Preface |
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xiii | |
About the Authors |
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xxi | |
Acknowledgements |
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xxiii | |
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Chapter 1 Launch Vehicles: Introduction, Operation, and the Design Process |
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1 | (34) |
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1.1 Introduction to Launch Vehicles |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Anatomy of a Launch Vehicle |
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3 | (6) |
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1.3 The Phases of Launch and Ascent |
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9 | (8) |
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1.4 Typical Launch Vehicle Mission and Mission Elements |
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17 | (2) |
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1.5 The Typical Launch Vehicle Design Process |
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19 | (2) |
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21 | (2) |
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1.7 Launch Site Selection Criteria |
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23 | (7) |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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1.11 Assignment: Launch Vehicle System Report |
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33 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 A Technical History of Space Launch Vehicles |
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35 | (96) |
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2.1 Rockets in the Early 20th Century |
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35 | (5) |
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2.2 World War II and the Development of the V-2 |
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40 | (3) |
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2.3 The Cold War, ICBMs, and the First Space Launch Vehicles |
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43 | (48) |
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91 | (5) |
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96 | (5) |
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2.6 Launch Vehicle Oddities and Dead-Ends |
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101 | (10) |
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2.7 Other Launch Vehicles from Around the World |
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111 | (12) |
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2.8 Commercial Launch Vehicles: The Future? |
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123 | (1) |
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2.9 Small Launch Vehicles |
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124 | (7) |
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126 | (5) |
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Chapter 3 Missions, Orbits, and Energy Requirements |
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131 | (56) |
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3.1 Orbits, Orbital Parameters, and Trajectories |
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132 | (4) |
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3.2 Spacecraft Mission Orbits and Trajectories |
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136 | (6) |
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3.3 Required Energy to Be Delivered for Orbit |
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142 | (18) |
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3.4 Determining the Launch Vehicle Velocity Vector |
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160 | (6) |
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166 | (4) |
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3.6 Desired Inclination Less than Launch Latitude |
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170 | (2) |
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3.7 Launch Vehicle Performance Curves |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (6) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (7) |
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187 | (52) |
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188 | (3) |
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4.2 The Thrust Equation and Rocket Equation |
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191 | (8) |
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199 | (4) |
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4.4 Solid-Propellant Motors |
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203 | (6) |
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4.5 Liquid-Propellant Engines |
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209 | (3) |
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4.6 Examples of Rocket Engine Performance |
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212 | (5) |
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4.7 Rocket Engine Power Cycles |
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217 | (12) |
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229 | (3) |
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232 | (3) |
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235 | (4) |
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237 | (2) |
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Chapter 5 Launch Vehicle Performance and Staging |
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239 | (58) |
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5.1 The Three Categories of Launch Vehicle Mass |
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239 | (3) |
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5.2 Finding a Rocket's Speed Change in Free Space |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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5.4 Single-Stage-to-Orbit |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (3) |
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5.6 Calculation of Speed Supplied by a Multistage Rocket |
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247 | (3) |
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250 | (1) |
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250 | (6) |
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5.9 Pitfalls of the Lagrangian "Optimization" Procedure |
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256 | (7) |
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5.10 All-Hydrogen Saturn V? |
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263 | (5) |
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5.11 Parallel Burns and Staging |
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268 | (5) |
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5.72 Launch Vehicle Design Sensitivities |
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273 | (10) |
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5.73 Some Useful Results: Determining Component Mass Values |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (12) |
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Chapter 6 Ascent Trajectory Analysis and Optimization |
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297 | (66) |
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6.1 Vertical Flight in Gravity, No Atmosphere |
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298 | (4) |
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6.2 Inclined Flight in Gravity, No Atmosphere |
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302 | (4) |
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6.3 General Flight with Gravity, Atmosphere Effects |
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306 | (7) |
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6.4 Aerodynamics of Launch Vehicles |
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313 | (14) |
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327 | (2) |
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6.6 Launch Vehicle Trajectory Simulation |
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329 | (5) |
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6.7 Trajectory Optimization |
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334 | (4) |
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6.8 Some Examples of Launch Profiles and Trajectories |
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338 | (8) |
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6.9 Some Typical Launch Trajectories |
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346 | (7) |
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353 | (2) |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (8) |
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Chapter 7 Space Launch Vehicle Structures and Layout |
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363 | (50) |
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363 | (1) |
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7.2 The Delta II: Evolved from Thor |
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364 | (4) |
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7.3 Atlas Takes Tank Structure Principle to Extremes |
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368 | (3) |
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371 | (4) |
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375 | (10) |
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7.6 Another Way to Save Mass: Tank Dome Shapes |
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385 | (1) |
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7.7 Spherical vs Cylindrical Tanks: Which Have Less Mass? |
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385 | (6) |
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391 | (4) |
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395 | (1) |
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7.10 Other Design Layout Considerations |
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396 | (1) |
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7.11 Payload Accommodations |
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396 | (6) |
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7.12 Launch Vehicle Structure Types |
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402 | (3) |
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7.73 Structural Materials |
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405 | (8) |
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410 | (3) |
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Chapter 8 Sizing, Inboard Profile, Mass Properties |
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413 | (80) |
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413 | (2) |
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8.2 Vehicle or Step Mass Calculations |
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415 | (2) |
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8.3 Liquid Propulsion System Real-Life Additions to Mass and Volume |
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417 | (11) |
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8.4 Other Launch Vehicle Components |
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428 | (7) |
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8.5 Solid Propulsion System Sizing |
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435 | (4) |
