) |
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The Effects of Changes in Delta |
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152 | (1) |
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Sensitivity of the delta hedge |
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152 | (1) |
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Readjusting the Delta Hedge |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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Gamma and the Spot Price of the Underlying |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
16 Option Trading Strategies (1) |
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161 | (10) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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Bull Position with Digital Options |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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Closing out before expiry |
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165 | (1) |
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The Greeks for the Bear Spread |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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Long Straddle Current Payoff Profile |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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Potential Risks with a Long Straddle |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
17 Option Trading Strategies (2) |
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171 | (10) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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Short Straddle Current Payoff Profile |
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172 | (3) |
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173 | (2) |
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Potential Profits with a Short Straddle |
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175 | (1) |
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Current payoff recalculated |
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175 | (1) |
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Managing the Risk on a Short Straddle |
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175 | (2) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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New Ways of Trading Volatility |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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Risks with the calendar spread |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (2) |
18 Convertible and Exchangeable Bonds |
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181 | (12) |
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181 | (1) |
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Investors in Convertible Bonds |
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181 | (1) |
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Issuers of Convertible Bonds |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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Parity or conversion value |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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Conversion Premium and Parity |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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Other Factors Affecting CB Value |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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Convertible Arbitrage Example |
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186 | (1) |
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Profits and Risks with the CB Arbitrage Trade |
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187 | (1) |
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Risks with CB arbitrage trade |
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188 | (1) |
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Mandatorily Convertibles and Exchangeables |
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188 | (1) |
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Simple example of ME bond |
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188 | (1) |
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Structuring a Mandatorily Exchangeable (ME) Bond |
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189 | (1) |
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Capital gains and losses on the ME bond |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (3) |
19 Structured Securities |
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193 | (14) |
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193 | (1) |
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Capital Protection Equity-Linked Notes |
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193 | (2) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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Generating the participation |
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194 | (1) |
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Calculating the participation rate |
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195 | (1) |
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Expiry Value of 100% Capital Protection Notes |
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195 | (1) |
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100% Participation Equity-Linked Notes |
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196 | (1) |
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Features of the 100% participation notes |
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197 | (1) |
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Capped Participation Equity-Linked Notes |
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197 | (2) |
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Structure of the capped ELNs |
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|
198 | (1) |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
Cost of average price options |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
Locking in Interim Gains: Cliquet Options |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
Rationale for Securitization |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
The future of the CDO market |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
|
203 | (2) |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
|
205 | (2) |
20 Clearing, Settlement and Operational Risk |
|
207 | (8) |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
Risk Management in General |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
Settlement of Exchange-Traded Derivatives |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
Confirmation and Settlement of OTC Deals |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
Default risk on OTC deals |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
Controlling Counterparty Risk on OTC Derivatives |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
|
211 | (2) |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
Collateral and funding management |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
Management information systems (MIS) |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
Best Practice in Operational Risk Management |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
213 | (2) |
Appendix A: Financial Calculations |
|
215 | (20) |
Appendix B: Exotic Options |
|
235 | (4) |
Appendix C: Glossary of Terms s |
|
239 | (16) |
Index |
|
255 | |