List of figures |
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xi | |
Acknowledgements |
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xv | |
Introduction |
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xvii | |
Part One: Mental and behavioral health context |
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1 | (66) |
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1 Mental and behavioral health history and context |
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3 | (18) |
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1.1 Historical perspective |
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3 | (7) |
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1.1.1 History of psychiatric care |
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3 | (1) |
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1.1.2 History of psychiatric facilities |
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3 | (4) |
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1.1.3 Post-nineteenth-century history of legislation |
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7 | (3) |
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1.2 Challenges to mental and behavioral health research and design |
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10 | (2) |
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1.2.1 Variety of settings |
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10 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Variety of diagnoses |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (4) |
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1.3.1 North American context |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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1.3.3 Middle Eastern context |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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1.3.5 Central and South American context |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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1.3.7 General international challenges |
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15 | (7) |
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1.3.7.1 Impact of natural disasters and emergency situations on care providers |
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15 | (1) |
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1.3.7.2 Scarcity of resources and economic instability |
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15 | (1) |
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1.3.7.3 War, conflicts, and human rights violations |
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15 | (1) |
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1.3.7.4 Forced displacement and migration |
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15 | (1) |
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1.4 Mental and behavioral health context summary |
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16 | (5) |
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2 General design considerations |
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21 | (46) |
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2.1 Theories behind psychiatric facility design |
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22 | (4) |
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22 | (1) |
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2.1.2 Evidence-based design and research-informed design |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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2.1.4 Planetree and the Institute for Patient-Centered Design |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (1) |
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2.1.6 Specialist versus generalist |
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25 | (1) |
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2.2 Planning and programming considerations |
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26 | (1) |
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2.3 Transdisciplinary collaboration |
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26 | (1) |
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2.4 Design considerations |
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27 | (1) |
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2.5 Environmental psychology issues |
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28 | (10) |
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2.5.1 Personal space and density |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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2.5.3 Sensory considerations |
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30 | (1) |
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2.5.4 Spatial clarity and organization |
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31 | (1) |
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2.5.5 Comfortable and homelike surroundings |
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31 | (1) |
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2.5.6 High-quality, well-maintained environment |
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32 | (1) |
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2.5.7 Positive distraction |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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2.5.9 Access to nature and daylight |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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2.6 Specific setting issues |
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38 | (4) |
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2.6.1 Inpatient common areas, inpatient patient spaces, and overall recommendations |
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38 | (2) |
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2.6.2 Outpatient settings |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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2.6.4 Finishes, furniture, and equipment |
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40 | (2) |
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2.7 Site and building envelope and configuration |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (26) |
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43 | (5) |
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2.8.2 Psychiatric hospital in Slagelse |
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48 | (4) |
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2.8.3 Southwest Centre for Forensic Mental Health Care |
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52 | (5) |
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2.8.4 Vermont Psychiatric Care Hospital |
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57 | (10) |
Part Two: The settings |
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67 | (132) |
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69 | (18) |
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3.1 Introduction to outpatient facilities |
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69 | (3) |
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3.1.1 History of outpatient psychiatric care |
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69 | (1) |
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3.1.2 Data regarding the outpatient psychiatric population |
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70 | (2) |
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3.2 Characteristics of outpatient psychiatric facilities |
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72 | (2) |
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3.2.1 Frequency and duration of visitations |
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72 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Number of psychiatric outpatient facilities |
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73 | (1) |
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3.3 Outpatient psychiatric facility design |
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74 | (5) |
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3.3.1 Research on ambulatory psychiatric care design |
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74 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Outpatient psychiatric care design recommendations and features |
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75 | (4) |
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76 | (1) |
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3.3.2.2 Service Integration |
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76 | (1) |
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3.3.2.3 Design strategies |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (8) |
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3.4.1 The Peter B. Lewis and Adam Lewis Wellness Center |
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79 | (8) |
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4 Emergency psychiatric facilities |
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87 | (20) |
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4.1 Introduction to emergency facilities |
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87 | (4) |
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4.1.1 History of psychiatric emergency care in the United States |
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87 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Data regarding the psychiatric emergency population |
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87 | (4) |
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4.2 Characteristics of emergency psychiatric facilities |
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91 | (3) |
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4.2.1 Frequency and duration of visitations |
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91 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Number of emergency facilities |
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93 | (1) |
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4.3 Emergency psychiatric facility design |
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94 | (5) |
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4.3.1 Research on emergency psychiatric care design |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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4.3.1.2 Regional services |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Emergency psychiatric care design recommendations and features |
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95 | (4) |
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4.3.2.1 General recommendations |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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4.3.2.6 Public and private space |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (8) |
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4.4.1 Behavioral Healthcare Center of Excellence - Erie County Medical Center |
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99 | (3) |
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4.4.2 Emergency Department at Kings County Behavioral Health Center |
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102 | (5) |
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5 Substance use disorder treatment settings |
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107 | (22) |
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107 | (3) |
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5.1.1 History of facilities for treatment of substance use disorders in the United States |
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107 | (1) |
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5.1.2 Characteristics and needs of substance use disorder patients |
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107 | (3) |
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5.2 Characteristics of facilities for persons with substance use disorders |
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110 | (2) |
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5.3 Research on facilities for persons with substance use disorders |
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112 | (3) |
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5.4 Substance use disorder facility design goals |
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115 | (3) |
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5.4.1 Inpatient environments |
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115 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Outpatient environments |
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116 | (2) |
