Muutke küpsiste eelistusi

Designing Audio Power Amplifiers 2nd edition [Pehme köide]

4.80/5 (5 hinnangut Goodreads-ist)
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 772 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 1351 g, 454 Line drawings, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-Jun-2019
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • ISBN-10: 1138555444
  • ISBN-13: 9781138555440
Teised raamatud teemal:
Designing Audio Power Amplifiers 2nd editionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 772 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 1351 g, 454 Line drawings, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-Jun-2019
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • ISBN-10: 1138555444
  • ISBN-13: 9781138555440
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781138555440.html
Märksõnad:
This comprehensive book on audio power amplifier design will appeal to members of the professional audio engineering community as well as the student and enthusiast. Designing Audio Power Amplifiers begins with power amplifier design basics that a novice can understand and moves all the way through to in-depth design techniques for very sophisticated audiophiles and professional audio power amplifiers. This book is the single best source of knowledge for anyone who wishes to design audio power amplifiers. It also provides a detailed introduction to nearly all aspects of analog circuit design, making it an effective educational text.

Develop and hone your audio amplifier design skills with in-depth coverage of these and other topics:











Basic and advanced audio power amplifier design





Low-noise amplifier design





Static and dynamic crossover distortion demystified





Understanding negative feedback and the controversy surrounding it





Advanced NFB compensation techniques, including TPC and TMC





Sophisticated DC servo design





MOSFET power amplifiers and error correction





Audio measurements and instrumentation





Overlooked sources of distortion





SPICE simulation for audio amplifiers, including a tutorial on LTspice





SPICE transistor modeling, including the VDMOS model for power MOSFETs





Thermal design and the use of ThermalTrak transistors





Four chapters on class D amplifiers, including measurement techniques





Professional power amplifiers





Switch-mode power supplies (SMPS).

Arvustused

"Essential reading for anyone fascinated by the superficially simple idea of how to make a small electrical signal powerful enough to drive a loudspeaker without degrading that signal in the process." - John Atkinson, Stereophile

"A complete text ideal for newcomers to amplifier design engineering as well as a great reference for practicing audio design engineers already working in the industry. [ ...] Because of the tiered approach of the first three parts of the book, its usefulness will grow with you as you become more proficient at amplifier design. Im happy to find a place for this book in my technical library, as should you." - Dennis Fink, Fink Analog Audio, Journal of the Audio Engineering Society

Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xx
Part 1 Audio Power Amplifier Basics
1 Introduction
3(12)
1.1 Organization of the Book
3(1)
1.2 The Role of the Power Amplifier
4(1)
1.3 Basic Performance Specifications
5(2)
1.4 Additional Performance Specifications
7(3)
1.5 Output Voltage and Current
10(1)
1.6 Basic Amplifier Topology
11(3)
1.7 Summary
14(1)
2 Power Amplifier Basics
15(43)
2.1 Bipolar Transistors
15(10)
2.2 JFETs
25(1)
2.3 Power MOSFETs
26(2)
2.4 Basic Amplifier Stages
28(9)
2.5 Current Mirrors
37(2)
2.6 Current Sources and Voltage References
39(4)
2.7 Complementary Feedback Pair (CFP)
43(1)
2.8 Vbe Multiplier
44(1)
2.9 Operational Amplifiers
45(1)
2.10 Amplifier Design Analysis
45(13)
3 Power Amplifier Design Evolution
58(28)
3.1 About Simulation
58(1)
3.2 The Basic Power Amplifier
58(2)
3.3 Adding Input Stage Degeneration
60(5)
3.4 Adding a Darlington VAS
65(3)
3.5 Input Stage Current Mirror Load
68(3)
3.6 The Output Triple
71(3)
3.7 Cascoded VAS
74(2)
3.8 Paralleling Output Transistors
76(2)
3.9 Higher-Power Amplifiers
78(1)
3.10 Crossover Distortion
79(3)
3.11 Performance Summary
82(1)
3.12 Completing an Amplifier
82(3)
3.13 Summary
85(1)
4 Building an Amplifier
86(32)
4.1 The Basic Design
86(1)
4.2 The Front-End: IPS, VAS and Pre-Drivers
87(4)
4.3 Output Stage: Drivers and Outputs
91(3)
4.4 Heat Sink and Thermal Management
94(1)
4.5 Protection Circuits
95(6)
4.6 Power Supply
101(1)
4.7 Grounding
102(1)
4.8 Building the Amplifier
103(1)
4.9 Testing the Amplifier
104(6)
4.10 Troubleshooting
110(1)
4.11 Performance
111(4)
4.12 Scaling
115(1)
4.13 Upgrades
116(2)
5 Noise
118(28)
5.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio
118(2)
5.2 A-Weighted Noise Specifications
120(1)
5.3 Noise Power and Noise Voltage
120(1)
5.4 Noise Bandwidth
121(1)
5.5 Noise Voltage Density and Spectrum
122(1)
5.6 Relating Input Noise Density to Signal-to-Noise Ratio
123(1)
5.7 Amplifier Noise Sources
124(3)
5.8 Thermal Noise
127(1)
5.9 Shot Noise
128(1)
5.10 Bipolar Transistor Noise
128(2)
5.11 JFET Noise
130(5)
5.12 Op Amp Noise
135(1)
5.13 Noise Simulation
136(2)
5.14 Amplifier Circuit Noise
138(5)
5.15 Excess Resistor Noise
143(1)
5.16 Zener and LED Noise
144(2)
6 Negative Feedback Compensation and Slew Rate
146(17)
6.1 How Negative Feedback Works
146(1)
6.2 Input-Referred Feedback Analysis
147(1)
6.3 Feedback Compensation and Stability
148(3)
6.4 Feedback Compensation Principles
151(3)
6.5 Evaluating Loop Gain
154(2)
6.6 Evaluating Stability
156(3)
6.7 Compensation Loop Stability
159(1)
6.8 Slew Rate
160(3)
7 Amplifier Classes, Output Stages and Efficiency
163(19)
7.1 Class A, AB and B Operation
163(1)
7.2 The Complementary Emitter Follower Output Stage
164(5)
7.3 Output Stage Efficiency
169(2)
7.4 Complementary Feedback Pair Output Stages
171(3)
7.5 Stacked Output Stages
174(2)
7.6 Classes G and H
176(4)
7.7 Class D
180(2)
8 Summary of Amplifier Design Considerations
182(7)
8.1 Power and Loads
182(1)
8.2 Sizing the Power Supply
183(1)
8.3 Sizing the Output Stage
184(1)
8.4 Sizing the Heat Sink
185(1)
8.5 Protecting the Amplifier and Loudspeaker
186(1)
8.6 Power and Ground Distribution
187(1)
8.7 Other Considerations
187(2)
Part 2 Advanced Power Amplifier Design Techniques 189(192)
9 Input and VAS Circuits
191(26)
9.1 Single-Ended IPS-VAS
191(4)
9.2 JFET Input Stages
195(4)
9.3 Buffered Input Stages
199(1)
9.4 CFP Input Stages
200(1)
9.5 Complementary IPS and Push-Pull VAS
200(7)
9.6 Unipolar Input Stage and Push-Pull VAS
207(2)
9.7 Input Common-Mode Distortion
209(1)
9.8 Early Effect
210(1)
9.9 Baker Clamps
211(1)
9.10 Current Feedback Amplifiers
212(2)
9.11 Example IPS-VAS
214(3)
10 DC Servos
217(16)
10.1 Origins and Consequences of DC Offset
218(4)
10.2 DC Servo Basics
222(4)
10.3 The Servo Is in the Signal Path
226(3)
10.4 DC Offset Detection and Protection
229(1)
10.5 DC Servo Example
230(1)