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8.6 Comments about Upper Steps and Payload Fairings |
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439 | (1) |
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8.7 Mass Estimation Process |
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440 | (37) |
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8.8 Calculation of Tank or Shell Thicknesses |
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477 | (7) |
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8.9 Launch Vehicle Symmetry |
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484 | (2) |
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485 | (1) |
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8.10 Exercises: Sizing, Inboard Profile, and Mass Properties of TSTO LV |
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486 | (7) |
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Chapter 9 Surface and Launch Environments, Launch and Flight Loads Analysis |
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493 | (76) |
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9.1 Launch Vehicle Load Cases |
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494 | (36) |
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9.2 Example: Max-q Air Load Calculation for Saturn V/Apollo 11 (SA-506) |
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530 | (20) |
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9.3 Load Curves Rules of Thumb |
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550 | (2) |
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9.4 Global vs. Local Loads |
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552 | (1) |
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9.5 Real Calculation of Vehicle Loads |
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553 | (2) |
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9.6 Dealing with High-Altitude Winds |
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555 | (1) |
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9.7 Design Issues for Ascent Phase |
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555 | (1) |
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9.8 Load Relief During Launch |
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556 | (2) |
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558 | (1) |
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558 | (1) |
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559 | (10) |
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Chapter 10 Launch Vehicle Stress Analysis |
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569 | (42) |
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10.1 Strength and Stress Analysis |
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570 | (4) |
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10.2 Stress Determination Using External Loads |
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574 | (7) |
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10.3 Allowable Stresses Based on Stability (Buckling) Criteria |
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581 | (5) |
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10.4 Effect of Internal Pressure on Stresses |
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586 | (9) |
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10.5 Determining the Overall Stress State |
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595 | (9) |
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10.6 Summary: Simple Rules for LV Structures |
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604 | (2) |
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605 | (1) |
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606 | (5) |
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Chapter 11 Launch Vehicle and Payload Environments: Vibration, Shock, Acoustic, and Thermal Issues |
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611 | (62) |
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611 | (23) |
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11.2 Acoustic Environment |
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634 | (10) |
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11.3 Launch Vehicle Thermal Environment |
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644 | (6) |
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11.4 Payload Environment: The Spacecraft's Point of View |
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650 | (3) |
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11.5 Spacecraft Structure Design Verification Process |
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653 | (15) |
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668 | (2) |
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668 | (2) |
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670 | (3) |
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Chapter 12 Space Launch Vehicle Stability and Control: Higher-Order Dynamic Effects |
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673 | (78) |
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12.1 Guidance and Navigation vs Attitude Control |
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674 | (11) |
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12.2 Stability and Control |
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685 | (20) |
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12.3 Controlled Vehicle Equations of Motion |
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705 | (19) |
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12.4 Launch Vehicle Structural Vibrations and Instabilities |
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724 | (14) |
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12.5 Propulsion Instabilities |
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738 | (5) |
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743 | (3) |
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744 | (2) |
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12.7 Exercises: Vibration and TVC Analysis |
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746 | (5) |
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Chapter 13 Launch Vehicle Manufacturing |
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751 | (30) |
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13.1 Launch Vehicle Fabrication |
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751 | (1) |
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13.2 Saturn I Second Step (S-IV) Manufacturing Process |
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752 | (12) |
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13.3 Composite Structure Fabrication |
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764 | (9) |
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13.4 Manufacturing: The Future |
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773 | (1) |
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13.5 Vehicle Stacking and Assembly |
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774 | (4) |
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13.6 Postassembly Activities |
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778 | (1) |
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778 | (3) |
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779 | (2) |
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Chapter 14 Launch Vehicle Systems and Launch Pad Facilities |
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781 | (50) |
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14.1 Saturn V First-Step S-IC Systems Example |
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782 | (1) |
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14.2 Saturn V S-IC Fuel Tank and Fueling System |
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782 | (8) |
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14.3 Launch Vehicle Avionics |
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790 | (5) |
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14.4 Instrumentation and Telemetry |
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795 | (13) |
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14.5 Launch Pad Facilities and Ground Accommodations |
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808 | (21) |
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829 | (2) |
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829 | (2) |
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Chapter 15 Testing, Reliability, and Redundancy |
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831 | (34) |
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831 | (22) |
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853 | (9) |
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862 | (1) |
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862 | (1) |
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863 | (2) |
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Chapter 16 Failures, Lessons Learned, Flight Termination Systems, and Aborts |
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865 | (30) |
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16.1 Causes of Expendable Launch Vehicle (ELV) Failures |
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865 | (3) |
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16.2 Failure Rates of Launch Vehicles |
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868 | (3) |
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16.3 Some Examples of Launch Vehicle Failures |
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871 | (11) |
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16.4 Additional Ways to Learn from Others' Mistakes |
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882 | (1) |
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16.5 Range Safety and Flight Termination Systems |
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883 | (9) |
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16.6 Best Practices to Avoid Failure |
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892 | (1) |
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893 | (2) |
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893 | (2) |
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Chapter 17 Launch Vehicle Financial Analysis and Project Management |
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895 | (44) |
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17.1 Stages of Mission Development |
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896 | (1) |
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897 | (2) |
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17.3 Design Decision Making |
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899 | (4) |
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903 | (5) |
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908 | (8) |
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17.6 Cost Modeling Examples |
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916 | (18) |
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934 | (1) |
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935 | (1) |
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17.8 Exercises: LV Cost Estimation |
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935 | (4) |
Glossary and Abbreviations |
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939 | (26) |
Index |
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965 | (14) |
Supporting Materials |
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979 | |