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118 | (11) |
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5.5.1 Margaret and Charles Juravinski Centre for Integrated Care |
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118 | (3) |
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5.5.2 Worcester Recovery Center and Hospital |
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121 | (8) |
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6 Mental health facilities for veterans of war |
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129 | (22) |
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129 | (4) |
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6.1.1 History of mental and behavioral health facilities for veterans in the United States |
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129 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Data regarding war veterans population |
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130 | (1) |
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6.1.3 Characteristics and needs of war veterans |
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131 | (2) |
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6.2 Characteristics of residential mental health facilities for war veterans |
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133 | (3) |
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134 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Average daily census |
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135 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Number of beds and facilities |
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136 | (1) |
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6.3 Research on mental and behavioral health facilities for war veterans |
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136 | (4) |
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6.4 Design goals for facilities for war veterans |
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140 | (5) |
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6.4.1 Inpatient environments |
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140 | (2) |
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6.4.2 Outpatient environments |
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142 | (3) |
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145 | (6) |
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6.5.1 Acute Inpatient Psychiatric Replacement Facility Palo Alto, Veterans Affairs |
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145 | (6) |
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7 Child and adolescent psychiatric care |
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151 | (28) |
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151 | (3) |
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7.1.1 History of child and adolescent care in the United States |
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151 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Data regarding the pediatric psychiatric population |
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152 | (2) |
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7.1.3 Characteristics and needs of children |
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154 | (1) |
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7.2 Characteristics of residential pediatric mental healthcare facilities |
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154 | (4) |
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155 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Average daily census |
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156 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Number of beds and facilities |
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156 | (2) |
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7.3 Characteristics of outpatient and emergency room pediatric mental healthcare facilities |
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158 | (2) |
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7.3.1 Pediatric outpatient data |
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158 | (2) |
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7.3.2 Pediatric emergency department data |
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160 | (1) |
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7.4 Pediatric inpatient, outpatient and emergency room design goals |
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160 | (6) |
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7.4.1 Pediatric inpatient environments |
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160 | (5) |
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7.4.1.1 Research on pediatric inpatient design |
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160 | (1) |
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7.4.1.2 Pediatric inpatient design recommendations and features |
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161 | (4) |
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7.4.2 Pediatric outpatient environments |
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165 | (1) |
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7.4.3 Pediatric emergency department environments |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (13) |
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7.5.1 Mary Graham Children's Shelter |
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166 | (5) |
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7.5.2 Placer County Children's Emergency Shelter |
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171 | (8) |
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8 Mental and behavioral health community residential settings |
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179 | (20) |
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179 | (2) |
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8.1.1 History of residential facilities in the United States |
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179 | (1) |
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8.1.2 Data regarding residential facility population |
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180 | (1) |
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8.2 Characteristics of residential facilities |
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181 | (4) |
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8.2.1 Types of programs and settings |
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181 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Number of facilities and participation rates |
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182 | (3) |
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8.3 Mental and behavioral health design goals |
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185 | (3) |
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8.3.1 Recommendations by designers |
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186 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Psychological factors influencing the effectiveness of community facilities |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (13) |
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188 | (5) |
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8.4.2 Tiny Homes at the Farm at Penny Lane |
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193 | (6) |
Part Three: The research |
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199 | (30) |
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9 The role of the physical environment in mental and behavioral health research |
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201 | (28) |
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9.1 History and status of research |
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201 | (1) |
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9.2 Methodology for literature review |
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201 | (1) |
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9.3 Challenges to data collection involving patients |
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202 | (1) |
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9.4 Behavioral health facility evaluation tools |
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203 | (2) |
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9.5 Linking research to design |
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205 | (3) |
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9.5.1 Strong evidence and emerging evidence |
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205 | (2) |
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9.5.2 Studies requiring additional corroboration |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (11) |
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9.6.1 Physical environment and social behavior |
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209 | (3) |
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9.6.2 Pre- and post-occupancy evaluations |
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212 | (3) |
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9.6.2.1 Multiple facility studies |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (2) |
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215 | (1) |
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9.6.3 Harmful behavior and stress |
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215 | (16) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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9.6.3.3 Pathological behavior |
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216 | (1) |
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9.6.3.4 Aggression and violence |
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217 | (1) |
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9.6.3.5 Issues regarding smoking |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (10) |
Part Four: Guidelines and future directions |
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229 | (22) |
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231 | (14) |
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231 | (1) |
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10.2 Organizations providing standards and guidelines |
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231 | (9) |
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10.2.1 Australasian Health Infrastructure Alliance & New South Wales Health |
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232 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Canadian Standards Association |
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232 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Military Health Services System (MHSS): Department of Defense |
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232 | (1) |
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10.2.4 Facility Guidelines Institute (FGI) and the American Institute of Architects |
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233 | (1) |
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10.2.5 National Association of Psychiatric Health Systems |
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234 | (1) |
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10.2.6 New York State Office of Mental Health |
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234 | (1) |
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10.2.7 Royal College of Psychiatrists |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (5) |
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10.3 Challenges to development of guidelines and standards |
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240 | (1) |
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10.4 Differences between guidelines and standards |
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241 | (1) |
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10.5 Guideline research agenda |
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241 | (4) |
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245 | (6) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (5) |
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11.2.1 Transitions in mental and behavioral health practice |
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246 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Trends in behavioral health environments |
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247 | (4) |
Glossary |
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251 | (2) |
Index |
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253 | |