10.6 Eliminating the Input Coupling Capacitor
231(1)
10.7 DC Servo Design Issues and Nuances
231(2)
11 Advanced Forms of Feedback Compensation
233(26)
11.1 Understanding Stability Issues
233(1)
11.2 Miller Compensation
234(6)
11.3 Miller Input Compensation
240(1)
11.4 Two-Pole Compensation
241(7)
11.5 Transitional Miller Compensation
248(7)
11.6 A Vertical MOSFET TMC Amplifier Example
255(3)
11.7 Conclusion
258(1)
12 Output Stage Design and Crossover Distortion
259(31)
12.1 The Class AB Output Stage
259(1)
12.2 Static Crossover Distortion
260(2)
12.3 Optimum Bias and Bias Stability
262(3)
12.4 Output Stage Driver Circuits
265(4)
12.5 Output Transistor Matching Considerations
269(2)
12.6 Dynamic Crossover Distortion
271(5)
12.7 The Output Emitter Resistors
276(1)
12.8 Output Networks
277(3)
12.9 Output Stage Frequency Response and Stability
280(5)
12.10 Sizing the Output Stage
285(1)
12.11 Delivering High Current
285(2)
12.12 Driving Paralleled Output Stages
287(1)
12.13 Advanced Output Transistors
288(2)
13 Output Stages II
290(29)
13.1 VAS Output Impedance and Stability
290(3)
13.2 Complementary Feedback Pair (CFP)
293(3)
13.3 CFP Output Stages with Gain
296(2)
13.4 Bryston Output Stage
298(1)
13.5 ThermalTrak™ Output Stage
299(1)
13.6 Class A Output Stage
299(1)
13.7 Crossover Displacement (Class XD™) Output Stage
300(3)
13.8 DoubleCross™ Output Stage
303(7)
13.9 Sliding Bias and Non-Switching Output Stages
310(3)
13.10 LT1166 Output Stage
313(4)
13.11 Measuring Output Stage Distortion
317(1)
13.12 Setting the Bias
317(2)
14 MOSFET Power Amplifiers
319(31)
14.1 MOSFET Types and Characteristics
320(2)
14.2 MOSFET Advantages and Disadvantages
322(6)
14.3 Lateral Versus Vertical Power MOSFETs
328(1)
14.4 Parasitic Oscillations
328(3)
14.5 Biasing Power MOSFETs
331(4)
14.6 Crossover Distortion
335(3)
14.7 Driving Power MOSFETs
338(6)
14.8 Paralleling and Matching MOSFETs
344(1)
14.9 Simulating MOSFET Power Amplifiers
345(1)
14.10 A Lateral MOSFET Power Amplifier Design
346(3)
14.11 A Vertical MOSFET Power Amplifier Design
349(1)
15 Error Correction
350(17)
15.1 Feed-Forward Error Correction
350(1)
15.2 Hawksford Error Correction
351(2)
15.3 Error Correction for MOSFET Output Stages
353(2)
15.4 Stability and Compensation
355(3)
15.5 Performance and Design Issues
358(3)
15.6 Circuit Refinements and Nuances
361(3)
15.7 A MOSFET Power Amplifier with Error Correction
364(3)
16 Other Sources of Distortion
367(14)
16.1 Distortion Mechanisms
367(1)
16.2 Early Effect Distortion
367(1)
16.3 Junction Capacitance Distortion
368(1)
16.4 Grounding Distortion
368(1)
16.5 Power Rail Distortion
369(1)
16.6 Input Common-Mode Distortion
370(1)
16.7 Resistor Distortion
370(2)
16.8 Capacitor Distortion
372(1)
16.9 Inductor and Magnetic Distortions
373(1)
16.10 Magnetic Induction Distortion
374(1)
16.11 Fuse, Relay and Connector Distortion
375(4)
16.12 Load-Induced Distortion
379(1)
16.13 EMI-Induced Distortion
379(1)
16.14 Thermally Induced Distortion (Memory Distortion)
379(2)
Part 3 Real-World Design Considerations 381(154)
17 Output Stage Thermal Design and Stability
383(38)
17.1 Power Dissipation Versus Power and Load
383(1)
17.2 Thermal Design Concepts and Thermal Models
384(7)
17.3 Transistor Power Ratings
391(1)
17.4 Sizing the Heat Sink
392(3)
17.5 The Bias Spreader and Temperature Compensation
395(9)
17.6 Thermal Bias Stability
404(4)
17.7 Thermal Lag Distortion
408(1)
17.8 ThermalTrak™ Power Transistors
409(9)
17.9 A ThermalTrak™ Power Amplifier
418(3)
18 Safe Area and Short-Circuit Protection
421(26)
18.1 Power Transistor Safe Operating Area
421(3)
18.2 Output Stage Safe Operating Area
424(4)
18.3 Short-Circuit Protection
428(6)
18.4 Safe-Area-Limiting Circuits
434(5)
18.5 Testing Safe-Area-Limiting Circuits
439(1)
18.6 Protection Circuits for MOSFETs
440(1)
18.7 Protecting the Driver Transistors
440(1)
18.8 Loudspeaker Protection Circuits
440(7)
19 Power Supplies and Grounding
447(19)
19.1 The Design of the Power Supply
447(3)
19.2 Sizing the Transformer
450(2)
19.3 Sizing the Rectifier
452(1)
19.4 Sizing the Reservoir Capacitors
452(3)
19.5 Rectifier Speed
455(1)
19.6 Regulation and Active Smoothing of the Supply
456(2)
19.7 SPICE Simulation of Power Supplies
458(1)
19.8 Soft-Start Circuits
458(2)
19.9 Grounding Architectures
460(2)
19.10 Radiated Magnetic Fields
462(1)
19.11 Safety Circuits
462(1)
19.12 DC on the Mains
463(1)
19.13 Switching Power Supplies (SMPS)
464(2)
20 Switching Power Supplies
466(50)
20.1 Line DC Supply
467(1)
20.2 Isolated DC-DC Converter
467(2)
20.3 Buck Converters
469(6)
20.4 Synchronous Buck Converter
475(1)
20.5 Boost Converters
476(1)
20.6 Buck-Boost Converters
477(1)
20.7 Boost-Buck Converters
478(1)
20.8 Cuk Converters
478(1)
20.9 Forward Converters
479(1)
20.10 Flyback Converters
480(2)
20.11 Half-Bridge Converters
482(1)
20.12 Full-Bridge Converters
483(1)
20.13 Control ICs for PWM Converters
484(1)
20.14 Resonant Converters
485(8)
20.15 Quasi-Resonant Converters
493(5)
20.16 EMI Filtering and Suppression
498(4)
20.17 Power Factor Correction
502(4)
20.18 Auxiliary Supplies
506(1)
20.19 Switching Supplies for Power Amplifiers
507(5)
20.20 Switching Supplies for Class D Amplifiers
512(4)
21 Clipping Control and Civilized Amplifier Behavior
516(9)
21.1 The Incidence of Clipping
516(1)
21.2 Clipping and Sticking
517(1)
21.3 Negative Feedback and Clipping
518(1)
21.4 Baker Clamps
518(3)
21.5 Soft Clipping
521(1)
21.6 Current Limiting
522(1)
21.7 Parasitic Oscillation Bursts
523(1)
21.8 Selectable Output Impedance
523(2)
22 Interfacing the Real World
525(10)
22.1 The Amplifier-Loudspeaker Interface
525(3)
22.2 EMI Ingress: Antennas Everywhere
528(3)
22.3 Input Filtering
531(1)
22.4 Input Ground Loops
532(1)
22.5 Mains Filtering
533(1)
22.6 EMI Egress
533(1)
22.7 EMI Susceptibility Testing
533(2)
Part 4 Simulation and Measurement 535(112)
23 SPICE Simulation
537(34)
23.1 LTspice®
537(3)
23.2 Schematic Capture
540(2)
23.3 DC, AC and Transient Simulation
542(4)
23.4 Distortion Analysis
546(2)
23.5 Noise Analysis
548(1)
23.6 Controlled Voltage and Current Sources
548(2)
23.7 Swept and Stepped Simulations
550(1)
23.8 Plotting Results
551(3)
23.9 Subcircuits
554(2)
23.10 SPICE Models
556(3)
23.11 Simulating a Power Amplifier
559(8)
23.12 Middlebrook and Tian Probes
567(4)
24 SPICE Models and Libraries
571(36)
24.1 Verging SPICE Models
572(1)
24.2 7iveaking SPICE Models
573(3)
24.3 Creating a SPICE Model
576(14)
24.4 JFET Models
590(2)
24.5 Vertical Power MOSFET Models
592(5)
24.6 LTspice® VDMOS Models
597(4)
24.7 The EKV Model
601(4)
24.8 Lateral Power MOSFETs
605(1)
24.9 Installing Models
606(1)
25 Audio Instrumentation
607(17)
25.1 Basic Audio Test Instruments
607(1)
25.2 Dummy Loads
608(1)
25.3 Simulated Loudspeaker Loads
609(1)
25.4 THQ Analyzer
610(3)
25.5 PC-Based Instruments
613(2)
25.6 Purpose-Built Test Gear
615(9)
26 Distortion and Its Measurement
624(16)
26.1 Nonlinearity and Its Consequences
624(1)
26.2 Total Harmonic Distortion
625(2)
26.3 SMPTE IM
627(1)
26.4 CCIF IM
628(1)
26.5 Transient Intermodulation Distortion (TIM) and SID
629(1)
26.6 Phase Intermodulation Distortion (PIM)
630(3)
26.7 Interface Intermodulation Distortion (IIM)
633(3)
26.8 Multitone Intermodulation Distortion (MIM)
636(1)
26.9 Highly Sensitive Distortion Measurement
636(1)
26.10 Input-Referred Distortion Analysis
637(3)
27 Other Amplifier Tests
640(7)
27.1 Measuring Damping Factor
640(1)
27.2 Sniffing Parasitic Oscillations
641(1)
27.3 EMI Ingress Susceptibility
642(1)
27.4 Burst Power and Peak Current
643(1)
27.5 PSRR Tests
644(1)
27.6 Low-Frequency Tests
644(1)
27.7 Back-Feeding Tests
644(3)
Part 5 Topics in Amplifier Design 647(64)
28 The Negative Feedback Controversy
649(8)
28.1 How Negative Feedback Got Its Bad Rap
649(1)
28.2 Negative Feedback and Open-Loop Bandwidth
650(1)
28.3 Spectral Growth Distortion
651(3)
28.4 Global Versus Local Feedback
654(1)
28.5 Timeliness of Correction
654(1)
28.6 EMI from the Speaker Cable
655(1)
28.7 Stability and Burst Oscillations
655(1)
28.8 Clipping Behavior
656(1)
29 Amplifiers Without Negative Feedback
657(17)
29.1 Design Trade-Offs and Challenges
657(9)
29.2 Additional Design Techniques
666(4)
29.3 An Example Design with No Feedback
670(1)
29.4 A Feedback Amplifier with Wide Open-Loop Bandwidth
670(4)
30 Balanced and Bridged Amplifiers
674(10)
30.1 Balanced Input Amplifiers
674(5)
30.2 Bridged Amplifiers
679(1)
30.3 Balanced Amplifiers
680(4)
31 Integrated Circuit Power Amplifiers and Drivers
684(10)
31.1 IC Power Amplifiers
684(1)
31.2 The Gain Clones
684(2)
31.3 The Super Gain Clone
686(2)
31.4 Integrated Circuit Drivers
688(5)
31.5 Summary
693(1)
32 Professional Power Amplifiers
694(17)
32.1 Environment and Special Needs
696(1)
32.2 Output Stages and Output Power
697(2)
32.3 Power Supplies
699(4)
32.4 Cooling and Heat Removal
703(1)
32.5 Microcomputers
703(1)
32.6 Networked Control and Monitoring
704(1)
32.7 Digital Signal Processing
705(1)
32.8 DSP-Based Protection and Monitoring
705(2)
32.9 The DSP to Class D Interface
707(1)
32.10 Programming
707(1)
32.11 Audio Networking
708(3)
Part 6 Class D Amplifiers 711(56)
33 Class D Audio Amplifiers
713(9)
33.1 How Class D Amplifiers Work
714(1)
33.2 Class D Output Stages
715(3)
33.3 Bridge Tied Load Designs (BTL)
718(1)
33.4 Negative Feedback
718(3)
33.5 Noise Shaping in PWM Modulators with Feedback
721(1)
33.6 Summary
721(1)
34 Class D Design Issues
722(19)
34.1 The Output Filter and EMI
722(4)
34.2 Spread Spectrum Class D
726(1)
34.3 Filterless Class D Amplifiers
726(1)
34.4 Buck Converters and Class D Amplifiers
726(4)
34.5 Sources of Distortion
730(5)
34.6 Bus Pumping
735(1)
34.7 Power Supply Rejection
736(2)
34.8 Power Supplies for Class D Amplifiers
738(1)
34.9 Damping Factor and Load Invariance
739(1)
34.10 Summary
739(2)
35 Alternative Class D Modulators
741(11)
35.1 Self-Oscillating Loops
741(4)
35.2 Sigma-Delta Modulators
745(4)
35.3 Digital Modulators
749(3)
36 Class D Measurement, Efficiency and Designs
752(15)
36.1 Hybrid Class D
752(1)
36.2 Measuring Class D Amplifiers
753(10)
36.3 Achievable Performance
763(1)
36.4 Integrated Circuits for Class D Amplifiers
764(1)
36.5 Example Class D Amplifiers and Measurements
764(3)
Index 767
Bob Cordell is an electrical engineer who has been deeply involved in audio since his adventures with vacuum tube designs in his teen years. He is an equal-opportunity designer to this day, having built amplifiers with vacuum tubes, bipolar transistors and MOSFETs. Bob is also a prolific designer of audio test equipment, including a high-performance THD analyzer and many purpose-built pieces of audio gear. He has published numerous articles and papers on power amplifier design and distortion measurement in the popular press and in the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society. In 1983 he published a power amplifier design combining vertical power MOSFETs with error correction, achieving unprecedented distortion levels of less than 0.001% at 20 kHz. He also consults in the audio and semiconductor industries.

Bob is also an avid DIY loudspeaker builder, and has combined this endeavor with his electronic interests in the design of powered audiophile loudspeaker systems. Bob and his colleagues have presented audiophile listening and measurement workshops at the Rocky Mountain Audio Fest and the Home Entertainment Show.

As an Electrical Engineer, Bob has worked at Bell Laboratories and other related telecommunications companies, where his work has included design of integrated circuits and fiber optic communications systems. Bob maintains an audiophile website at www.cordellaudio.com where diverse material on audio electronics, loudspeakers and instrumentation can be found.